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電能無線傳輸技術(shù)再現(xiàn)曙光

電能無線傳輸技術(shù)再現(xiàn)曙光

Brian Dumaine 2013-11-05
目前,數(shù)百家公司都在投資電磁場(chǎng)無線電能傳輸技術(shù),而且已經(jīng)取得了一些進(jìn)展。這項(xiàng)新技術(shù)的工作原理如何?它到底什么時(shí)候才能取代有線電纜,投入使用?又會(huì)給我們的生活帶來哪些改變?

????尼古拉?特斯拉是19世紀(jì)末20世紀(jì)初與托馬斯?愛迪生相媲美的發(fā)明家。1901年,他從億萬富翁J.P.摩根那里獲得資助,在紐約長(zhǎng)島修建了一座高達(dá)187英尺的無線電能傳輸塔——沃登克里弗塔??上ы?xiàng)目最終失敗,特斯拉本人也宣告破產(chǎn)。(特斯拉之前曾在科羅拉多州做過類似的實(shí)驗(yàn),成功地將25英里之外的200盞燈點(diǎn)亮。不過據(jù)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)目擊者稱,他們能感到電流從地面穿過腳底,甚至當(dāng)?shù)鼐用裨诖蜷_水龍頭時(shí),都能看到水流在嘩嘩放電……)

????一個(gè)多世紀(jì)過去了,無線電能傳輸技術(shù)已取得了一些進(jìn)展。一百多家公司正在研究這項(xiàng)技術(shù),其中既有WiTricity和ProxybyPower等新創(chuàng)公司,又有豐田(Toyota)、英特爾(Intel)、三星(Samsung)和富士康(Foxconn)等跨國(guó)企業(yè)。目前的挑戰(zhàn)在于:按照功率方程原理,讓電能從通過電纜傳輸變成通過磁場(chǎng)傳輸。

????電能在空氣中傳播時(shí)會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殡姶艌?chǎng)。所以我們可以非常安全地給手機(jī)等設(shè)備無線充電?,F(xiàn)在普遍使用的無線充電式電動(dòng)牙刷就是這個(gè)原理——電能通過磁場(chǎng)從電源傳輸給牙刷。市面上還有不少無線充電板,只要接通電源,再把手機(jī)放到上面就能無線充電。不過這種充電板有不少缺點(diǎn):手機(jī)必須放得恰到好處,而且充電時(shí)間也很長(zhǎng)。新西蘭一家叫PowerbyProxy的公司發(fā)明了一套新系統(tǒng),用戶可以同時(shí)把多部手機(jī)擺放在充電板上的任何位置,充電速度很快,時(shí)間與傳統(tǒng)方式相當(dāng)。三星公司上個(gè)月宣布向PowerbyProxy投資400萬美元。

????下一個(gè)目標(biāo):無需充電板也能無線充電。位于馬薩諸塞沃特敦的WiTricity公司在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域頗有作為。這家公司利用電磁諧振技術(shù)在空氣中傳輸電能,意味著電能有望實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)距離無線傳輸。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)是麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)的研究成果,WiTricity持有獨(dú)家專利。它的具體原理如下:如果兩個(gè)諧振物體具有相同的頻率,那么電能將非常精確地從一方傳輸?shù)搅硪环?。只要把諧振器插入插座,在另一邊的電動(dòng)汽車或手機(jī)里安裝上對(duì)應(yīng)的設(shè)備,它們就能接收到電能,開始充電。WiTricity稱目前已能傳輸高達(dá)3300瓦特電能而損耗極小,這已經(jīng)足夠給一輛電動(dòng)汽車充電了。WiTricity首席執(zhí)行官埃里克?吉爾說:“我們都熱愛電能,愿意不惜一切代價(jià)獲得它。電能也許是我們最后一個(gè)希望無線化的東西,而這個(gè)目標(biāo)必將實(shí)現(xiàn)?!?/p>

????這個(gè)過程是否安全?吉爾稱因?yàn)殡娔芤噪姶挪ǖ男问酵ㄟ^空氣傳輸,這和地球的電磁場(chǎng)類似,所以對(duì)人類不會(huì)造成危害。美國(guó)聯(lián)邦通訊委員會(huì)(FCC)對(duì)電磁場(chǎng)技術(shù)有不少規(guī)定,WiTricity自稱它的設(shè)備都符合FCC的要求。不過,整個(gè)工業(yè)界仍面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn),需要在教育和宣傳上不斷努力,以打消廣大消費(fèi)者的顧慮。

????英特爾和鴻海/富士康集團(tuán)將無線充電技術(shù)視為筆記本和手機(jī)等電子設(shè)備的殺手級(jí)應(yīng)用。它們?cè)趲字芮巴顿Y了WiTricity公司。石油巨頭斯倫貝謝(Schlumberger)是WiTricity的早期投資者,它希望新技術(shù)能減少自己油田里的電線數(shù)量,以節(jié)約維護(hù)成本。豐田公司也參與了投資,有消息稱它計(jì)劃測(cè)試一種用于插電式電動(dòng)車的無線充電站。

????Backed by the financier J.P. Morgan, Nikola Tesla, the inventor and rival to Thomas Edison, built in the early 1900s the Wardenclyffe Tower, a 187-foot-high structure on Long Island, which he said could transmit electricity wirelessly. The project failed, and Tesla ended up broke. (In an earlier experiment in Colorado, Tesla had wirelessly lit up 200 lamps over a distance of 25 miles, but pedestrians witnessed sparks jumping between their feet and the ground, and electricity flowed from faucets when turned on. Oops.)

????Fast-forward over a century, and wireless electricity is finally gaining some traction. More than one hundred companies including startups such as WiTricity and ProxybyPower and giants such as Toyota (TM), Intel (INTC), Samsung, and Foxconn are investing in the technology. The challenge: to take the wires out of the power equation by transmitting electricity through magnetic fields.

????When in the atmosphere, electricity exists as a magnetic field. The trick is to capture it safely to recharge devices. Today's electric toothbrushes charge wirelessly -- as power is transmitted through a magnetic field from the charger to the brush. You can already buy wireless recharging pads: Place your cellphone on a pad that's plugged into the wall, and it will recharge. These pads, however, have their limitations -- the cellphone has to be in the right position, and it can take a long time. A New Zealand company called PowerbyProxy has demonstrated a system where you can put multiple cellphones on a pad in any position, and it will charge the devices as fast as a traditional charger. Samsung last month invested $4 million in the company.

????The next step: charging without being so tied to a pad. That's the technology a Watertown, Mass., company named WiTricity is developing. Based on work done at MIT, the technology -- on which the company holds exclusive patents -- uses magnetic resonance to move power through the air -- which means electricity can be moved farther distances without a wire. The way it works: Two devices resonate at the same frequency so that the magnetic waves can travel very precisely from one point to another. Plug a resonator into a wall outlet, and a device installed on a cellphone or an electric car receives the power and starts recharging. WiTricity says its system can move an impressive 3,300 watts -- enough to charge an electric car -- with little efficiency loss. Says Eric Giler, the CEO of WiTricity: "We all love electricity and are willing to do almost anything to get it. It will be the last thing to go wireless, but it will go wireless."

????Is the process safe? Because electricity moves through the air as magnetic waves that are similar to the earth's magnetic waves, it poses no harm to humans, says Giler. The FCC has set limits for magnetic fields, and WiTricity claims its devices fall well below that threshold. The industry, however, will still face a tough time educating and persuading consumers that these devices are safe.

????In recent weeks, Intel and Hon Hai/Foxconn, seeing wireless charging as a possible killer app for electronic devices such as laptops and cellphones, invested in WiTricity. Schlumberger, which is interested in cutting the number of wires in its oil rigs to save maintenance costs, was an early investor, as was Toyota, which is reported to have plans to test a wireless charging station for plug-in cars.????

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