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數(shù)字技術(shù)掀起教科書革命

數(shù)字技術(shù)掀起教科書革命

Scott Olster 2013-03-26
現(xiàn)在的教材不僅定價(jià)高,而且淘汰率高。它們給學(xué)生和家庭帶來(lái)沉重的經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),但卻給傳統(tǒng)出版商帶來(lái)了滾滾財(cái)源?,F(xiàn)在,一批初創(chuàng)企業(yè)正在利用開(kāi)源技術(shù)改變這種局面,用更低廉的價(jià)格為師生們提供更靈活、更優(yōu)質(zhì)的教學(xué)材料。但傳統(tǒng)出版商肯定不甘心就此出局。

????一堂數(shù)學(xué)課。如果學(xué)校能以一本5美元、甚至更低的價(jià)格購(gòu)買很快就會(huì)沒(méi)用的課本,為什么要花上80美元?

????一批開(kāi)放教育出版商現(xiàn)在就在致力于解決上面這個(gè)問(wèn)題,而且逐漸贏得了大中小學(xué)的信任。包括CK-12和Boundless在內(nèi)的這些企業(yè)推出免費(fèi)的開(kāi)源教材(大多為數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)教材),打造了數(shù)字課本和教輔資料,學(xué)生和教師可以隨意編輯它們。由于目前沒(méi)有某一家供應(yīng)商能夠全面統(tǒng)治市場(chǎng),所以這類服務(wù)越來(lái)越好的同時(shí),培生(Pearson)、里德愛(ài)思唯爾(Reed Elsevier)和圣智(Cengage)這些的傳統(tǒng)課本巨頭就越為他們的商業(yè)模式感到恐慌。

????根據(jù)美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)(FCC)的數(shù)據(jù),美國(guó)一年在基礎(chǔ)教育(從幼兒園到高三)課本上的花銷超過(guò)70億美元。而根據(jù)美國(guó)企業(yè)研究所(American Enterprise Institute)的統(tǒng)計(jì),從1978年到現(xiàn)在,大學(xué)課本的價(jià)格增長(zhǎng)了驚人的812%。這個(gè)數(shù)字超過(guò)了同期通貨膨脹、大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)、甚至飽受爭(zhēng)議的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用的增長(zhǎng)。全美學(xué)院商店協(xié)會(huì)(National Association of College Stores)2012年的報(bào)告顯示,大學(xué)生在書籍和文具上每年平均花費(fèi)655美元。

????學(xué)區(qū)和公立大學(xué)的預(yù)算緊張給了開(kāi)源材料一個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì)。開(kāi)源供應(yīng)商已經(jīng)開(kāi)始雇傭傳統(tǒng)教材行業(yè)的精英。麥格勞?希爾高等教育集團(tuán)(McGraw Hill Higher Education)的前任數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品總經(jīng)理杰伊?查克拉帕尼于2月跳槽至CK-12,擔(dān)任這家非盈利開(kāi)源教育技術(shù)公司的總裁。

????查克拉帕尼現(xiàn)年41歲,曾在麥格勞?希爾用五年時(shí)間為它打造數(shù)字產(chǎn)品,努力將這家傳統(tǒng)的教材出版商領(lǐng)上通往未來(lái)的道路。查克拉帕尼說(shuō):“我可以告訴你們,麥格勞?希爾和培生的未來(lái)志向就在這個(gè)方向。我想問(wèn)題在于,他們現(xiàn)在做的基本就是把現(xiàn)有內(nèi)容放到新的數(shù)字系統(tǒng)里而已。在這些內(nèi)容自身變成垃圾、裝進(jìn)新系統(tǒng)也只能產(chǎn)出垃圾之前,能做的只有這么多了?!?/p>

????CK-12沒(méi)有將課本看成不同章節(jié)內(nèi)容的集合,而是將給定主題的每個(gè)方面拆開(kāi),變成電子課本中的一個(gè)個(gè)小部分,并稱之為“靈活課本”。如此一來(lái),教師和學(xué)生就能夠自主打造自己的學(xué)習(xí)方式。相反,傳統(tǒng)課本——即便是電子版本的傳統(tǒng)課本——提供的功能就很有限。查克拉帕尼說(shuō):“CK-12主要著眼于科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程和數(shù)學(xué)課本,將它們轉(zhuǎn)化為涵蓋所有內(nèi)容的5000條基礎(chǔ)概念。它不同于出版一本教科書,然后每三年推出新版,借此獲得更多收入。這個(gè)創(chuàng)意來(lái)自對(duì)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)方式的思考?!?/p>

????2007年,在太陽(yáng)微系統(tǒng)公司(Sun Microsystems)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司科斯拉創(chuàng)投(Khosla Ventures)的共同創(chuàng)始人——億萬(wàn)富翁維諾德?斯科拉的支持下,CK-12在加利福尼亞州的帕洛阿爾托(Palo Alto)成立,并由維諾德的妻子尼爾魯?斯科拉領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。很大程度上這是斯卡拉的家族產(chǎn)業(yè)。實(shí)際上,在查克拉帕尼跳槽到這里出任董事長(zhǎng)之前,他曾出人意料地給維諾德?斯科拉發(fā)過(guò)郵件,回應(yīng)后者2012年1月在TechCrunch上發(fā)表的討論教育未來(lái)的文章。電子郵件往來(lái)逐漸深入到電話交流,再到一起喝咖啡,最終發(fā)展成了一個(gè)工作機(jī)會(huì)。查克拉帕尼說(shuō),科斯拉家族希望教育改革成為他們能夠留給后世的財(cái)富。

????最近幾年,開(kāi)源和免費(fèi)教育運(yùn)動(dòng)這兩個(gè)有所不同、卻相互關(guān)聯(lián)的想法碰撞出了火花。免費(fèi)的教育資源——比如Coursera上的大學(xué)課程——可以讓學(xué)生們免費(fèi)使用。但是無(wú)論有多么喜歡這些課程內(nèi)容,他們也無(wú)法重復(fù)使用、重新合成或?qū)⑵溆米魉?。與之相反,CK-12這樣的開(kāi)源材料不僅免費(fèi),也能以學(xué)生或教師認(rèn)為合適的方法用到其他用途。大規(guī)模開(kāi)放網(wǎng)絡(luò)課程(massive open online courses,MOOC)供應(yīng)商,比如Coursera、EdX和Udacity都向越來(lái)越多的大學(xué)征集在線課程,供人們免費(fèi)使用,盡管許多學(xué)校仍然堅(jiān)持保留自身的課程內(nèi)容。

????Call it a math lesson. Why would a school pay $80 for a textbook that may quickly become irrelevant, when it could pay around $5 or less?

????A cadre of so-called open-education publishers is slowly beginning to gain the trust of schools and university systems by posing that question. Using free, open-source education materials, firms like CK-12 and Boundless are building digital textbooks and learning materials (mostly for math and science) that students and teachers can use and edit as they wish. While no single outfit yet dominates, the better such offerings get, the more traditional textbook giants like Pearson (PSO), Reed Elsevier (RUK), and Cengage ought to fear for their business models.

????The U.S. spends more than $7 billion every year on K-12 textbooks, according to the FCC. And college textbook prices have increased by a whopping 812% since 1978, according to the American Enterprise Institute, surpassing inflation, college tuition increases -- even the much-discussed rise in medical expenses during that time period. College students report that they pay an average of $655 a year on books and supplies, according to a 2012 report from the National Association of College Stores.

????Major budget constraints on school districts and public universities have given open-source materials a shot. Open-source outfits have begun wooing traditional textbook industry talent over to their cause. Former McGraw Hill Higher Education general manager of digital products Jay Chakrapani jumped to CK-12 in February to serve as president at the nonprofit open-education tech venture.

????Chakrapani, 41, had spent five years at McGraw Hill, working to build up its digital offerings and bring the legacy textbook publisher into the future. "I can tell you that the aspirations of a McGraw Hill or a Pearson are in this direction," Chakrapani says. "I think the problem is that they are basically in the model of retrofitting existing content into these [new, digital] systems, and you can only go so far before it becomes garbage in, garbage out."

????Instead of thinking of textbooks as an assembly of different chapters of content, CK-12 has broken down each individual facet of a given subject into small parts in its digital textbooks, known as "flexbooks." This granularity gives teachers and students the ability to customize how they learn. By contrast, traditional textbooks -- even those that are digital -- offer much less versatility. "CK-12 basically looked at STEM [science, technology, engineering, and math] and broke it down into the 5,000 fundamental concepts, and they mapped them all together," Chakrapani says. "It's not about creating a textbook and every three years putting out a new edition so you can capture more revenue. It's about thinking how a student learns."

????Founded in 2007 with backing from billionaire Vinod Khosla, co-founder of Sun Microsystems and VC firm Khosla Ventures, Palo Alto, Calif.-based CK-12 is led by Vinod's wife, Neeru Khosla, and is very much a Khosla family affair. In fact, Chakrapani landed his gig as president after emailing Vinod Khosla out of the blue, responding to an article Khosla had written for TechCrunch in January 2012 on the future of education. A few emails between the two eventually led to several phone calls, which led to coffee, which ultimately led to a job offer. Chakrapani says that the Khoslas want education reform to be their legacy.

????In recent years, the open-source and free education movements -- two different, but related, ideas -- have picked up steam. Free educational resources -- like a university course on Coursera, for example -- may be available for students to use at no cost, but students cannot reuse, remix, or repurpose that course content however they'd like. By contrast open-source materials like CK-12's materials are not only free, but can also be freely repurposed in any way a student or teacher sees fit. Massive open online courses (MOOC) providers like Coursera, EdX, and Udacity have been recruiting more and more universities to offer courses online to anyone for free, though many schools still insist on owning their course content.

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