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虛擬貨幣漸成洗錢(qián)利器

虛擬貨幣漸成洗錢(qián)利器

Cyrus Sanati 2012-12-20
網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬貨幣“比特幣”是一種財(cái)富存儲(chǔ)形式和交換媒介,主要用于網(wǎng)上購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品和服務(wù)。它交易便捷,就跟發(fā)送電郵一樣簡(jiǎn)便,而且?guī)缀醪粫?huì)留下痕跡。一旦成為主流,它將給銀行業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的沖擊,同時(shí)給監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)帶來(lái)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

????匯豐(HSBC)和渣打(Standard Chartered)退出洗錢(qián)業(yè)務(wù)的舉動(dòng)或許來(lái)得正是時(shí)候。在一些需要躲開(kāi)監(jiān)管視線、轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)金或洗錢(qián)的人們中間,一種網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬貨幣——比特幣(Bitcoin)似乎正在贏得青睞,日漸流行。

????如果你花點(diǎn)時(shí)間看看比特幣的網(wǎng)絡(luò)市場(chǎng),就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)比特幣的用戶(hù)從街頭擔(dān)心通脹的普通伊朗人,到傾向于用無(wú)跡可尋的貨幣收款的職業(yè)殺手和毒品販子,形形色色,無(wú)所不有。如果比特幣在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的匯率能穩(wěn)定下來(lái),有望最終進(jìn)入合法的金融體系,威脅到眾多銀行以及Visa、萬(wàn)事達(dá)卡(MasterCard)等支付運(yùn)營(yíng)商的重要利潤(rùn)來(lái)源。

????上周,總部位于英國(guó)的兩家銀行匯豐和渣打分別遭遇天價(jià)罰款19億美元和3.27億美元,如此巨額的罰款幾乎讓人難以理解。兩家銀行被控幫助一些不擇手段的演員轉(zhuǎn)移和達(dá)成交易,違反了國(guó)際法和聯(lián)合國(guó)制裁政策。按紐約總檢察官辦公室的說(shuō)法,匯豐為墨西哥黑手黨做了大量工作,渣打幫助伊朗政府達(dá)成了約2,500億美元的石油交易,從德黑蘭賺到了大量利潤(rùn)。

????但像匯豐和渣打這樣在地下金融市場(chǎng)中努力爭(zhēng)奪一席之地的狀況并不少見(jiàn)。從瑞信(Credit Suisse)到瑞銀(UBS),再到摩根大通(JPMorgan),全球幾乎各大金融機(jī)構(gòu)都曾在某些時(shí)候逾越雷區(qū),為那些他們明知應(yīng)列入黑名單的政府或個(gè)人的可疑交易提供便利。銀行為什么要參與這類(lèi)交易,個(gè)中原因顯而易見(jiàn)——這些交易的利潤(rùn)極高。

????不過(guò),由于政府、尤其是美國(guó)政府加大打擊力度,如今銀行要繼續(xù)為“邪惡”國(guó)家或在西方臭名昭著的人物提供業(yè)務(wù)服務(wù)已變得困難多了。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),對(duì)于與伊朗進(jìn)行交易,奧巴馬政府已向歐盟施壓,要求將伊朗封鎖在歐盟銀行體系之外。最近,伊朗國(guó)內(nèi)的銀行被踢出了環(huán)球同業(yè)銀行金融電訊協(xié)會(huì)(SWIFT)組織,要從外國(guó)銀行向伊朗匯錢(qián)幾乎已是不可能。至少目前看來(lái),這一利潤(rùn)中心似乎已經(jīng)向銀行關(guān)上了大門(mén)。

????但罪犯和邪惡國(guó)家仍然需要轉(zhuǎn)移他們的現(xiàn)金。于是,網(wǎng)絡(luò)虛擬貨幣“比特幣”悄然登場(chǎng)。如果你對(duì)這種貨幣還不熟悉,我們?cè)谶@里簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下:比特幣是一種財(cái)富存儲(chǔ)形式和交換媒介,主要用于網(wǎng)上購(gòu)買(mǎi)商品和服務(wù)。目前,比特幣交易主要在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)地下世界,即所謂的“深層網(wǎng)絡(luò)”(Deep Web)中進(jìn)行。相對(duì)于搜索引擎和一般互聯(lián)網(wǎng)瀏覽器帶給我們的互聯(lián)網(wǎng),“深層網(wǎng)絡(luò)”就是它們下面的黑土。

????你可以舒舒服服地坐在家里的電腦前,在這個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)地下世界中買(mǎi)賣(mài)從毒品到槍支的幾乎任何東西。還可以通過(guò)一種比特幣“攪拌機(jī)”洗錢(qián)。它就像是一個(gè)比特洗衣店,在這里比特幣和現(xiàn)金都被會(huì)被洗“干凈”。跟銀行一樣,這些“攪拌機(jī)”通常對(duì)這項(xiàng)服務(wù)收取1%的交易費(fèi)。

????HSBC and Standard Chartered may have gotten out of the money laundering and sanction-skirting game just in time. Bitcoin, a virtual online "currency," seems to be gaining traction and legitimacy among those who need to transfer or launder their cash outside of the prying eyes of regulators.

????Spend some time in the sketchy online marketplace for this currency and you'll find that Bitcoin users range from the common Iranian on the street, who is worried about inflation, to hit men and drug dealers, who prefer to be paid in an untraceable currency. If Bitcoin is able to stabilize its value on the international markets, it could eventually creep into the legitimate world of finance, threatening major profit centers for both the banks and payment operators like Visa and MasterCard.

????The massive fines levied against British-based banks HSBC ($1.9 billion) and Standard Chartered ($327 million) last week were so big it was almost hard to comprehend. The two banks were accused of helping unscrupulous actors transfer and conduct business in violation of international law and UN sanctions. HSBC did a lot of work for the Mexican mafia while Standard Chartered enjoyed the comforts of Tehran by facilitating, as per the New York Attorney General's Office, some $250 billion worth of oil trades for the Iranian government.

????But HSBC (HBC) and Standard Chartered are hardly alone in grabbing a piece of the financial underworld. Nearly every major financial institution from Credit Suisse (CS) to UBS (UBS) to JPMorgan (JPM) have been fined at some point for facilitating questionable transactions for governments or individuals they knew they shouldn't be dealing with. It is understandable why the banks participated in such business – it is extremely profitable.

????Nevertheless, it has become much harder for banks to conduct business with rogue nations and unsavory characters as governments, most notably the US, fight back. In its dealing with Iran, for example, the Obama administration has pressured the EU to lock Iran out of its banking system. Iran's banks were recently cut off from the international "SWIFT" club, making it virtually impossible to transfer money to Iran from a foreign bank. This profit center, at least for now, seems closed to the banks.

????But criminals and rogue nations still need to move their cash. Enter Bitcoin, the online virtual currency. For those unfamiliar, Bitcoin functions as a storage of wealth and a medium of exchange for goods and services mostly available for purchase on the web. For now, Bitcoins are primarily accepted in the Internet underworld known as the "Deep Web," which is a sort of dark foil to the web brought to us by search engines and standard internet browsers.

????Here in this internet netherworld you can buy and sell almost anything – from drugs to guns – all from the comfort of your home computer. Money laundering can be conducted through one of the various bitcoin "mixers," like Bit Laundry, where bitcoins and cash are exchanged for "clean" ones. Like the banks, these mixers usually take a 1% transaction fee for the service.

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