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不會(huì)撞車(chē)的汽車(chē)夢(mèng)想成真

不會(huì)撞車(chē)的汽車(chē)夢(mèng)想成真

Doron Levin 2012-08-16
以時(shí)速不超過(guò)29英里行駛時(shí),雷克薩斯的新旗艦車(chē)型能讓駕駛者幾乎完全避免撞上任何東西或行人,其原理正是脫胎于近年來(lái)大熱的無(wú)人駕駛技術(shù)。同時(shí),通用、福特、大眾,還有絕大多數(shù)汽車(chē)廠商和供應(yīng)商都在開(kāi)發(fā)無(wú)人駕駛或所謂的自動(dòng)駕駛所需的數(shù)字與機(jī)械系統(tǒng),不會(huì)撞車(chē)的汽車(chē)正走向現(xiàn)實(shí)。

????汽車(chē)即將發(fā)生碰撞時(shí),汽車(chē)安全系統(tǒng)就能立刻察覺(jué),同時(shí)啟動(dòng)剎車(chē)系統(tǒng),收緊安全帶,以減輕對(duì)乘客的傷害?,F(xiàn)在,這類(lèi)系統(tǒng)正升級(jí)換代,未來(lái)有望完全防止某些碰撞。

????2013款雷克薩斯(Lexus)LS460是豐田汽車(chē)(Toyota)豪華品牌的旗艦。它將于今年11月登陸美國(guó)市場(chǎng),屆時(shí)可選裝“高級(jí)預(yù)防撞系統(tǒng)”(advanced pre-collision system)。當(dāng)時(shí)速低于29英里時(shí),這套系統(tǒng)會(huì)用雷達(dá)和光學(xué)傳感器判斷車(chē)輛是否會(huì)與前方的行人或物體相撞。如果司機(jī)分神、注意力不集中或受傷,它會(huì)取而代之,在碰撞發(fā)生之前迫使汽車(chē)停下,可能特別有助于避免造成行人傷亡。

????未來(lái)某一天,豐田的這一安全裝置會(huì)安裝在絕大多數(shù)車(chē)輛上。它標(biāo)志著不斷發(fā)展的自動(dòng)駕駛技術(shù)邁出了新的步伐。很多人相信,這一技術(shù)進(jìn)步必將在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)催生出無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)。市場(chǎng)研究公司HIS的汽車(chē)行業(yè)分析師呂蓓卡?林德蘭稱:“這類(lèi)系統(tǒng)表明,我們?cè)跓o(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)的發(fā)展上又取得了更大的進(jìn)步。十年內(nèi)我們就能看到首輛無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)的誕生?,F(xiàn)在人們還不太能相信這一點(diǎn)。但是當(dāng)年一樣沒(méi)人相信馬會(huì)被汽車(chē)取代。”

????通用汽車(chē)(General Motors)、福特汽車(chē)(Ford Motor)、大眾汽車(chē)(Volkswagen),還有絕大多數(shù)汽車(chē)廠商和供應(yīng)商都在開(kāi)發(fā)無(wú)人駕駛或所謂的自動(dòng)駕駛所需的數(shù)字與機(jī)械系統(tǒng)。大眾公司(VW)的奧迪品牌(Audi)已暗示,兩年內(nèi),它就將在下一代A8旗艦車(chē)型上搭載一套系統(tǒng),能讓駕駛者在公路上處于低速的停停走走狀態(tài)時(shí)開(kāi)啟“自動(dòng)巡航”(automatic pilot)功能。在這一模式下,汽車(chē)能隨著車(chē)流自動(dòng)行駛、加速和剎車(chē),同時(shí)避開(kāi)周?chē)能?chē)輛。

????在帕洛阿爾托市(Palo Alto)的東部,靠近谷歌公司(Google)總部的一處大型停車(chē)場(chǎng)內(nèi),豐田的工程師和技術(shù)專家為媒體搭建了一條測(cè)試車(chē)道,用來(lái)展示其新型自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)(而谷歌早就以其首創(chuàng)的自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)名噪一時(shí)了)。我也在受邀之列,得以駕著一輛搭載這一系統(tǒng)的LS460原型車(chē),向一個(gè)由布制成、上面畫(huà)著一輛車(chē)的障礙物駛?cè)ァ?/p>

????當(dāng)提速到約時(shí)速30英里后,我將車(chē)對(duì)準(zhǔn)那個(gè)布質(zhì)目標(biāo)駛?cè)?。首先,儀表盤(pán)上出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)前方有障礙物的視覺(jué)警示標(biāo)識(shí)。隨后,車(chē)?yán)镯懫鹆藞?bào)警聲。雖然有點(diǎn)緊張,但我還是踩著油門(mén)不放。車(chē)?yán)^續(xù)加速,碰撞似乎不可避免就要發(fā)生了,這時(shí),車(chē)突然奪過(guò)控制權(quán),隨著一聲尖銳的剎車(chē)聲,車(chē)在距障礙物咫尺之遙的地方停了下來(lái)。

????坐在副駕駛座上陪同我的一位技術(shù)人員向我解釋道,這套系統(tǒng)剎車(chē)的力量大約是普通駕駛者踩踏的兩倍。另一套名為“駕駛者注意力監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)”(Driver Attention Monitor System)的系統(tǒng)則通過(guò)攝像頭觀察駕駛者的臉部表情,判斷駕駛者何時(shí)分神,司機(jī)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間沒(méi)看路面或是打盹的話,系統(tǒng)隨即會(huì)啟動(dòng)閃光報(bào)警,同時(shí)發(fā)出警報(bào)聲。如果這些步驟都不奏效,自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)就會(huì)自行剎車(chē)。

????盡管豐田在美國(guó)和日本的研發(fā)中心都在開(kāi)發(fā)自動(dòng)駕駛技術(shù),但它對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)守口如瓶,不愿意透露完全自動(dòng)化的汽車(chē)到底什么時(shí)候能夠投入測(cè)試。谷歌的無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)項(xiàng)目用一輛改裝的豐田普銳斯(Prius)已在公路上進(jìn)行了超過(guò)10萬(wàn)公里的測(cè)試,除了一次保險(xiǎn)杠輕度彎曲外,沒(méi)有發(fā)生過(guò)任何事故。2011年,內(nèi)華達(dá)州在全美率先修改了法律,允許無(wú)人駕駛汽車(chē)正式上路。谷歌則在今年3月獲得首個(gè)批準(zhǔn),讓一輛普銳斯上路。

????雷克薩斯的這款新LS還遠(yuǎn)談不上能完全自動(dòng)駕駛。但是,如果這套“高級(jí)預(yù)防撞系統(tǒng)” 能讓車(chē)主們避免事故,他們可能會(huì)開(kāi)始體會(huì)到這種技術(shù)的效果。

????譯者:清遠(yuǎn)

????Automotive safety systems that sense when a vehicle is about to crash and initiate braking and tighten seatbelts to mitigate injury are evolving into systems that can prevent some collisions entirely.

????The 2013 Lexus LS460, Toyota's (TM) luxury flagship, begins arriving in the U.S. in November with an "advanced pre-collision system" available as an option. When driving at speeds below 29 miles per hour, the system uses radar and optical sensors to determine if a car is likely to collide with a pedestrian or object ahead. The Toyota system can override a distracted, inattentive or impaired driver and bring the car to a stop prior to impact. It could prove especially helpful to preventing pedestrian injuries and deaths.

????Toyota's safety device, which one day could be equipped on many if not all vehicles, marks yet another step in the continuous automation of driving, a process that many believe leads inevitably to driverless vehicles in the not too distant future. "These kind of systems represent more progress toward driverless cars," said Rebecca Lindland, an industry analyst for HIS automotive. "We could see the first driverless cars in ten years. People have trouble believing it. No one could believe that horses would give way to automobiles."

????General Motors (GM), Ford Motor (F), Volkswagen and indeed most automakers and automotive suppliers are working on digital-mechanical systems that are integral to driverless or so-called autonomous driving. In two years VW's Audi luxury division has hinted it will offer a system on its next-generation A8 flagship that allows a driver in low-speed stop-and-go freeway traffic to put the vehicle on "automatic pilot." In this mode the vehicle automatically speeds, accelerates and stops with the flow of traffic and avoids other vehicles around it.

????Toyota engineers and technicians set up a test course for journalists in a large parking lot in east Palo Alto, near Google (GOOG) headquarters, to demonstrate its new system. (Google has made headlines with it driverless car initiative.) I was among those invited to drive a prototype of the LS460 equipped with the system toward a cloth barrier depicting a graphic of a car.

????After accelerating to about 30 miles per hour, I was aiming the LS460 toward the cloth target. First, a visual warning of an obstacle ahead appeared on the dashboard. Then, a chime sounded. Still, somewhat nervously, I kept my foot on the accelerator. A collision seemed inevitable when suddenly the car took control and braked us to a screeching halt just short of the barrier.

????A technician accompanying me in the front-passenger seat explained that the braking force of the system was roughly twice what a normal driver could accomplish by stamping on the pedal. Another system called the Driver Attention Monitor System trains cameras on the driver's face and determines when a driver has become distracted, taken eyes off the road too long or has fallen asleep -- and flashes a warning and sounds a chime. If those steps don't work, the system can apply the brakes.

????Though Toyota is working on autonomous driving at research and development centers in the U.S. and Japan the automaker has been reluctant to release details of when a fully autonomous car might be ready for testing. Google's driverless car project has tested a modified Toyota Prius on public roads for over 100,000 miles without an incident beyond a minor fender-bender. In 2011 Nevada became the first state in the U.S. to modify its traffic laws to permit operation of a driverless car. Google was issued the first permit for a Prius in March of this year.

????Lexus's new LS is far from ready to drive entirely on its own. But its owners may begin to understand how the technology could work if the Advanced Pre-Collision System saves them from an accident.

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