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谷歌、Facebook的“賠款算盤”

谷歌、Facebook的“賠款算盤”

Roger Parloff 2012-08-01
近似罰金是指侵權(quán)案中的原、被告在判決中都認(rèn)為,把賠償款支付給實(shí)際受到侵害者不可行,因而決定把賠償金支付給相關(guān)的公益團(tuán)體,因?yàn)樗鼈兺ㄟ^(guò)與本案有關(guān)的某些方式,促進(jìn)了受侵害者群體的相關(guān)利益。面臨隱私糾紛的谷歌和Facebook正是鉆了這個(gè)空子,有選擇地把錢送給了傾向于自己的公益團(tuán)體。

????電子前沿基金會(huì)(Electronic Frontier Foundation,EFF)是美國(guó)在數(shù)碼版權(quán)方面最知名的非營(yíng)利組織。如果我告訴你,這個(gè)組織去年向外披露,它從谷歌公司(Google)那里獲得了整整100萬(wàn)美元的資助——大約是該組織總收入的17%,有些人可能會(huì)大驚失色。因?yàn)殡娮忧把鼗饡?huì)稱自己是一個(gè)“由會(huì)員資助”的組織。而且像大多數(shù)非營(yíng)利組織一樣,它也很珍惜身份獨(dú)立、不參與商業(yè)爭(zhēng)端和關(guān)注公眾利益的光環(huán)和名聲。

????事實(shí)上,谷歌去年的確把100萬(wàn)美元轉(zhuǎn)到了電子前沿基金會(huì)的戶頭上。這筆錢并不屬于企業(yè)捐贈(zèng),電子前沿基金會(huì)也不必把它報(bào)告成企業(yè)捐贈(zèng)。而且假如電子前沿基金會(huì)今年又從Facebook那里獲得了100萬(wàn)美元的話,這筆錢也同樣不必報(bào)告成企業(yè)捐贈(zèng)——而且Facebook也正打算掏這筆錢。這是因?yàn)楣雀韬虵acebook都成了集體訴訟案的被告,這兩筆錢是奉法院之命支付的調(diào)解費(fèi)。

????讀者可能會(huì)想:“這筆錢當(dāng)然不是捐贈(zèng)!而且恰恰相反,這筆錢是因?yàn)橛腥酸槍?duì)他們提起訴訟,因此在法院強(qiáng)制下被迫支付給對(duì)方的費(fèi)用。”其實(shí)這也不是故事的全貌。電子前沿基金會(huì)在相關(guān)案件的訴訟上并沒有扮演任何角色,是谷歌和Facebook自己選擇了EFF作為調(diào)解費(fèi)的受益人。

????這筆一半是罰款、一半是自愿捐贈(zèng)性質(zhì)的費(fèi)用被稱為“近似罰金”(cy presawards,cy pres一詞來(lái)自法語(yǔ),意為“近似合理”——譯注)。這種懲罰機(jī)制的理論是這樣的:在判決中,原告律師與被告均同意,把賠償款支付給實(shí)際受到侵害者沒有可行性,因?yàn)榉值矫棵芮趾φ哳^上的金額太小了,無(wú)法保證這筆費(fèi)用的分配。因此,原、被告均同意不向受侵害者群體做出賠償,而是向慈善機(jī)構(gòu)支付一定數(shù)額的金錢,以此作為次優(yōu)選擇。因?yàn)榇壬茩C(jī)構(gòu)間接地通過(guò)與本案有關(guān)的某些方式,促進(jìn)了受侵害者群體的相關(guān)利益。

????谷歌和Facebook之所以要支付這筆錢,就是因?yàn)橛腥丝馗孢@兩家公司涉嫌侵犯了用戶的隱私權(quán)。在谷歌一案中,谷歌涉嫌在2010年2月布Google Buzz社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)暴露了用戶的電子郵件。而Facebook則涉嫌在2011年2月推出所謂的“贊助故事”廣告時(shí),在沒有獲得用戶明確許可的情況下,利用了用戶(包括未成年人)的身份信息用于廣告用途。在這兩起官司中,還有21個(gè)其他的非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)也獲得了、或即將或得近似罰金。不過(guò)電子前沿基金會(huì)仍然是其中最大的贏家,獨(dú)自獲得了1,610萬(wàn)美元罰金中的12%。(Google Buzz一案在2011年5月已塵埃落定,但Facebook一案直到今年6月才提交法庭,而且現(xiàn)在仍在受到不同意見者的挑戰(zhàn)。)

????兩起案件的原、被告雙方均認(rèn)為,向電子前沿基金會(huì)支付近似罰金是合理的,因?yàn)閿?shù)碼隱私問(wèn)題恰好是這個(gè)基金會(huì)監(jiān)督的問(wèn)題之一。而且電子前沿基金會(huì)因?yàn)殡[私和侵權(quán)問(wèn)題斥責(zé)谷歌與Facebook的次數(shù)也著實(shí)不少了(雖說(shuō)它從來(lái)沒有針對(duì)這兩家公司提起過(guò)訴訟),另外它也一直在聲援網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私立法,而且它支持的隱私政策也一向是谷歌和Facebook所反對(duì)的。

????然而與此同時(shí),在用戶生成的侵權(quán)內(nèi)容方面(比如盜版電影、照片或音樂),電子前沿基金會(huì)的態(tài)度通常與谷歌和Facebook是一致的,都不贊成版權(quán)所有人向傳播方追究連帶責(zé)任??赡芫褪且?yàn)檫@些原因,谷歌曾在2010年向電子前沿基金會(huì)純粹自愿地捐贈(zèng)了2.5萬(wàn)美金,在2011年又捐贈(zèng)了1.8萬(wàn)美金。

????事實(shí)上,在谷歌與Facebook這兩起案件中,至少一半以上獲得近似罰金的非營(yíng)利機(jī)構(gòu)今年可能都或多或少地從谷歌和Facebook那里獲得過(guò)一些捐贈(zèng),其中有些機(jī)構(gòu)可能與這兩家公司沒有任何官司糾葛。比如民主與科技中心(the Center for Democracy and Technology,CDT)去年從Google Buzz一案中獲得了50萬(wàn)美元的近似罰金,前年則從谷歌那里獲得了34萬(wàn)美元的自愿捐助?,F(xiàn)在它還有望從Facebook那里獲得100萬(wàn)美元的近似罰金,而Facebook自從2009年起就是民主與科技中心在電子商務(wù)領(lǐng)域最大的捐助人之一。與此類似,斯坦福大學(xué)(Stanford University)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與社會(huì)中心(the Center for Internet and Society,CIS)也從Google Buzz一案中獲得了50萬(wàn)美元的近似罰金,前年還從谷歌那里獲得了40萬(wàn)美元的自愿捐贈(zèng)(相當(dāng)于當(dāng)年CIS總收入的51%)。今年Facebook一案如果獲批,CIS也將獲得60萬(wàn)美元的近似罰金。

????在科技領(lǐng)域的版權(quán)問(wèn)題上,電子前沿基金會(huì)、民主與科技中心和斯坦福大學(xué)的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)與社會(huì)中心等組織都站在同一陣線上,與版權(quán)持有人展開混戰(zhàn)。比如這三家非營(yíng)利性機(jī)構(gòu)都支持今年1月針對(duì)《禁止網(wǎng)絡(luò)盜版法案》的斷網(wǎng)抗議活動(dòng),而谷歌和Facebook也都反對(duì)這個(gè)法案。此外,在最近涉及谷歌的兩起訴訟中,電子前沿基金會(huì)和民主與科技中心也分別向法庭遞交了非當(dāng)事人陳述意見,對(duì)谷歌表示支持。其中第一起訴訟是維亞康姆公司(Viacom)起訴谷歌的視頻網(wǎng)站YouTube涉嫌侵犯版權(quán);另一起是由語(yǔ)言課程公司Rosetta Stone狀告谷歌拍賣其他公司的商標(biāo)作為付費(fèi)搜索的關(guān)鍵詞,并且允許他人利用它的商標(biāo)做廣告。

????如果法院要求某個(gè)中立的個(gè)人向一家堅(jiān)持與盜版侵權(quán)行為做斗爭(zhēng)的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)支付近似罰金的話,那么他的第一選擇可能會(huì)是一家被谷歌和Facebook案中的訴訟各方徹底忽略了的機(jī)構(gòu)——電子隱私信息中心(the Electronic Privacy Information Center,EPIC)。

????與谷歌和Facebook案中全部22個(gè)近似罰金的受益機(jī)構(gòu)不同的是,電子隱私信息中心曾真刀真槍地針對(duì)谷歌和Facebook向美國(guó)聯(lián)邦貿(mào)易委員會(huì)(the U.S. Federal Trade Commission)提起過(guò)訴訟,狀告Google Buzz的侵權(quán)行為,以及Facebook涉嫌在未經(jīng)用戶許可的情況下,將用戶身份信息用于廣告用途等行為。正是在電子隱私信息中心的檢舉下,聯(lián)盟貿(mào)易委員會(huì)針對(duì)兩家公司采取了強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行措施,兩起訴訟最終以賠款和解告終。

????If the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the nation's preeminent digital rights nonprofit, had disclosed last year that it received a cool $1 million gift from Google -- about 17% of its total revenue -- some eyebrows might have been raised. The group typically describes itself as "member-supported" and, like most nonprofits, it treasures its above-the-commercial-fray, public-interest-group aura and reputation for independence.

????In fact, Google (GOOG) did transfer $1 million to the EFF last year, but the money did not have to be, and wasn't, reported as a corporate donation. And if, as currently planned, the EFF receives another $1 million this year from Facebook (FB), it won't have to report that as a donation either. That's because both transfers are formally court-ordered outlays being paid by those companies to settle class-action suits.

????"Well, of course those aren't donations!" the reader might interject. "They're the diametric opposite: involuntary, judicially mandated payments forced upon them by an adversary!" That's not the whole story either. These payments to the EFF are being made in suits the EFF played no role in bringing, and the defendants themselves -- Google and Facebook, in these instances -- helped select EFF to be their beneficiary.

????These weird, hybridized outlays -- part punitive fine, part voluntary donation -- are called cy presawards, meaning "as close as possible" (from the old Norman, cy pres comme possible). The theory behind them goes like this: In settling, the plaintiffs lawyers and the defendants agreed that awarding damages to actual class members would be impractical, because the sums owed each would be so tiny as to not warrant the expense of distribution. Accordingly, the parties agreed to pay the class nothing, but to pay a sum instead to charities that would serve as the next best thing, because the charities would theoretically promote the interests of class members in some indirect fashion pertinent to the lawsuit.

????These two awards to the EFF, for instance, stem from suits that alleged that Google and Facebook each violated their customers' privacy rights -- in Google's case, by exposing users' email contacts during its botched launch of its Google Buzz social network in February 2010 and, in Facebook's, by exploiting users' (including minors') identities and likenesses without express permission in its so-called "Sponsored Stories" ads in January 2011. In these two cases 21 other nonprofits also received, or stand to receive, money, though the EFF would be the biggest winner, taking in about 12% of the total $16.1 million doled out. (While the Google Buzz settlement was approved in May 2011, the Sponsored Stories settlement was just proposed in June, and is still being challenged by dissenters.)

????Giving cy pres money to the EFF makes sense, the parties in each case have argued, because digital privacy issues are one of the subjects the EFF monitors. It has not infrequently scolded (though never sued) Google and Facebook for privacy glitches and intrusions, and has advocated privacy legislation and policies that those companies oppose.

????At the same time, the EFF is often an ally of Google and Facebook when it comes to staving off liability to rights holders over user-generated infringing content, like pirated movies, photos, or music. Perhaps for these reasons, for instance, Google gave EFF about $25,000 in conventional, purely voluntary donations in 2010, and about $18,000 more in 2011.

????In fact, at least half of the cy pres recipients in these cases would very likely be getting at least some donations from Google or Facebook this year, whether or not any suit had ever been lodged against them. For instance, the Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT), which got $500,000 from the Google Buzz cy pres award in 2011, received $340,000 in voluntary contributions from Google the year before. It's now slated to receive $1 million from the proposed Facebook award, though Facebook has been listed as one of CDT's leading e-commerce benefactors since at least 2009. Similarly, the Center for Internet and Society at Stanford (CIS), which received $500,000 from the Google Buzz award, had collected $400,000 in voluntary contributions from Google the year before (which amounted to 51% of CIS's total revenue that year). This year CIS will collect $600,000 from Facebook's Sponsored Stories settlement, if approved.

????The EFF, CDT, and Stanford's CIS all reliably line up on the tech sector side in scrimmages with copyright holders. All three supported, for instance, the January Internet blackout protest against the Stop Online Piracy Act -- legislation opposed by both Google and Facebook. EFF and CDT also each submitted amicus briefs supporting Google in its two most important recent litigations: Viacom's suit against Google's YouTube unit for copyright infringement, and a suit by Rosetta Stone, the language course company, challenging Google's practices of auctioning off other companies' trademarks for use as paid-search keywords and allowing them to be used in ad text as well.

????Now if some neutral individual had been tasked with awarding money to a charity that was single mindedly devoted to fighting precisely the sorts of wrongs alleged in the Google Buzz and Sponsored Stories class actions, his first choice would probably have been one that the settling parties in each case passed over entirely: the Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC).

????Unlike any of the 22 cy pres recipients jointly proposed by the parties in the two cases, EPIC actually filed complaints against Google and Facebook with the U.S. Federal Trade Commission over the Google Buzz launch and Facebook's use of members' identities and likenesses in ad campaigns without permission. Prompted by EPIC's complaints, the FTC brought enforcement actions against each company which culminated in consent decrees.

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