成人小说亚洲一区二区三区,亚洲国产精品一区二区三区,国产精品成人精品久久久,久久综合一区二区三区,精品无码av一区二区,国产一级a毛一级a看免费视频,欧洲uv免费在线区一二区,亚洲国产欧美中日韩成人综合视频,国产熟女一区二区三区五月婷小说,亚洲一区波多野结衣在线

立即打開
硅谷大佬為什么都在豪賭人工智能

硅谷大佬為什么都在豪賭人工智能

Stacey Higginbotham 2015-12-23
OpenAI的成立不啻為一則宣言,一份面向優(yōu)秀研究人才的招聘廣告。這也意味著,硅谷大佬們堅(jiān)信,軟件業(yè)的未來取決于人工智能。

最近,特斯拉汽車公司CEO埃隆?穆斯克和其他科技行業(yè)領(lǐng)軍人物,共同投入10億美元研究人工智能。他們的研究結(jié)果將供全世界使用。人工智能具有無限可能。比如,它可以檢測(cè)細(xì)胞圖像中的異常以發(fā)現(xiàn)癌癥,幫助機(jī)器人與人類互動(dòng),構(gòu)建幫助兒童學(xué)習(xí)的程序,以更個(gè)性化的方式按照孩子的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度進(jìn)行授課等。

這筆讓人“感覺不錯(cuò)”的投資,讓我們有機(jī)會(huì)一窺硅谷大佬最關(guān)心的問題。此外,我們也可以借此了解人工智能(即人們常說的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù))如何像上世紀(jì)90年代中期的網(wǎng)絡(luò)那樣顛覆科技行業(yè)。

人工智能引發(fā)的擔(dān)憂不斷見諸報(bào)端。媒體大肆宣揚(yáng)人工智能將加速人類滅絕——隨著智能設(shè)備變得比人類更聰明,它們會(huì)消滅我們,當(dāng)然并非出于仇恨,而是因?yàn)槲覀兎恋K了它們實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的目標(biāo)。最樂觀的人則關(guān)注,將來是否會(huì)出現(xiàn)有對(duì)話能力的性愛機(jī)器人。

但事實(shí)上,人工智能已經(jīng)存在了十多年。在一些我們認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的技術(shù)中,人工智能一直在發(fā)揮重要作用,例如蘋果Siri語音助手,曾在《危機(jī)邊緣》中戰(zhàn)勝人類的IBM沃森超級(jí)電腦,甚至還包括特斯拉今年早些時(shí)候推出的自動(dòng)駕駛功能。

在人工智能毀滅人類或者提供性滿足之前,它需要變得更好,需要更大幅度的改進(jìn)。非盈利研究中心OpenAI耗資10億美元,其成立將讓我們有機(jī)會(huì)了解計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的偉大思想家們眼中的機(jī)遇和挑戰(zhàn)。

首先,正如分析師本?湯普森在網(wǎng)站Stratechery撰文指出的那樣,OpenAI的成立可以看做是一則宣言,一份面向優(yōu)秀研究人才的招聘廣告。

OpenAI的博客表示,要確保商業(yè)利益不會(huì)綁架人工智能研究的前途。但湯普森透過這些空話看到了本質(zhì)。他關(guān)注的是OpenAI簡介第三段的最后一句話:“我們希望,這是業(yè)內(nèi)最優(yōu)秀的人才們最關(guān)心的事情。”

這家新機(jī)構(gòu)擔(dān)心的是,谷歌、Facebook和中國搜索引擎百度,正在用銷售說辭吸引所有機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)人才加入他們的公司。這些公司宣稱,他們聘用的員工可以解決當(dāng)今時(shí)代最復(fù)雜的社會(huì)問題。每一家公司都在利用海量的數(shù)據(jù),幫助訓(xùn)練復(fù)雜的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法。

數(shù)據(jù)是人工智能的生命線。要訓(xùn)練計(jì)算機(jī)像人類一樣學(xué)習(xí),你必須給它們提供數(shù)以萬計(jì)的示例。比如照片、地圖或詞語等。如果你希望得到不同的結(jié)果,你就需要提供不同的示例。計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)嘗試?yán)斫膺@些示例的哪些要素決定了一張圖片中的貓是貓,或者哪些要素賦予了某個(gè)單詞意義。之后,算法會(huì)生成每一次猜測(cè)的統(tǒng)計(jì)權(quán)重,幫助計(jì)算機(jī)“學(xué)習(xí)”什么才是正確的答案。在這個(gè)過程中,計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)家通過提供反饋和更多示例,幫助訓(xùn)練算法。

正是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)原因,沒有哪家公司打算放棄數(shù)據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)遲早可以用于人工智能訓(xùn)練。這就是為什么使用特斯拉汽車的數(shù)據(jù)生成算法的承諾,可能足以吸引研究人員去OpenAI工作,而不是去谷歌。

OpenAI聯(lián)席董事長山姆?阿爾特曼告訴《財(cái)富》雜志,特斯拉的數(shù)據(jù)將提供給OpenAI的研究人員使用。作為創(chuàng)業(yè)孵化器Y Combinator的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,他還將盡可能地為OpenAI研究人員提供該項(xiàng)目旗下的初創(chuàng)公司生成的數(shù)據(jù)。

阿爾特曼表示:“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上還有海量公開數(shù)據(jù)?!毖芯咳藛T可以利用這些數(shù)據(jù)生成新的工具和算法,促進(jìn)人工智能的發(fā)展。

OpenAI用于吸引人才的第二個(gè)要素是其非營利性質(zhì),以及對(duì)開放性的承諾。當(dāng)然,這并不是說Facebook和其他公司在研究方面不夠開放。他們也會(huì)迅速公開研究進(jìn)度。雖然谷歌往往會(huì)等到其新發(fā)現(xiàn)獲得顯著的戰(zhàn)略優(yōu)勢(shì)之后,才對(duì)外公布,但至少,它最終還是會(huì)公開。

本月早些時(shí)候,F(xiàn)acebook人工智能研究項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)瑟爾坎?皮安蒂諾在公司新服務(wù)器首次亮相之前的電話會(huì)議上,強(qiáng)調(diào)了開放的重要性。Facebook的新服務(wù)器專為訓(xùn)練計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)習(xí)而設(shè)計(jì)。Facebook的工程師們希望他們的工作成果能夠回饋給開源社區(qū)。因此,F(xiàn)acebook將代碼分享給社區(qū),很大程度上也是為了討好這些有公民意識(shí)的工程師。

但爭奪人才并非OpenAI存在的唯一原因。真正的人工智能的發(fā)展,將顛覆軟件業(yè)。每一家公司都希望參與到這一巨變當(dāng)中。

人工智能安全初創(chuàng)企業(yè)Spark Cognition公司CEO阿米爾?侯賽因表示:“今天,軟件正在吞噬整個(gè)世界,未來,人工智能也會(huì)對(duì)軟件做同樣的事情?!边@家公司位于德克薩斯州奧斯丁市。

他解釋說,許多取代紙質(zhì)文件和檔案柜的商業(yè)軟件,最終將變成全新格式。由于人工智能在背后的努力工作,這種格式將變得更人性化。

侯賽因說:“所有分類將被打破,并重新劃分,因此,這一領(lǐng)域有著巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)潛力。這就好像回到了僅有一個(gè)人了解HTML語言的1995年?!?/p>

這也是被OpenAI排除在外的硅谷大公司和其他公司,紛紛想在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域占據(jù)一席之地的原因之一。IBM院士、IBM沃森集團(tuán)副總裁兼首席技術(shù)官羅伯?海伊解釋說,這家計(jì)算業(yè)巨頭很有興趣深入了解和參與OpenAI。

與所有人一樣,IBM也是在最近才知曉O(shè)penAI成立的消息。IBM有一個(gè)長達(dá)數(shù)十年,通過沃森研究人工智能的計(jì)劃。IBM希望人工智能可以幫助該公司應(yīng)對(duì)從基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的軟件轉(zhuǎn)向人工智能相關(guān)的新服務(wù)這一趨勢(shì)。

此外,IBM還在研發(fā)一種利用人工智能模仿人類大腦的全新芯片:神經(jīng)突觸計(jì)算機(jī)芯片。就面向人工智能的硬件而言,IBM絕對(duì)是最認(rèn)真的公司。

其次是英偉達(dá)。這家公司生產(chǎn)的圖形處理器,是目前訓(xùn)練計(jì)算機(jī)學(xué)習(xí)的首選芯片。

讓我們?cè)倩氐絆penAI,看看這家非營利機(jī)構(gòu)有什么規(guī)劃。阿爾特曼表示,短期目標(biāo)是生成工具和算法,并向公眾分享。而從長期而言,要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建行為與人類更相似的人工智能,必須有更出色的硬件支持。

阿爾特曼說道:“要想創(chuàng)建更好的人工智能和更逼真地模仿人腦,必須加大硬件研究,開發(fā)出更出色的硬件,這非常重要。但這并不是我們當(dāng)下的重點(diǎn)?!?/p>

這或許可以解釋,為什么阿爾特曼會(huì)說,OpenAI只是非常隨意地與IBM沃森業(yè)務(wù)部門的某個(gè)人聊了聊,并沒有通過正式渠道邀請(qǐng)IBM參與進(jìn)來。(IBM竟然沒有找到OpenAI與該公司聯(lián)系的記錄。)又或許是,在硅谷將涉及人工智能的一切都稱為機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)的做法,與其在新品發(fā)布中推銷人工智能之間,存在一道分水嶺。IBM一直以沃森和認(rèn)知計(jì)算的名義宣傳其人工智能工作,這或許在公眾當(dāng)中造成了誤解。

其他許多公司也在開展人工智能研究。例如,蘋果也曾聘用研究人員,但據(jù)報(bào)道,它發(fā)現(xiàn)專家招聘并不順利。這在很大程度上是因?yàn)楣静幌M窒硌芯砍晒V档靡惶岬氖?,微軟也在進(jìn)行人工智能研究,研究方向包括針對(duì)其Skype翻譯業(yè)務(wù)的自然語言和計(jì)算機(jī)識(shí)別。

這是一種成本更低的解決辦法,與亞馬遜的作法更為類似。除了規(guī)模龐大的科技公司,初創(chuàng)公司、工業(yè)巨頭和研究機(jī)構(gòu)也在使用人工智能進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。如果OpenAI真的能夠創(chuàng)造出可廣泛使用的工具,這將有助于推動(dòng)人類科技的進(jìn)步。

阿爾特曼表示,現(xiàn)在確定OpenAI的研究重點(diǎn)還為時(shí)尚早。它將開發(fā)工具和算法,但具體的重點(diǎn)研究領(lǐng)域尚未確定。不過,他表示,如果該機(jī)構(gòu)能在一年內(nèi)發(fā)表“幾篇原創(chuàng)性論文,推動(dòng)當(dāng)前工藝水平的進(jìn)步”,那也算是一種成功。

不過,很顯然,支持該項(xiàng)目的技術(shù)專家和其他人工智能研究者,都有更加宏大的目標(biāo)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍/汪皓

審校:任文科

Last week, Tesla CEO Elon Musk and fellow tech kingpins committed $1 billion to researching artificial intelligence. The group’s findings would be made available for the world. The possibilities where AI might help include the ability to detect anomalies in images of cells to detect cancer, programming robots that can interact with humans, and building programs that could help teach kids at their pace of learning in a more individual style.

Behind this feel-good effort is a hint at the priorities of some of the biggest names in Silicon Valley. It also provides an understanding of how AI or machine learning, as the technology is often called, has the potential to remake the tech world in the same way the web did in the mid-’90s.

Worries about artificial intelligence have sparked headlines exclaiming that AI could bring about the death of humanity as smart machines become so much smarter than us they wipe us out, not out of malice, but because we’re simply in the way of their own goals. The most optimistic ones focused on the possibility of sex robots that can carry on conversations.

But in reality, AI has existed for over a decade. It already plays a big role in technologies that we take for granted like Apple’s Siri personal assistant, IBM’s Watson Jeopardy-winning computer, and even the autopilot feature that Teslarolled out in its cars earlier this year.

And before AI can destroy humanity, or provide sexual satisfaction, it has to get better. Much better. And the launch of OpenAI, the billion-dollar nonprofit research center announced this week, opens a window into what some of the big thinkers in computer science and business consider as opportunities and challenges.

First, as analyst Ben Thompson, who writes over at the site Stratechery, pointed out in an essay about the topic, OpenAI’s creation can be read as a manifesto, or as a recruiting ad for top research talent.

Thompson looked past the do-gooder language of the OpenAI blog post, which talks about ensuring that commercial interests don’t hijack the promise of artificial intelligence research. Instead, he focused on the final line of the third paragraph of the introduction, which reads “We hope this is what matters most to the best in the field.”

The fear is that Google, Facebook, and Chinese search engine Baiduare luring all of the machine learning talent to their companies using a sales pitch that hires can work on some of the most complex social problems of our era. Each company uses huge pools of data to help train sophisticated machine learning algorithms.

Data is the lifeblood of AI. To train computers to learn more like humans, you have to feed them tens of thousands of examples of something. Depending on what type of outcome you are hoping for, the examples can be photos, maps, or words. The computers try to understand what elements of those examples define what makes a cat a cat in an image or what gives meaning to a certain word. The algorithm then gives a statistical weight to each guess that helps the computer “l(fā)earn” what the right answer is. The computer scientist helps train the algorithm by giving feedback and more examples along the way.

That’s why none of these companies ever wants to throw away data. It may come in handy for AI training someday. And that’s why the promise of using something like Tesla’s car data for building algorithms might be enough to get a researcher excited to work with OpenAI instead of Google.

Sam Altman, a co-chair at OpenAI, tells Fortune that data from Tesla would be made available to researchers working at OpenAI. He said he would also work to make data from startups that go through Y Combinator, the accelerator program he leads, available for researchers at OpenAI as well.

“There are also plenty of publicly available data sets on the Internet,” Altman said. Researchers could use those to come up with new tools and algorithms that will advance AI as well.

The second element designed to attract talent to OpenAI is its nonprofit status and its pledge of openness. It’s not that Facebook and others aren’t open with their research. They publish their research fairly quickly. Google, however, tends to wait until it has gained a significant strategic advantage from a new findings before publishing. But it is still made public.

SerkanPiantino, director of Facebook’s AI research program, emphasized the importance of openness in a conference call ahead of premiering his company’s new servers designed especially for training computers to learn earlier this month. Facebook’s engineers expect the work they do to be contributed back to the open source community. Thus, Facebook contributes code to the community in part because that keeps its civic-minded engineers happy.

But the race for talent isn’t the only reason OpenAI exists. The development of true artificial intelligence is going to remake software. And every business wants to be part of that shift.

“The way software is eating the world today, well, AI will do that to software,” says Amir Husain, CEO of Spark Cognition, an AI security startup in Austin, Texas.

He explained that many kinds of business software that replaced paper documents and in filing cabinets will eventually be transformed into a new format. And that format will likely be more user-friendly because of hard work done by artificial intelligence behind the scenes.

“All of these categories will be destroyed and remade, so there’s a lot of economic potential locked up in this,” says Husain. “It’s sort of like being the only guy in 1995 who knows HTML.”

And that, more than anything, is why the big brains in Silicon Valley and at other companies left out of the OpenAI effort are hustling to stake a claim in this space. Rob High, an IBM Fellow, and VP and CTO of IBM’s Watson Group, explained that the computing giant is interested in learning more about the organization and getting involved.

IBM, which learned about the OpenAI group on Friday like nearly everyone else, has a decades-long program in artificial intelligence through Watson. The company hopes that it will help it weather the shift from web-based software to new A.I.-related services.

But IBMis also building an entirely new type of chip designed for artificial intelligence modeled on the human brain, called a synaptic chip. As far as hardware for AI goes, IBM is the most serious player in the space.

Following is Nvidia, which makes graphics processors that are actually the preferred chip used today for training computers to learn.

That gets us back to Altman, from OpenAI, and the plans for the nonprofit. The short-term goals, he said are to build tools and algorithms that will be shared publicly. But in the long term, better hardware is needed to build AI that can perform more like a human.

“If you think about building better AI and modeling it after the human brain, more hardware research and better hardware will be important,” Altman says. “But today that is not our primary focus.”

That might be why Altman says OpenAI only spoke very casually with a person who was involved with Watson at IBM, instead of going through formal channels to try to get Big Blue involved with the project. (And why IBM found no record of someone from OpenAI contacting it at all). Or perhaps there’s simply a divide between the Silicon Valley practice of calling anything with machine learning involved AI and promoting its involvement in new product launches. Meanwhile, IBM, which brands all of its AI efforts under Watson and cognitive computing, may have confused the public.

Plenty of other companies have their own efforts in artificial intelligence. For example, Apple has hired researchers, but has reportedly found it to be tough to recruit experts. In part, it’s because the company doesn’t want to share the research results. Microsoft MSFT 1.29% also has AI research in natural language for its Skype translation efforts and computer recognition that are worth mentioning as well.

This is a cheaper way to solve the problem and more Amazon-like. Outside of the giant tech firms, startups, industrial giants, researchers and more are all experimenting with using AI. If OpenAI really does build broadly useful tools, that could help advance science for everyone.

Altman says it’s too soon to list OpenAI’s research priorities. It will work on tools and algorithms, but the specific areas where it will focus are unsure. But he said he would consider it a success if the organization, within one year, publishes “some seminal paper that drives the state of the art forward.”

However, it’s clear that technologists supporting the project and those working on AI in general, have much larger goals.

掃描二維碼下載財(cái)富APP
亚洲欧美日韩中文在线制服| 亚洲男人的天堂久久无在线观看免费黄视频| 国产粉嫩嫩00在线正在播放| 九九在线中文字幕无码| 人妻无码一区二区三区av| 久久上司侵犯部下人妻| 电家庭影院午夜| 中文字幕一区二久久网站| 99久久久无码国产精品性| 欧美日韩亚洲国产综合乱| 亚洲AV永久无码精品黑人| 一区二区天堂资源中文最新版在线一区| 中文字幕99久久亚洲精品| 国产日韩欧美成人综合电影在线观看| 中文字幕专区高清在线观看| 国产又爽又黄又不遮挡视频| 91精品国产高清久久久久久| 免费99精品国产自在现线观看| 最新国产AV无码专区亚洲| 国产AV一区二区三区无码野战| 午夜福利理论片在线观看| 青青青久热国产精品视频| 精品一卡2卡三卡4卡乱码精品视频| 欧美日本啪啪一区二区三区| 久久精品国产99久久无毒| 人人揉揉香蕉大免费软软| 中文字幕精品久久久久人妻| 日韩中文高清在线专区| 日韩av无码一区二区三区| 久久精品视频免费播放| 精品国产午夜理论片不卡| 一级国产精品一级国产精品片| 午夜香吻免费观看视频在线播放| 一本无码人妻在中文| 久久99人妻无码精品一区二区| 国产草草影院免费观看| 黄色小视频在线免费观看| 国产亚洲欧美久久久久| 国产成人精品免费午夜| 国产午夜电影在线观看| 久久精品亚洲中文字幕无码麻豆|