????麻醉師、外科醫(yī)生、診斷醫(yī)師

????你可能覺得，醫(yī)生是一門需要實(shí)際操作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的職業(yè)，因此醫(yī)生是不可能被機(jī)器人取代的，但事實(shí)也并非如此。強(qiáng)生公司的Sedasys系統(tǒng)目前已經(jīng)通過(guò)了FDA認(rèn)證，可以在結(jié)腸鏡檢查等手術(shù)中實(shí)施低層次的麻醉術(shù)，它的成本還不到專業(yè)麻醉師的零頭。一名醫(yī)生在發(fā)揮人力因素的同時(shí)，還可以同時(shí)管理多臺(tái)機(jī)器。

????IBM的Watson系統(tǒng)由于在電視真人秀上大放異彩而廣為人知。不過(guò)很多人可能不知道，它在肺癌的診斷上擁有遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于人類醫(yī)生的診斷準(zhǔn)確率——在某些測(cè)試中，Watson系統(tǒng)與人類醫(yī)師的診斷準(zhǔn)確率為90%對(duì)50%。原因是數(shù)據(jù)。要想讀完最新發(fā)布的醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)，人類醫(yī)師每周至少要花費(fèi)160小時(shí)的時(shí)間，因此人類醫(yī)生不可能掌握全部的新見解甚至臨床證據(jù)，因此面對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)時(shí)也就喪失了診斷方面的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

????外科醫(yī)生已經(jīng)在使用自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)輔助進(jìn)行一些低侵入性的手術(shù)。目前雖然還是醫(yī)生負(fù)責(zé)手術(shù)的全過(guò)程，但終有一日，機(jī)器有可能獨(dú)立完成一些難度較低的手術(shù)。事實(shí)已經(jīng)證明，機(jī)器人系統(tǒng)具有將腫瘤從人體組織剝離的能力。另外目前市面上已經(jīng)有了至少一款用于進(jìn)行毛發(fā)移植的機(jī)器人，使一名醫(yī)生在進(jìn)行手術(shù)的同時(shí)可以監(jiān)控多個(gè)規(guī)程。

????亨特登醫(yī)療中心（Hunterdon Medical Center）的機(jī)器人手術(shù)服務(wù)醫(yī)學(xué)總監(jiān)普羅帕?高希表示：“我們以前用手工完成的很多事，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)通過(guò)機(jī)器人實(shí)現(xiàn)了自動(dòng)化。比如現(xiàn)在我們不再手工縫合刀口，而是使用機(jī)器人縫合。”高希表示，由于解剖結(jié)構(gòu)的變異，加上目前電腦在歸納模式上還存在一定難度，她目前還無(wú)法預(yù)測(cè)機(jī)器能夠如何充分完成自動(dòng)化的手術(shù)。不過(guò)她補(bǔ)充道：“十年以前，我也絕對(duì)不會(huì)預(yù)見到這些東西發(fā)揮作用，所以很多說(shuō)未來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)展成什么樣?！?/p>

????Anesthesiologists, Surgeons, and Diagnosticians

????You might think that doctors represented the ultimate in hands-on expertise that had to be local, but that isn't the case. Johnson & Johnson's Sedasys system, already FDA approved, can automate delivery of low-level anesthesiain applications like colonoscopies at the fraction of the cost of a dedicated anesthesiologist. A doctor can supervise multiple machines at the same time to keep the human element.

????IBM's Watson, well known for its stellar performance in the TV game show Jeopardy!, has already demonstrated a far more accurate diagnosis rate for lung cancers than humans -- 90 percent versus 50 percent in some tests. The reason is data. Keeping pace with the release of medical data could take doctors 160 hours a week, so doctors can't possibly review the amount of new insights or even bodies of clinical evidence that can give an edge in making a diagnosis.

????Surgeons already use automated systems to aid in low-invasive procedures. Right now, the doctor is in charge, but eventually machines might do simpler procedures themselves. According to Beane, there have already been demonstrations -- on Silly Putty -- of how a robotic system could potentially remove tumors from tissue. There is also at least one hair transplant robot on the market, allowing one surgeon to oversee multiple procedures at the same time.

????"A lot of things we do manually we have automated through robotics," said Dr. Propa Ghosh, medical director of robotics surgical services at Hunterdon Medical Center. "Instead of using sutures, now we're using robotic staplers." She finds it hard to see how machines could do fully automated surgeries because of anatomical variations and the current difficulty computers have in generalizing patterns. However, Ghosh added, "I never could have predicted have the things that have come to play ten years ago, so it's hard to say where the future will be."