????五大新興國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人計(jì)劃成立一家為發(fā)展項(xiàng)目提供資金的銀行以及一只應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備基金，以便抗衡強(qiáng)大的世界銀行（World Bank）和國際貨幣基金組織（IMF）。

????周二的金磚國家（BRICS）峰會(huì)宣布了這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃。BRICS這個(gè)詞由與會(huì)五國英文名稱的首字母組成——這五個(gè)國家是巴西、俄羅斯、印度、中國和南非。這個(gè)計(jì)劃的思路是建立一個(gè)可以替代主要國際貸款來源的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，從而讓金磚國家在融資方面不那么依賴這些貸款來源，同時(shí)彰顯金磚國家的政治實(shí)力。

????金磚五國將為這家開發(fā)銀行提供1000億美元資金。這家銀行的總部將設(shè)在上海，由一名印度人擔(dān)任首任行長。雖然中國出資最多，但這五個(gè)國家在這家銀行中將持有相同的份額，在管理和決策方面有著同等的發(fā)言權(quán)。另外，這五個(gè)國家還將再出資1000億美元建立應(yīng)急儲(chǔ)備基金。

????金磚國家占全球人口的42%，年貿(mào)易額為6.14萬億美元。按GDP計(jì)算，它們約占全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的20%。

????本次金磚國家峰會(huì)召開之際，克里米亞已經(jīng)加入俄羅斯，中國和俄羅斯簽署了天然氣協(xié)議，印度政府完成了換屆。因此，從外交政策角度而言，本次會(huì)議極為重要。

????布魯金斯研究所（Brookings Institution）專攻國際關(guān)系的研究員托馬斯?賴特指出：“在我看來，本次峰會(huì)傳遞出的一條主要信息是，金磚國家正在設(shè)法編織一張安全網(wǎng)。這樣，一旦美國和歐洲打算孤立、制裁其中某個(gè)國家，它們依然可以有所依靠。最令人擔(dān)心的是，它們沒有就烏克蘭問題向俄羅斯發(fā)表任何關(guān)鍵性言論。基本上，這些國家流露出來的態(tài)度是，無論普京干什么，它們都沒意見?！?/p>

????金磚國家在2008年全球金融危機(jī)爆發(fā)前夕由巴西、俄羅斯、印度和中國組建。兩年后，這個(gè)組織又吸收了南非。各成員國的經(jīng)濟(jì)健康程度不同，在某些情況下都面臨著經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。但它們?cè)谕饨缓驼螌用嬲业搅私⑦@個(gè)組織的依據(jù)——用賴特的話來說就是，它們的想法是，“不能什么事都由西方說了算”。

????雖然俄羅斯總統(tǒng)普京大膽地表達(dá)了他對(duì)金磚國家的看法——他說自己將敦促其他新興國家設(shè)法阻止美國的“制裁攻擊”——但其他國家的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人在回應(yīng)時(shí)都很謹(jǐn)慎。

????普京在接受《莫斯科時(shí)報(bào)》（The Moscow Times）采訪時(shí)說：“我們應(yīng)當(dāng)共同制定一整套措施，用它來幫助那些不同意美國及其盟友的外交決策的國家，避免它們陷入困境。同時(shí)，這套措施也應(yīng)當(dāng)促進(jìn)以相互尊重為基礎(chǔ)的全面和平對(duì)話?！?/p>

????以往金磚國家一直很難形成共識(shí)。當(dāng)初，它們?cè)?011和2012年未能就IMF和世界銀行負(fù)責(zé)人提名達(dá)成一致；而今，印度和南非近期又表示它們可能退出五國均已初步認(rèn)可的貿(mào)易協(xié)議。許多專家的看法是，金磚國家這個(gè)組織過于“分散”，因而發(fā)揮不了任何作用。

????在本次峰會(huì)上，金磚國家成功打破了這種觀念。為了今后的發(fā)展，它們正在向著重新校準(zhǔn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平衡的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。新德里智囊機(jī)構(gòu)Observer Research Foundation高級(jí)研究員兼副總裁薩米爾?薩蘭認(rèn)為：“對(duì)于這些在經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治事務(wù)上尚未真正進(jìn)入貴賓席的國家來說，這是一項(xiàng)成就。它將形成一種新的經(jīng)濟(jì)治理觀念。”（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：Charlie

????Leaders of five big emerging nations plan to create a bank to fund development projects plus an emergency reserve to counter the powerful World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.

????The plan was announced Tuesday at the annual BRICS summit, an acronym taken from the name of the participating countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The idea is to create an alternative to the major international lending sources so as not to be so dependent on them for money and as a symbol of political strength.

????The development bank – funded with $100 from the five member states – will be headquartered in Shanghai and, in its first phase, headed by an Indian president. Although China will be bank’s largest donor, each nation will own an equal share of the bank and have an equal say in governance and policy making. Another $100 billion will be allotted to an emergency reserve fund.

????BRICS countries account for 42% of the world’s population and represents $6.14 trillion in annual trade. They contribute roughly 20% of the world’s economy based on GDP.

????The BRICS summit took place against the backdrop of Russia’s annexation of Crimea, a Russia-China natural gas deal and the change of government in India. The proceedings were therefore of utmost importance to the U.S from a foreign policy standpoint.

????“I think the big message to me coming out of the summit is BRICS are trying to create a safety net that means if the U.S. and Europe tried to isolate and sanction one of them they have something to fall back on,” said Thomas Wright, a fellow at the Brookings Institution who focuses on international relations. “The most worrying parts are that they didn’t say anything critical of Russia on Ukraine. Basically they sent out a message that they had no problem with anything with what Putin was doing.”

????BRICS was established just prior to 2008 financial crisis with Brazil, Russia, India and China. Two years later, they welcomed South Africa to the club. The member nations vary in their economic health and, in some cases, are undergoing economic problems. But they’ve found a diplomatic and political rationale to exist that Wright described as being based on the idea that “not to have all roads go through the West.”

????While Russian President Vladimir Putin boldly expresses his views on BRICS—that he’ll press other emerging markets to find ways to prevent “sanction attacks” by the U.S.—other leaders are cautious about their response.

????“Together we should think about a system of measures that would help prevent the harassment of countries that do not agree with some foreign policy decisions made by the U.S. and their allies, but would promote a civilized dialogue on all points based on mutual respect,” Putin said in The Moscow Times.

????In the past, the BRICS have struggled to reach a consensus. First they could not agree on a candidate to head the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank in 2011 and 2012. Then recently India and South Africa signaled they may backtrack on a trade agreement initially endorsed by all five countries. Many experts perceived it as a group too “splintered” to make any change.

????With today’s summit, BRICS managed to break that perception and move forward to realign the economic balance for future development. “It is an achievement for the countries who have not significantly sat on the high table on economic and political governance matters,” said Samir Saran, senior fellow and vice president at Observer Research Foundation, a New Delhi based think-tank. “It is going to create a new ethos of economic governance.”