????6月13日，美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬參觀了北卡羅來納州達(dá)勒姆市的照明設(shè)備制造商克里公司（Cree, Inc），參觀結(jié)束后，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)就經(jīng)濟(jì)問題發(fā)表了演講。

????之前，美國的中學(xué)幾乎都設(shè)有機(jī)械車間，學(xué)生可以在這里學(xué)到基本的機(jī)械知識，這為初級制造業(yè)崗位的人才培養(yǎng)打下了基礎(chǔ)。

????而現(xiàn)在，制造商們紛紛抱怨，求職者通常并不具備這種基礎(chǔ)的車間工作技能，更不用說那些復(fù)雜和高級的制造工藝所要求的計(jì)算機(jī)技能，以及其他知識。而且，一些制造商也承認(rèn)，制造業(yè)需要改變其在人們印象中低賤而單調(diào)的低端市場形象。

????捆扎固定裝置制造商Click Bond公司聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人柯利?哈特表示：“其實(shí)制造業(yè)的工作并非單調(diào)的苦差事。人們有時(shí)候?qū)χ谱鳂I(yè)的看法存在偏見。”該公司位于內(nèi)華達(dá)州卡森城市，主要為航空和其他交通市場生產(chǎn)工業(yè)緊固件。

????“我們車間內(nèi)有125臺電腦。我們配有復(fù)雜的設(shè)備。工人必須了解如何輸入數(shù)據(jù)，如何進(jìn)行計(jì)算，如何測量，以及如何記錄和通信等?！?/p>

????但哈特和其他制造業(yè)的雇主都表示，盡管美國目前的失業(yè)率為9.1%，但制造業(yè)的工作崗位依然不受人待見。

????教育和培訓(xùn)不足，工作被外包到海外，或者企業(yè)未能提供在國內(nèi)的工作崗位，到底是什么原因?qū)е铝诉@一現(xiàn)象？目前圍繞這一問題爭論激烈。對于造成制造業(yè)尷尬地位的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?，美國?jīng)濟(jì)評論員們眾說紛紜；而且，在大起大落的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境下，依然沒有一個(gè)解決方案，能夠創(chuàng)造充足的工作崗位。

????在整個(gè)美國就業(yè)市場中，制造業(yè)的雇傭表現(xiàn)一直是個(gè)亮點(diǎn)。該行業(yè)的雇傭人數(shù)曾連續(xù)20個(gè)月持續(xù)上升，但在今年5月份開始下降。而美國全國制造商協(xié)會（National Association of Manufacturers）下屬的制造業(yè)學(xué)會（Manufacturing Institute）表示，未來十年，預(yù)計(jì)需要工人數(shù)量最多的20個(gè)制造業(yè)崗位將要求求職者至少接受過中學(xué)程度的教育。在這些崗位中，包括高層管理人員，年均工資可達(dá)107,970美元，工業(yè)工程師的年均工資也可達(dá)到75,740美元。

????經(jīng)濟(jì)分析機(jī)構(gòu)Chmura Economics & Analytics與美國勞工部（the U.S. Department of Labor）的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，未來十年，這20個(gè)職業(yè)將提供超過100萬個(gè)工作崗位——其中過半分布在高科技行業(yè)。這些崗位的平均工資遠(yuǎn)超過除醫(yī)療保健和社會救助之外的其他所有工作崗位。

????但這些崗位對技能的要求也在不斷提高。制造業(yè)學(xué)會的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，與2003年相比，同類崗位中今年要求更高級別技能的崗位數(shù)量增長了12%。

萬能證書

????制造商們一致認(rèn)為，要想幫助資格不達(dá)標(biāo)的求職者填補(bǔ)目前和未來的職位空缺，第一步是增強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)，使求職者做好進(jìn)入車間的準(zhǔn)備。在行業(yè)和美國聯(lián)邦政府的支持下，超過30個(gè)州正在為社區(qū)學(xué)院學(xué)生和制造業(yè)雇主推出最新的國家級認(rèn)證系統(tǒng)。

????Not only has strong demand for tablet computers -- led by Apple's (AAPL) iPad -- cut into notebook PC sales, but it has started to be felt in the market for high-definition televisions.

????That's the thrust of a note issued Wednesday by Hudson Square Research's Daniel Ernst. The evidence:

????His weekly survey shows the average price per square inch of HDTVs down 23.4% year over year so far this month vs. the 18% decline he recorded in June 2010.

????He's been checking the stores and observed "thin activity" in the TV aisles, compared with "strong activity" for tablets and smartphones.

????Total worldwide TV unit sales were up only 0.9% in the first quarter of 2011, according to Display Search, vs. 17.4% in 2010. For HDTVs, first-quarter unit sales were up 8.9% year over year vs. 30.9% in 2010.

????Ernst acknowledges that the lack of activity in the TV aisles could be due in part to the time of year, and that the disaster in Japan and weak housing trends in the U.S. could also be factors.

????But it makes sense. A new gadget is a new gadget. And if you can watchThe Daily ShoworTrue Gritor Wimbledon in high-definition on a $500 tablet perched on your belly, you may not feel as compelled to spend $3,000 for a 55-inch TV set in your living room.

????制造商學(xué)會制定了一個(gè)認(rèn)證系統(tǒng)，旨在協(xié)調(diào)社區(qū)學(xué)院與技術(shù)學(xué)院的課程和技術(shù)證書頒發(fā)機(jī)構(gòu)，比如美國焊接工程協(xié)會（American Welding Society）等，以幫助人們獲得證書或?qū)W位，或者兩者兼得。

????與目前各州和教育界的努力相比，制造技能認(rèn)證系統(tǒng)可以提供更統(tǒng)一的證書，并且這一計(jì)劃已經(jīng)獲得了美國總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的支持。在本月早些時(shí)候，奧巴馬表示，他將采取措施幫助500,000名社區(qū)學(xué)院學(xué)生獲得行業(yè)認(rèn)可的證書。

????本月初，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)在參觀北弗吉尼亞社區(qū)學(xué)院（Northern Virginia Community College）時(shí)表示：“對于有招聘計(jì)劃的公司來說，他們能明確地知道學(xué)生學(xué)位中所包含的特定培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容?！彼a(bǔ)充道：“畢業(yè)生也可以知道，他們在社區(qū)學(xué)院獲得的文憑在就業(yè)市場中的價(jià)值?！?/p>

????美國政府也提出了一個(gè)培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃，目的是在一年內(nèi)培訓(xùn)10,000名工程類學(xué)生。本月早些時(shí)候，在參觀北卡羅來納州達(dá)勒姆的一家照明設(shè)施與組件制造商時(shí)，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)表示，高科技企業(yè)的報(bào)告稱目前具備必要的數(shù)學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)技能的求職者嚴(yán)重匱乏。

培訓(xùn)真的已經(jīng)足夠了嗎？

????美國工程協(xié)會（American Engineering Association）等批評者反駁稱，美國有大量的工程師隨時(shí)待命，但卻慘遭辭退，原因在于企業(yè)為了降低成本，傾向于雇傭更廉價(jià)的外國工程人員。但企業(yè)界卻并不贊同這一說法，他們認(rèn)為美國學(xué)校培養(yǎng)出的工程師很少有人能滿足他們的實(shí)際需求。

????其他觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為，這一類職業(yè)培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目的范圍太小，影響有限。威廉姆?J?荷爾斯泰因認(rèn)為：“我們需要將目前社區(qū)學(xué)院的再培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目擴(kuò)大三倍或四倍，才能真正減少失業(yè)人數(shù)。我們得有‘大’的目標(biāo)，而不能循序漸進(jìn)。”荷爾斯泰因近期出版了一本新書《下一代美國經(jīng)濟(jì)》（The Next American Economy）。

????荷爾斯泰因也認(rèn)為，美國的勞動力需要進(jìn)行再培訓(xùn)，但并非所有培訓(xùn)和再培訓(xùn)都能發(fā)揮作用。許多培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目都是在白費(fèi)力氣。

????針對如何解決就業(yè)難題，美國政府最新成立的就業(yè)委員會并沒有提出開創(chuàng)性的解決方案，而只是老調(diào)重彈，比如為小企業(yè)提供貸款。這再次表明創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會困難重重。

????該委員會被委以重任，需要制定出明確的應(yīng)急措施，在未來兩年內(nèi)創(chuàng)建100萬個(gè)工作崗位。而據(jù)美國商務(wù)部（U.S. Commerce Department）的統(tǒng)計(jì)顯示，這個(gè)數(shù)字只占到美國國內(nèi)消失的工作崗位的三分之一。

????對于獲得全國認(rèn)可的技能認(rèn)證項(xiàng)目，部分優(yōu)秀的行業(yè)巨頭業(yè)紛紛表示支持，其中包括食品加工公司阿徹丹尼爾斯米德蘭（Archer Daniels Midland）。

????公司負(fù)責(zé)人力資源的高級副總裁麥克?德安布羅斯解釋道：“我們需要電工和焊工等技術(shù)工人，但是這些工人不好招?！?/p>

????ADM已經(jīng)通過簽約的方式，針對社會上的高需求崗位，幫助30,000位高危青少年獲得所需要的證書，并對新入職員工進(jìn)行例行培訓(xùn)。但德安布羅斯認(rèn)為：“單憑這些努力，還是解決不了根本問題?！?/p>

????他表示，位于伊利諾伊州迪凱特的ADM公司與當(dāng)?shù)氐纳鐓^(qū)學(xué)院和技術(shù)學(xué)院達(dá)成了合作，但公司同時(shí)也支持拓寬認(rèn)證渠道，使證書的獲取更為容易，同時(shí)更容易得到整個(gè)制造業(yè)的認(rèn)可。

????而規(guī)模較小的Click Bond公司聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人柯利?哈特認(rèn)為，多方協(xié)作至關(guān)重要。協(xié)作涉及的方面包括，對未來工作崗位類型的預(yù)測，以及如何確保社區(qū)學(xué)院為新工作崗位培養(yǎng)合適的人才，并讓學(xué)生們?yōu)樾碌?、未知的職業(yè)做好準(zhǔn)備。

????制造學(xué)會總裁艾米麗?德洛克表示，認(rèn)證項(xiàng)目“可培養(yǎng)更多具有便攜式技能的高素質(zhì)人才”。并且，270萬嬰兒潮一代在近十年內(nèi)將退休，進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的員工出現(xiàn)不足。而該項(xiàng)目可以抵消這一人才需求缺口。

????福賽斯技術(shù)社區(qū)學(xué)院（Forsyth Technical Community College）（位于北卡羅來納州溫斯頓塞勒姆市）的校長加里?格林表示，學(xué)院對課程進(jìn)行了修訂，以便與最新的制造技能系統(tǒng)保持一致。

????北卡羅來納州的失業(yè)率高達(dá)9.7%，但格林表示：“企業(yè)希望員工具有更高的機(jī)械操作以及其他技能，足以操作重型設(shè)備，并勝任該州新興的金屬制造業(yè)工作?！?/p>

????歸根結(jié)底，企業(yè)能否找到他們需要的工人才是關(guān)鍵。波士頓調(diào)查公司（Boston Consulting Group）在五月份公布的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，企業(yè)高管認(rèn)為，熟練的技術(shù)工人是“創(chuàng)新成功的最關(guān)鍵要素——也是最難獲取的要素?！?/p>

????The Manufacturing Institute developed a credentialing system to coordinate programs in community and technical colleges with skills certificate-granting associations like the American Welding Society to assist people seeking a certificate or degree, or both.

????The Manufacturing Skills Certification system offers more uniform credentialing than current state or academic efforts, and it won the support of President Obama, who, earlier this month, said he would back an effort to help 500,000 community college students obtain industry-recognized credentials.

????"So if you're a company looking to hire, you'll know exactly what kind of training went into a specific degree," Obama said in an appearance earlier this month at Northern Virginia Community College. And graduates will know that the community college diploma they earn "will be valuable when you hit the job market," he added.

????The White House also proposed a program to train 10,000 engineering students a year. Speaking earlier this month at a A lighting fixture and component manufacturer in Durham, N.C., Obama said that high-tech businesses are reporting a scarcity of applicants who have the necessary math and computer skills.

????Is training really enough?

????Critics like the American Engineering Association counter that there are plenty of American engineers ready to work but have been laid off by companies eager to replace them with less costly foreign-born counterparts. But businesses argue that U.S. colleges are graduating too few engineers to meet their needs.

????Others say that such job training programs are too small to make a difference. "We need to triple and quadruple what we're doing at community colleges with retraining to really start moving the unemployment numbers," says William J. Holstein, author of the recently published book, The Next American Economy. "We need to think big, not incrementally."

????Holstein agrees that the American workforce needs retraining, but "not all kinds of training and retraining are effective. Much of it is wasted effort.

????The White House's new jobs council has offered familiar prescriptions to address the job conundrum like providing loans to small businesses, rather than proposing any cutting-edge solutions, underscoring just how difficult it is to create jobs.

????The council has been tasked with coming up with broad fixes to create 1 million jobs in the next two years. And that would only account for a third of the jobs that have disappeared from American soil, according to U.S. Commerce Department data.

????Some prominent industry giants, including food processor Archer Daniels Midland (ADM), have lined up behind the nationally recognized skills certificate program.

????"We have trouble finding those with skills we need like electricians and welders," explains Mike D'Ambrose, the company's senior vice president for human resources.

????ADM, which has signed on to help 30,000 high-risk teenagers earn credentials for high-demand jobs, routinely trains its new hires, but "that's not enough on its own," D'Ambrose acknowledges.

????The Decatur, Ill.-based company works with local community and technical colleges, he says, but it endorses the broader certificate approach to make credentials portable and recognized across the manufacturing industry.

????At the much smaller Click Bond, co-founder Collie Hutter argues that having such a coordinated effort could be key to forecasting what kinds of jobs are going to be created and ensuring that community colleges prepare students for new, as yet unknown, careers.

????Emily DeRocco, president of the Manufacturing Institute, says that the certificate program "will create a bigger pool of highly qualified people with skills that are portable" and help offset the looming shortage of well-trained workers due to the 2.7 million Baby Boomers expected to retire this decade.

????Gary Green, president of the Forsyth Technical Community College, in Winston-Salem, N.C., says his institution already has revamped its curriculum to align with the new manufacturing skills system.

????North Carolina is facing a steep 9.7% unemployment, but, Green says, "Companies want workers with higher levels of machining and other skills to work on heavy equipment and other metal manufacturing that has moved to the state."

????It all comes down to whether companies can find the workers they need. According to a Boston Consulting Group survey published in May, company executives say skilled workers are "the single most critical element of innovation success -- and the hardest to acquire."