????3.英特爾

????? 2013年研發(fā)支出：106億美元

????? 占收入的百分比：20.1%

????這家總部位于加州圣克拉拉的芯片制造商投資研發(fā)的目的是為了跟上摩爾定律的步伐。1965年，英特爾（Intel）聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人戈登?摩爾發(fā)現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算能力每?jī)赡昃蜁?huì)翻一番。該公司一直致力于在集成電路中納入更多的晶體管，并把大多數(shù)研發(fā)資金都用在了產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)上。英特爾副總裁、元件研究部門總監(jiān)邁克爾?梅伯里說(shuō)：“隨著晶圓價(jià)格因制造工序增多而逐步上升，研發(fā)成本變得越來(lái)越高。復(fù)雜性推高了成本?！边@從該公司最近為研發(fā)14納米酷睿 M處理器而付出的努力便可見(jiàn)一斑。該產(chǎn)品的尺寸是上一代處理器的一半，電池壽命延長(zhǎng)了20%，能耗降低了60%。

????3. Intel

????? R&D spending in 2013: $10.6 billion

????? As a percentage of revenue: 20.1%

????The Santa Clara, Calif.-based chip manufacturer invests in R&D to keep pace with Moore’s Law, an observation by company co-founder Gordon Moore in 1965 that computing power doubles every two years. As the company works to cram more transistors onto its circuits, development eats most of the company’s R&D spending. “It’s getting more expensive to do the development piece of it because wafers get more expensive over time as more steps get added to the process,” says Michael Mayberry, vice president and director of components research at Intel. “Complexity drives cost.” One recent example of the company’s R&D efforts includes the 14nm Intel Core M processor, which is half the size of the previous generation of chips with 20% longer battery life and 60% less energy expenditure.