上周四，爆款應(yīng)用Snapchat的母公司Snap Incorporated提交了上市申請(qǐng)。

公司在申請(qǐng)上市的文件中稱：“我們的產(chǎn)品幫人們表現(xiàn)自己，活好當(dāng)下，了解世界，一起開(kāi)心玩耍?！痹谔岬狡淞餍械难坨R設(shè)備Spectacles時(shí)，文件中還明確表示“Snap Inc.是一家相機(jī)公司”。

但Snapchat并非剛成立就是現(xiàn)在這樣。如今在紐交所首次公開(kāi)上市只是這家成立于2011年的公司的最新發(fā)展，26歲的首席執(zhí)行官埃文·斯皮格爾也希望上市時(shí)按公司250億美元的估值盡可能多地融資。以下是該公司的簡(jiǎn)史。

三人相逢斯坦福

Snap Incorporated, the parent company of the wildly popular messaging app Snapchat, on Thursday filed to go public.

"Our products empower people to express themselves, live in the moment, learn about the world, and have fun together," the company's S-1 filing reads. It also stated, plainly: "Snap Inc. is a camera company"—a reference to its popular Spectacles eyewear.

But it wasn't always that way. An IPO on the New York Stock Exchange—in which 26-year-old CEO Evan Spiegel will likely hope to raise money near Snap's eye-popping $25 billion valuation—is only the latest milestone for a company that first appeared in 2011. Here's a brief look at how it got here.

Three Classmates Meet at Stanford University

埃文·斯皮格爾、羅伯特·“鮑比”·墨菲和弗蘭克·雷金納德·“雷吉”·布朗四世2010年左右在斯坦福大學(xué)相識(shí)。斯皮格爾（當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)畢業(yè)）學(xué)的是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)，墨菲學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)，布朗專業(yè)是英語(yǔ)。三人都是該校兄弟會(huì)成員，斯皮格爾負(fù)責(zé)外聯(lián)部。斯皮格爾和墨菲研發(fā)了“未來(lái)新生”，一款用來(lái)幫助學(xué)生、家長(zhǎng)和輔導(dǎo)員指導(dǎo)入學(xué)過(guò)程的工具。那年夏天這款產(chǎn)品還紅火了一陣。

不可不提的Picaboo

Evan Spiegel, Robert "Bobby" Murphy, and Frank Reginald "Reggie" Brown IV meet at Stanford University around 2010. Spiegel (who didn't graduate) studied product design, Murphy studied mathematical and computational science, and Brown studied English. All were members of the Kappa Sigma fraternity, for which Spiegel served as social chair. Spiegel and Murphy begin work on "Future Freshman," a tool to aid students, parents, and counselors in the college admissions process. It launches with little fanfare that summer.

Meet 'Picaboo'

新創(chuàng)意，新產(chǎn)品。三人組里斯皮格爾和布朗都是大三學(xué)生；墨菲已經(jīng)畢業(yè)，所以著手開(kāi)發(fā)后來(lái)起名為“Picaboo”的短消息應(yīng)用。（2013年布朗曾起訴斯皮格爾和墨菲，稱創(chuàng)意是他最早提出的；后來(lái)訴訟以1.575億美元和解。）三人在洛杉磯斯皮格爾父親家中做出了產(chǎn)品原型，給每人安排了頭銜（斯皮格爾是首席執(zhí)行官；墨菲是首席技術(shù)官；布朗是首席營(yíng)銷(xiāo)官），并于2011年7月發(fā)布了新聞稿。稿中宣布，“扔掉之前過(guò)時(shí)的照片信息應(yīng)用吧，新的Picaboo可以讓你和女朋友互發(fā)照片偷偷看一下，不會(huì)保存下來(lái)！”“大膽分享性感新發(fā)型，讓他幫你挑選火熱新裝備，不用擔(dān)心緊張照片會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)存在相冊(cè)里。”雖然這款應(yīng)用主要針對(duì)女性用戶，但價(jià)值定位已經(jīng)明確?！罢l(shuí)會(huì)想把每張照片永遠(yuǎn)存在相冊(cè)里呢？”新聞稿里問(wèn)道?！胺凑覀儾幌?？”確實(shí)如此。

再見(jiàn)，Picaboo。你好，Snapchat

New idea, new product. The trio—Spiegel and Brown are juniors; Murphy has graduated—begin work on an ephemeral messaging app they soon dub "Picaboo." (A 2013 lawsuit Brown files against Spiegel and Murphy claims he thought of the idea; the parties later settle for $157.5 million.) The co-founders build a prototype at the Los Angeles home of Spiegel's father, obtain titles (Spiegel, CEO; Murphy, CTO; Brown, CMO) and issue a press release in July 2011. "Toss out those old, last-season photo messaging apps because now Picaboo let's [sic] you and your girlfriends send photos for peeks and not keeps!" proclaims the release. "Show off your sexy new hairstyle or let him choose that hot new outfit, without the hassle and stress of knowing that these images will be saved into your camera gallery forever." Though the app is solely targeting female users, its value proposition is already clear. "Who actually wants every photo of themselves to last forever in the record books?" the release asks. "Umm, not us?" Exactly.

So Long, Picaboo. Hello, 'Snapchat'

他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，“Picaboo”這個(gè)名字已經(jīng)被新罕布什爾州一家出版和印刷圖片的公司占用。為避免市場(chǎng)混淆，三位創(chuàng)始人重新起了名字，叫“Snapchat”，不過(guò)保留了黑白色“鬼臉殺手”的標(biāo)志。

Snapchat在谷歌安卓上發(fā)布

The name "Picaboo," it turns out, is a name already in use by an older New Hampshire-based company that published and printed images. To avoid market confusion, the co-founders rechristen their invention "Snapchat." It retains its familiar black-and-yellow colors and "Ghostface Chillah" logo.

Snapchat Launches on Google Android

當(dāng)時(shí)Snapchat還只有蘋(píng)果iOS版本，但已經(jīng)顯示強(qiáng)勁增長(zhǎng)勢(shì)頭。2011年末，每天活躍用戶才1000人，到2012年初已達(dá)10萬(wàn)人。2012年10月發(fā)布了適配谷歌安卓移動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的版本，到了年末……

里程碑：日活躍用戶一百萬(wàn)

By now Snapchat—still exclusively on Apple's iOS mobile operating system—is beginning to show growth. The app counts 1,000 daily active users by late 2011, then 100,000 by early 2012. It expands to Google's Android mobile operating system in October 2012 and finishes the year with...

Milestone: 1 Million Daily Active Users

隨著2012年社交巨頭Facebook在納斯達(dá)克上市——雖然小有波折，還是成為史上最大規(guī)模的科技股上市案之一。彼時(shí)Snapchat正在慶祝日活躍量達(dá)到100萬(wàn)用戶。這個(gè)用戶量已經(jīng)不小了，尤其是在年輕的千禧一代中間，所以《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》也開(kāi)始關(guān)注。“問(wèn)題是Snapchat應(yīng)用本身是否值得信任，”2012年《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》編輯尼克·比爾頓寫(xiě)道，也引發(fā)了人們對(duì)這款應(yīng)用曇花一現(xiàn)的擔(dān)心。“Snapchat的隱私政策稱，照片會(huì)迅速?gòu)姆?wù)器上抹掉，但并不能保證每次都能刪掉信息數(shù)據(jù)。”

Snapchat融到了錢(qián)，也遇到了對(duì)手

As social networking giant Facebook prepares for its 2012 IPO on the Nasdaq exchange—despite hiccups, it will end up being one of the largest tech-industry offerings in history—Snapchat celebrates reaching one million daily active users. It's enough critical mass, particularly among younger Millennials, to be noticed by the New York Times. "There is also the issue of whether Snapchat itself is trustworthy," writes Nick Bilton in May 2012, raising concerns about the popular app's ephemerality. "Snapchat’s privacy policy says that while it tries to quickly erase photos from its servers, it 'cannot guarantee that the message data will be deleted in every case.'"

Snapchat Raises Money and Meets Its Match

頂著對(duì)隱私保護(hù)的質(zhì)疑，Snapchat繼續(xù)增長(zhǎng)。借助智能手機(jī)硬件升級(jí)的東風(fēng)，又獲得風(fēng)投公司光速創(chuàng)投2012年4月的資金援助（48.5萬(wàn)美元），Snapchat添加了視頻功能，用戶除了靜態(tài)圖片還能互發(fā)視頻信息。公司受到的關(guān)注越來(lái)越多，據(jù)稱Facebook首席執(zhí)行官馬克·扎克伯格2012年12月跟斯皮格爾和墨菲面談，隨后Facebook上線了Poke功能，幾乎是Snapchat的翻版。2013年初，光速創(chuàng)投注資不到一年，Snapchat完成了1350萬(wàn)美元融資，由基準(zhǔn)投資公司領(lǐng)投，有報(bào)道稱當(dāng)時(shí)該公司估值超過(guò)7000萬(wàn)美元。

故事功能、智能濾鏡上線，無(wú)視Facebook

Snapchat keeps growing despite ongoing privacy concerns. Thanks to improving smartphone hardware and an April 2012 cash infusion ($485,000) by Lightspeed Venture Partners, Snapchat adds video support, allowing its users to exchange video messages in addition to still photos. As the company continues to attract attention, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg reportedly meets with Spiegel and Murphy in December 2012—then launches Poke, a near-clone of Snapchat. In early 2013, less than a year after the LVP investment, Snapchat closes a $13.5 million funding round led by Benchmark Capital, reportedly valuing the startup upwards of $70 million.

Stories, Smart Filters, and Spurning Facebook

2013年Snapchat上線了“我的故事”功能，后來(lái)改名為“故事”，用戶可以按時(shí)間線展示圖片或視頻收藏。同時(shí)添加了智能濾鏡（用戶可以在照片上加入實(shí)際時(shí)間，外部溫度或時(shí)速等），還可以重播之前的瞬時(shí)消息。當(dāng)年晚些時(shí)候，《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》稱斯皮格爾和墨菲拒絕了Facebook以30億美元收購(gòu)提議，當(dāng)時(shí)公司一分錢(qián)收入都沒(méi)有。

在Snapchat中加入“聊天”功能

In 2013 Snapchat launches the feature "My Story"—later just "Stories"—allowing users to broadcast a linear collection of photos or videos. It also adds Smart Filters (allowing users to layer on their images the actual time, outside temperature, or speed) and the ability to replay ephemeral messages. Later that year, the Wall Street Journal reports that Spiegel and Murphy rejected a $3 billion cash offer from Facebook to acquire the startup, which had yet to generate a single penny of revenue.

Putting the 'Chat' in Snapchat

信不信由你，Snapchat自從2011年獲得融資后，花三年才上線了“聊天”功能。之前用戶只能向另一個(gè)人（或一群人）發(fā)送照片或視頻，聊天功能上線后，兩位用戶可以在交談中互傳瞬時(shí)信息，包括簡(jiǎn)單文本。幾個(gè)月后，日活躍用戶量達(dá)到5000萬(wàn)。

現(xiàn)狀：地理位置濾鏡，付費(fèi)廣告

If you can believe it, it took Snapchat three years from its 2011 founding to actually launch a feature called "Chat." Instead of transmitting single images or videos from one person to another (or one person to many), Chat allows two users to exchange ephemeral media, including simple text, in a threaded conversation. A few months later, the company celebrates reaching 50 million daily active users.

Now Showing: Geofilters, Paid Advertisements

新功能紛紛上線。2014年Snapchat推出了基于地理位置的篩選功能（例如在照片篩選框里可以輸入“紐約布魯克林”），還上線了第一款付費(fèi)廣告，內(nèi)容電影Ouija的品牌故事。投資者當(dāng)然很喜歡。（實(shí)際上，2014年底Snapchat融到了驚人的4.856億美元，領(lǐng)投方為凱鵬華盈，公司估值達(dá)到100億美元。）另一方面，F(xiàn)acebook悄悄下線了Poke。

Snapchat推出媒體內(nèi)容聚合功能Discover和鏡頭功能

The features just keep coming. In 2014 Snapchat introduces location-specific Geofilters (e.g. a photo filter saying "Brooklyn") as well as its first-ever paid advertisement, a Brand Story for the film Ouija. Investors rejoice. (Indeed, Snapchat ends the year by closing a whopping $485.6 million funding round led by Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, valuing the startup north of $10 billion.) Elsewhere, Facebook quietly shutters Poke.

Snapchat Debuts Discover, Lenses

到2015年，Snapchat已成為最熱門(mén)的社交媒體平臺(tái)。但市場(chǎng)上其他媒體品牌，例如《人物》、《時(shí)尚 Cosmopolitan》，甚至《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》如何參與？別急，Snapchat有Discover功能，專門(mén)從精選媒體選取優(yōu)質(zhì)內(nèi)容，《財(cái)富》雜志編輯艾琳·格里菲斯稱之為“熱門(mén)內(nèi)容俱樂(lè)部”。好像還嫌不夠熱鬧，Snapchat又推出了鏡頭功能，通過(guò)圖像識(shí)別技術(shù)提供新的虛擬功能（例如口吐彩虹或是長(zhǎng)出卡通狗耳朵等）。

里程碑：日活躍用戶1億人

By 2015 it's clear that Snapchat is one of the hottest social media platforms around. But how do established brands—e.g. People, Cosmopolitan, and even the Wall Street Journal—get involved? Behold Discover, an exclusive new area for Stories from select publishers and what Fortune's own Erin Griffith calls "the hottest club around." As if that's not enough, Snapchat also debuts Lenses, which use image-recognition technology to give users new virtual abilities (like vomiting rainbows or gaining cartoon dog ears).

Milestone: 100 Million Daily Active Users

三年時(shí)間里，Snapchat從百萬(wàn)用戶增長(zhǎng)到1億用戶，換句話說(shuō)三分之一美國(guó)人或所有越南人都是其用戶，有些用戶恨不得24小時(shí)都開(kāi)著Snapchat。

聊天2.0，地理位置濾鏡2.0，記憶功能，自制表情功能

In three years' time, Snapchat manages to go from its first million daily active users to 100 million. In other words, the equivalent of one-third of the United States—or the entire population of Vietnam and then some—open Snapchat in the span of 24 hours.

Chat 2.0, Geofilters 2.0, Memories, Bitmoji

2016年Snapchat又推出了幾項(xiàng)新功能。聊天升級(jí)了，加入了表情、語(yǔ)音和視頻通話以及筆記功能。地理篩選功能可以自行定制或是購(gòu)買(mǎi)。保存快照和故事的功能也上線了，還起了個(gè)華麗的名字叫“記憶”。自制表情，即卡通頭像服務(wù)也加入應(yīng)用。（與此同時(shí)，F(xiàn)acebook旗下的Instagram也推出了模仿版“故事”功能。）很快Snapchat日活躍用戶達(dá)到1.5億，完成了18億美元的天價(jià)融資，估值達(dá)到約200億美元。為了慶祝躍升巨富，首席執(zhí)行官斯皮格爾向超模女友求婚，當(dāng)然也是在Snapchat上宣布的。

新名字，新產(chǎn)品

Snapchat splashes into 2016 with several new features waiting in the wings. Chat gets an upgrade, adding stickers, voice and video calling, and notes. Geofilters now have the ability to be designed or bought. Memories, a fancy name for the ability to save Snaps and Stories, appears. And Bitmoji—the cartoon avatar service—is integrated into the app. (Elsewhere, Facebook-owned Instagram rolls out Stories, a carbon copy of Snapchat's feature.) Soon Snapchat counts 150 million daily active users and closes a monster $1.8 billion funding round that values the company around $20 billion. To celebrate his great fortune, CEO Spiegel proposes to his supermodel girlfriend—via Snapchat, of course.

New Name, New Product

如果Snapchat推出短信息應(yīng)用以外的產(chǎn)品，公司還能叫Snapchat么？首席執(zhí)行官斯皮格爾表示，不一定。如今其已經(jīng)改名為Snap公司，重新定位為“相機(jī)公司”，同時(shí)推出了Spectacles眼鏡，一款內(nèi)置視頻相機(jī)，幫用戶保存記憶的太陽(yáng)眼鏡。這也是該公司第一次脫離智能手機(jī)，業(yè)界和用戶都是一片歡騰。

申請(qǐng)上市

If Snapchat introduces a product beyond its eponymous mobile app, is it still Snapchat? According to CEO Spiegel, not quite. The company renames itself Snap Inc., repositions itself as a "camera company," and introduces Spectacles, sunglasses with an integrated video camera that allow the wearer to create Memories. It's the first time the company breaks free from the smartphone, and buzz is at a fever pitch.

Snap Inc. Files For IPO

科技業(yè)眾人皆知的大秘密終于成真了，Snap向紐交所提交了首次上市申請(qǐng)。上市后斯皮格爾的身家會(huì)超過(guò)《財(cái)富》500強(qiáng)里很多位首席執(zhí)行官。正如斯皮格爾2011年7月說(shuō)過(guò)的：“做自己熱愛(ài)的事情同時(shí)賺大錢(qián)沒(méi)什么錯(cuò)。盡！情！搖！擺！”（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

作者：Andrew Nusca

譯者：夏林

The technology industry's worst-kept secret finally comes true as Snap Inc. files for an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. The move could make Spiegel worth more than many Fortune 500 CEOs. In the words of Spiegel in July 2011: "Nothing wrong with doing what you love and making $$$. Swag. It. Out."