????2、松采沃兄弟會(SolntsevskayaBratva) 收入：85億美元

????俄羅斯黑幫采用的組織結(jié)構(gòu)與日本極道迥然不同。根據(jù)牛津大學(xué)（University of Oxford）犯罪學(xué)教授和國際集團犯罪研究專家弗雷德里克?瓦雷澤的介紹，俄羅斯黑幫是高度分散化的。松采沃兄弟會由10個不同的半自治“大隊”組成，運作時相對獨立。然而，瓦雷澤表示，該組織確實會整合他們的資源，組織的財產(chǎn)由一個12人委員會管理，他們“定期在全球不同的地方會面，會議通常會偽裝成節(jié)慶活動?！?/p>

????據(jù)估計，該組織有不少于9,000名成員，主要收入來源是毒品貿(mào)易和販賣人口。通常情況下，俄羅斯犯罪團伙會大量涉足來自阿富汗的海洛因貿(mào)易：據(jù)估計，俄羅斯消費了全球12%的海洛因，而該國人口僅占全球的0.5%。

????3、克莫拉(Camorra) 收入：49億美元

????美國的意大利裔黑手黨最近幾十年來受到了執(zhí)法機關(guān)的嚴厲打擊，不過意大利國內(nèi)的黑手黨依舊十分強勢。盡管意大利的公民、記者和政府官員努力了多年，但該國的地方政府依舊與許多黑幫團伙保持聯(lián)系，并為他們提供保護。米蘭圣心天主教大學(xué)（UniversitàCattolica）和跨國犯罪聯(lián)合研究中心（Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime）2013年的研究估計，意大利的黑手黨總共賺取了330億美元的收入，其中大部分由四大黑手黨瓜分。

????克莫拉是這些團伙中最為成功的一個，估計每年能夠攫取49億美元的收入。這份研究報告顯示，他們涉足的領(lǐng)域豐富多樣：“性剝削、軍火交易、毒品、制假、賭博……高利貸以及敲詐?！倍四呀?jīng)這樣經(jīng)營了很長時間。該組織總部位于那不勒斯，歷史可以追溯到19世紀，最早是一個監(jiān)獄里的團伙。這個團伙的成員在19世紀初獲釋之際，正趕上意大利血雨腥風(fēng)般的政治斗爭。通過提供安全保護，該團伙迅速壯大，儼然成為一支代表意大利貧困階層的政治力量。

????2. SolntsevskayaBratva—Revenue: $8.5 billion

????Russian mafia groups sit on the other side of the organizational spectrum from Yakuza. Their structure, according to Frederico Varese, a professor of criminology at the University of Oxford and an expert on international organized crime, is highly decentralized. The group is composed of 10 separate quasi-autonomous “brigades” that operate more or less independently of each other. The group does pool its resources, however, and the money is overseen by a 12-person council that “meets regularly in different parts of the world, often disguising their meetings as festive occasions,” Varesi says.

????It’s estimated that the group claims upwards of 9,000 members, and that it’s bread and butter is the drug trade and human trafficking. Russian organized crime in general is heavily involved in the heroin trade that originates in Afghanistan: it’s estimated that Russia consumes about 12% of the world’s heroin, while it contains just 0.5% of the world’s population.

????3. Camorra—Revenue: $4.9 billion

????While the Italian-American mafia has been severely weakened in recent decades by law enforcement, the Italian mafia in the old country is still running strong. Despite years of efforts from citizens, journalists, and government officials, the local governments in Italy remain linked to and protective of various mafia groups, to the point where a 2013 study from the UniversitàCattolica and the Joint research Centre on Transnational Crime estimated that mafia activities generate revenue of $33 billion dollars, mostly divided among Italy’s four major mafia gangs.

????Camorra is the most successful of these groups, raking in an estimated $4.9 billion per year on everything from “sexual exploitation, firearms trafficking, drugs, counterfeiting, gambling … usury and extortion,” according to the report. And Camorra has been at it a long time. Based in Naples, the group’s history dates back to the 19th century, when it was formed initially as a prison gang. As members were released, the group flourished during the bloody political struggles in Italy during the 1800s by offering protection services and as a force for political organization among Italy’s poor.