????如果乍聽到喬治?保羅?雷曼描述私募公司3G資本的經(jīng)營哲學(xué)，你可能會(huì)以為他談的是跑馬拉松，“你不停地跑，總是快要接近極限，你一直非常努力，而且你的表現(xiàn)會(huì)被人全程評(píng)估?！边@是他在2013年一次難得的采訪中告訴《財(cái)富》的，那次報(bào)道的主題是合并誕生的啤酒巨頭安海斯-布希英博，2008年，3G資本精心促成了這一價(jià)值520億美元的并購案。

????現(xiàn)在，3G資本又和沃倫?巴菲特合作，操刀了亨氏食品和卡夫食品的超大規(guī)模合并案。就在七個(gè)月前，他們才剛剛一起參與了漢堡王對(duì)加拿大咖啡及甜甜圈連鎖商蒂姆霍頓斯的收購，交易價(jià)值114億美元。而再往前追溯一年，是他們一起收購了番茄醬制造商亨氏。

????在最新的這筆交易中，亨氏將收購卡夫51%的股權(quán)（相關(guān)傳聞首次爆出后，卡夫股價(jià)在盤后交易中上漲了16%）。合并后的卡夫亨氏公司年收入將達(dá)到約280億美元，亨氏現(xiàn)任首席執(zhí)行官貝爾納多?赫斯將擔(dān)任新公司的CEO。

????那么，卡夫的員工接下來會(huì)看到什么呢？首先就是大范圍裁員、削減預(yù)算、進(jìn)一步緊縮開支以及公司文化的轉(zhuǎn)變。然后，股東將收獲利潤。

????當(dāng)3G資本牽頭完成英博對(duì)安海斯-布希的惡意收購后，它馬上裁掉了1400名安海斯-布希員工，并引進(jìn)英博的巴西高管團(tuán)隊(duì)入主安海斯-布希。英博本身就是由比利時(shí)啤酒公司Interbrew和巴西同行Ambev在2004年合并而成；Ambev則是前巴西啤酒制造商Brahma和Antarctica于1999年合并的產(chǎn)物。其高管包括出任安海斯-布希英博CEO的薄睿拓、任北美區(qū)總裁（相當(dāng)于安海斯-布希CEO）的Ambev公司前高管路易斯?埃德蒙德。當(dāng)時(shí)，接受《圣路易斯郵報(bào)》采訪的行業(yè)顧問湯姆?皮爾科稱，英博高層“并不以溫和派形象示人”。

????安海斯-布希英博的精益化運(yùn)營和盈利能力迅速贏得了贊譽(yù)，至今仍好評(píng)不斷。薄睿拓向安海斯-布希灌輸了“從零開始制定預(yù)算”的概念。按照這樣的思路，每年都要重新審核每一筆開支是否合理，而不僅僅是新增開支。這樣做的目的是讓預(yù)算逐年下降。2013年，《財(cái)富》雜志撰寫薄睿拓的人物報(bào)道時(shí)，行業(yè)出版物《啤酒業(yè)日?qǐng)?bào)》的編輯哈里?舒馬赫曾介紹說：“他們是創(chuàng)造利潤和提高利潤率的機(jī)器?！?這樣的名聲正是源于3G資本的行為方式。

????收購亨氏后的情況也如出一轍。作為3G資本合伙人，貝爾納多?赫斯取代了在亨氏擔(dān)任了15年CEO的比爾?約翰遜。在舊金山召開的亨氏高層會(huì)議上，赫斯首次向該公司50名高管發(fā)表了講話。隨后，他立即在另一個(gè)房間跟大多數(shù)高管逐個(gè)見面，目的是告知后者是否遭到解雇。在12名最高層負(fù)責(zé)人中，有11人丟了工作，取而代之的是亨氏內(nèi)部的年輕才俊以及來自3G資本旗下其他公司的高層。不到一個(gè)月后，亨氏宣布，擁有1200名正式員工的匹茲堡總部將裁員350人，北美其他地區(qū)的業(yè)務(wù)也將裁掉250名員工。

????3G資本和巴菲特在去年12月幫助漢堡王完成了對(duì)蒂姆霍頓斯的收購。今年1月份，350名蒂姆霍頓斯員工就被炒了魷魚。哥倫比亞廣播公司加拿大分部的報(bào)道說這些員工完全“措手不及”。

????以上種種就是分析師所說的“3G模式”。據(jù)雷曼介紹，這種行為方式并非產(chǎn)自巴西。實(shí)際上，他對(duì)《財(cái)富》雜志表示，在經(jīng)營風(fēng)格方面對(duì)3G資本影響最大的一直是美國公司。雷曼說：“我們只是照貓畫虎，真的。我們就是這樣。我們學(xué)到的東西大多來自杰克?韋爾奇、吉姆?柯林斯、通用電氣和沃爾瑪。我們基本上就是把這些融和到了一起。英博的大多數(shù)高層都來自我們的培訓(xùn)系統(tǒng)，這個(gè)系統(tǒng)由Ambev建立，也為Ambev所用。也就是說，他們身居要職并不是因?yàn)樗麄兪前臀魅耍且驗(yàn)樗麄冊(cè)?0年前就接受了我們的培訓(xùn)，而且是可供挑選的受訓(xùn)者中表現(xiàn)最好的?！?/p>

????不管怎樣，3G模式已經(jīng)成了一種象征，它代表著極高的透明度，基于考評(píng)的薪酬，嚴(yán)格的預(yù)算（安海斯-布希英博總是這樣告誡員工：“要像花自己的錢那樣使用公司的資金”），迅速提拔年輕人才以及競爭精神。雷曼說：“我們一直在想辦法培訓(xùn)新人，也不停地告訴所有人，新員工應(yīng)該超過老員工。只有選拔出和你一樣出色，甚至更出色的人來做你的下屬，你才能得到更好的提升。”

????對(duì)忠誠的人3G資本會(huì)予以回報(bào)，出自雷曼的培訓(xùn)系統(tǒng)的安海斯-布希英博的薄睿拓就是最好的例證。1987年，當(dāng)時(shí)還在殼牌石油工作的薄睿拓第一次見到了雷曼，那時(shí)他剛收到斯坦福商學(xué)院的錄取通知。雷曼當(dāng)時(shí)和他在投資銀行加蘭蒂亞銀行的合伙人管理著一個(gè)獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金項(xiàng)目，為薄睿拓求學(xué)提供了資金支持。從商學(xué)院畢業(yè)后，薄睿拓立即成為3G資本合伙人馬塞爾?特萊斯的手下，在雷曼及其合伙人收購的里約啤酒公司Brahma工作。自此開始，從Brahma到Ambev，從Ambev到英博，再到今天的安海斯-布希英博，薄睿拓迎來了一次又一次升遷。現(xiàn)在，墨西哥啤酒公司莫德羅集團(tuán)也成了安海斯-布希英博的一員。

????路易斯?埃德蒙德現(xiàn)在是安海斯-布希英博的首席銷售官，負(fù)責(zé)全球事務(wù)。對(duì)于3G資本的文化，他說：“總會(huì)有人不喜歡它，特別是那些只是出于歷史原因才待在這里的人，那些毫無建樹的人。我們的流程和我們的系統(tǒng)都不允許出現(xiàn)這種情況。它們不允許你躲在舒適的房間里一待就是一整天。絕對(duì)不行。”

????如果這種工作環(huán)境聽起來很適合你，新成立的卡夫亨氏公司也許很快就會(huì)展開招聘了。不過在此之前，它會(huì)做的第一步可能是先裁員。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：Charlie

????審校：Donna

????To hear Jorge Paulo Lemann describe the corporate philosophy of private-equity group 3G Capital, you’d think he was talking about running a marathon: “You’re running, you’re always close to a limit, you’re working very hard and being evaluated all the time.” That’s what Lemann told Fortune in 2013 in a rare interview for a story about Anheuser-Busch InBev, the beer behemoth born out of a $52 billion buyout that 3G orchestrated in 2008.

????Now, 3G and Warren Buffett are teaming up on a mega-merger of Heinz and Kraft just seven months after they worked together on Burger King’s $11.4 billion takeover of Canadian chain Tim Hortons. One year before that, they bought ketchup-maker Heinz.

????In the new deal, Heinz will buy 51% of Kraft. (When rumors of the move first broke, late Tuesday, they bumped Kraft shares up 16% in after-hours trading.) The new corporation, The Kraft Heinz Company, will have around $28 billion in annual revenue, and current Heinz CEO Bernardo Hees will remain chief executive.

????So, what can Kraft employees expect next? First: widespread layoffs, lower budgets, new levels of austerity, and a shift in the corporate culture. And then, for shareholders: profit.

????When 3G led InBev’s hostile takeover of Anheuser-Busch, it quickly cut 1,400 jobs from the American company (75% of them in St. Louis) and brought in Brazilian executives from InBev — itself the result of a 2004 merger of Belgian beer maker Interbrew and Brazilian beer maker Ambev, which was the result of a 1999 merger between Brahma and Antarctica — to run things. They included Lemann protégé Carlos Brito as AB-InBev CEO, and former Ambev exec Luiz Edmond as zone president of North America (effectively CEO of Anheuser-Busch). Industry consultant Tom Pirko told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch at the time that InBev’s top execs are “not known for their gentle demeanor.”

????AB-InBev quickly earned plaudits, and still does, for its lean operations and profitability. Brito brought to Anheuser-Busch the concept of “zero-based budgeting,” wherein every expense must be newly justified every year, not just new ones, and the goal is to bring it lower than the year prior. “They are a profit- and margin-generating machine,” Harry Schuhmacher, editor of trade publication Beer Business Daily, toldFortune for our 2013 profile on Brito. That reputation comes directly from the 3G handbook.

????With Heinz, it was the same story. The CEO of 15 years, Bill Johnson, was replaced with 3G partner Bernardo Hees (pronounced “hess”). After his first speech to the 50 top executives, at a Heinz leadership conference in a San Francisco, Hees immediately summoned most of them, one by one, into a separate room to inform them of whether they still had a job. Eleven of the top 12 execs did not — they were swiftly replaced by younger talent from within Heinz or by outside executives who had worked at other 3G-owned companies. Within another month, Heinz announced it would cut 350 of the 1,200 full-time jobs at Pittsburgh headquarters, plus another 250 elsewhere in North America.

????At Tim Hortons, where the deal with 3G, Buffett and Burger King was finalized in December, 350 people lost their jobs in January. CBC News in Canada reported that the workers were “blindsided.”

????It’s all part of what analysts call “the 3G way.” That is not necessarily a Brazilian method, per se, according to Lemann. In fact, he told Fortune that the 3G style has been influenced mostly by American businesses: “We’re a copycat, really. That’s what we are. Most of the stuff we’ve learned has been from Jack Welch, Jim Collins, from GE, from Wal-Mart. We’ve sort of put it all together. Most of the people who are at the top of InBev are people who came from our trainee system, which was developed and worked at Ambev. So they’re at the top not because they are Brazilians, but because these are the people who we were training 20 years ago, and they’re the best-trained people available.”

????Regardless, the 3G way has come to stand for: extreme transparency; merit-based pay; austere budgeting (“treat the company’s money as your own,” AB-InBev employees are constantly told); promoting young talent quickly; and a spirit of competitiveness. “We’re constantly trying to train new people and we’re constantly telling everybody that the newer people should be better than the old people,” said Lemann. “And you can only go up in the firm if you have picked people as good as yourself or better to be below you.”

????3G rewards loyalty, and AB-InBev’s Brito is a perfect example. He is a product of Lemann’s system. He first met Lemann in 1987 when he was working for Shell Oil and had been accepted to Stanford Business School. Lemann and his partners at the investment bank Banco Garantia ran a scholarship program, and they backed Brito. After finishing business school, Brito went straight to work with 3G partner Marcel Telles at Brahma, a Rio-based brewer that Lemann and his partners had bought. From there, it was a rung-by-rung rise: Brahma to Ambev to InBev to Anheuser-Busch InBev, which now also includes Grupo Modelo.

????“There will always be people who don’t like it, especially the ones who were just entitled to be there for historical reasons, the ones who were not performing,” said Luiz Edmond, who now holds a global role as AB-InBev’s chief sales officer, about the 3G culture. “Our processes, our systems, do not allow that. They do not allow you to hide in a nice room, stay for the whole day. No.”

????If that sounds like the work environment for you, the newly formed Kraft Heinz Company may soon be hiring. But first, it’ll likely be cutting.