成人小说亚洲一区二区三区,亚洲国产精品一区二区三区,国产精品成人精品久久久,久久综合一区二区三区,精品无码av一区二区,国产一级a毛一级a看免费视频,欧洲uv免费在线区一二区,亚洲国产欧美中日韩成人综合视频,国产熟女一区二区三区五月婷小说,亚洲一区波多野结衣在线

立即打開
為什么巨型集裝箱運輸突然統(tǒng)治了海運業(yè)?

為什么巨型集裝箱運輸突然統(tǒng)治了海運業(yè)?

David Z. Morris 2015年02月13日
中海集運“環(huán)球號”是全球最大的集裝箱船,它可裝載近兩萬個集裝箱,長400米,寬59米。如果把它豎起來,會比帝國大廈還要高出20米。這艘史無前例的巨輪誕生背后,是航運業(yè)正在發(fā)生巨變:小競爭者正被擠出市場。

????大船效率的提高對于個體承運人和全球大環(huán)境來說都有益處。其單個集裝箱運輸所耗燃油僅為老船只的50%,保險和人工成本也降低了一半多。和較小的船只相比,一艘巨型船舶同樣需要20多個船員,但運力卻是小船的三倍。

????巨型船舶對整個行業(yè)的影響則沒有那么樂觀。德魯里供應(yīng)鏈研究高級經(jīng)理賽門?希尼說:“供求方面,行業(yè)遭遇了我們所說的結(jié)構(gòu)性產(chǎn)能過剩的沖擊”。大的運輸公司通過“減速航行”的方式來削弱過度供給造成的影響,即刻意地讓船以正常航速的一半來航行,既控制運力,也進(jìn)一步節(jié)省了燃油。

????由于難以獲得規(guī)模效益或在速度上做文章,小型運輸公司的處境迅速惡化。全球排名前十之外的運輸公司僅運營著幾十艘巨型船,有些甚至連一艘都沒有。其中的一些公司被迫投入他人的懷抱,比如4月份赫伯羅特就并購了南美輪船。此外,貨運共享協(xié)議也是行業(yè)整合的另一種形式。到2015年初,僅四大海運聯(lián)盟就可以完全控制亞歐集裝箱業(yè)務(wù)。

????由于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的限制,巨型船舶中尺寸最大的都只能在亞歐航線上運營。像中海集運“環(huán)球號”這樣尺寸的船已經(jīng)無法通過巴拿馬運河,而以目前的設(shè)施水平,美國東海岸和西海岸的港口也都無力接納這樣的船只。巴拿馬運河擴容工程目前正在進(jìn)行,投資集團(tuán)香港尼加拉瓜運河開發(fā)投資有限公司也準(zhǔn)備在尼加拉瓜開發(fā)建造一條運河。巨型船舶所產(chǎn)生的漣漪效應(yīng)已波及世界各地,因為它迫使老船和小船退出亞歐航線的運營,并造成了運力的膨脹和運價的普降。

????行業(yè)觀察者說,中海集運“環(huán)球號”世界第一的稱號可能不會長久?!吨袊_\》雜志的薩姆?錢伯斯預(yù)計,2015年初可能會出現(xiàn)2萬標(biāo)箱的船只訂單,以目前亞歐航線基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施情況來看,未來制造2.4萬標(biāo)箱的船只也是可行的。而這意味著,產(chǎn)能過剩的局面將會長時間持續(xù),同時也會為全球的小型運輸公司帶來更大的壓力。(財富中文網(wǎng))

????譯者:Donna

????審稿:李翔

????The efficiencies of the larger ships are a boon for individual shippers, and for the global environment. They consume as little as 50% of the fuel per container moved as older ships, while also more than halving insurance and staffing costs. A megaship requires the same 20-odd crew as a smaller ship but can carry three times the cargo.

????The effect on the industry as a whole is less sanguine. “In terms of supply and demand, the industry is blighted by what we describe as structural overcapacity,” says Simon Heaney, Drewry’s senior manager of supply chain research. Large carriers have mitigated that oversupply to a degree through a practice known as “slow-steaming”—intentionally operating ships at as little as half their normal speed, which both reins in capacity and offers further fuel savings.

????With less access to efficiencies of scale or speed, smaller carriers are losing ground fast. Carriers outside of the global top 10 operate only dozens or, in some cases, zero megaships. Some have been forced into mergers, such as the acquisition of CSAV by Hapag-Lloyd in April. Further consolidation has taken the form of cargo-sharing agreements. By early 2015, the Asia-Europe container trade will be entirely controlled by just four major alliances.

????Infrastructure limitations have kept the largest of the megaships confined to those Asia-Europe routes. Ships the size of the CSCL Globe are too large to fit through the Panama Canal, and neither East nor West Coast U.S. ports are equipped to handle them anyway. The expansion of the Panama Canal to accommodate megaships is underway, and the Hong Kong-based investment group HKND is currently exploring the construction of a large canal across Nicaragua. But the megaships are having ripple effects around the world by pushing older, smaller ships out of service on Asia-Europe routes, inflating capacity and pushing down prices everywhere.

????Industry watchers say the CSCL Globe is unlikely to retain its world’s-biggest title for long. Sam Chambers of SinoShip expects to see a 20,000 TEU ship ordered by early 2015, and ships of up to 24,000 TEU would be viable with current Asia-Europe infrastructure. That would mean continued chronic overcapacity, and even more pressure on smaller shippers worldwide.

掃碼打開財富Plus App
中文字幕av一区二区三区高| 性高朝久久久久久久久久| 国产精品乱码高清在线观看| 日本不卡在线视频二区三区| 国产一区二区在线影院欧美超级乱婬视频播放| 欧美粗大猛烈老熟妇| 久久久亚洲欧洲日产国码αv| 99久久久国产精品免费蜜臀 | 小sao货水好多真紧h无码视频| 在线看片免费人成视频久网下载| 曰批全过程免费视频观看软件下载| 深夜福利网址在线观看| 精品国产AV一区二区三| 777米奇影视第四色| 99久久影院,无码 人妻| 人人超碰人人超级碰国| 婷婷午夜天午夜福利综合| 国产欧美日韩精品?在线观看| 免费无码αv片在线观看潮喷| 亚洲欧美日韩国产另类一区二区| 国产精品欧美一区二区三区不卡| 日韩欧美精品一区二区永久在线| 高潮喷水在线观看免费| 欧产日产国产精品精品| 色婷婷久久综合中文久久一本| 精品国精品国产自在久久| 色噜噜狠狠色综合成人网| 亚洲毛片在线日韩无码大乱交| 中文字幕精品无码亚洲幕| 印度女人性液亚洲国产类| 日本中文字幕乱码免费| 国产韩国精品一区二区三区久久| 一级二级无码在线观看| 成年免费视频播放网站推荐| 叫床很激烈的年轻水嫩大学生| 久久亚洲精品成人无码网站| 成人免费视频无遮挡在线看| 熟妇人妻AV无码一区二区三区| 无码一区二区视频| 片多多免费观看高清电影| 经典三级在线观看呢观看|