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區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)能消滅童工現(xiàn)象?在這個(gè)行業(yè)有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)

區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)能消滅童工現(xiàn)象?在這個(gè)行業(yè)有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)

Vivienne Walt 2019年01月23日
少數(shù)幾家公司試圖使用區(qū)塊鏈來跟蹤和監(jiān)控其鈷礦的開采和銷售過程。

6個(gè)月前,我與攝影師塞巴斯蒂安·梅爾一道來到了剛果民主共和國,撰寫了一篇有關(guān)數(shù)千名少年兒童挖鈷礦的報(bào)道,他們每天工作14個(gè)小時(shí),薪酬僅有數(shù)美元。鈷是一種非常重要的礦物質(zhì),存在于每一部手機(jī)、電動(dòng)汽車和計(jì)算機(jī)之中。這一場景令人感到心碎。生活在極度貧困之中的兒童一直都在為巨型科技和汽車行業(yè)提供服務(wù),但可以確定的是,這些孩子一輩子都買不起這些公司生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。

如今,少數(shù)幾家公司拿出了一個(gè)可行的方案:使用區(qū)塊鏈來跟蹤和監(jiān)控其鈷礦的開采和銷售過程。福特汽車公司、韓國電池生產(chǎn)商巨頭LG Chem、中國華友鈷業(yè)以及總部位于倫敦的負(fù)責(zé)任供應(yīng)鏈的公司RCS Global于上本周宣布,它們將聯(lián)合打造首個(gè)區(qū)塊鏈分布式平臺,以覆蓋鈷的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)。IBM將為其提供技術(shù)支持。

該組織稱,區(qū)塊鏈中上載信息不可變的標(biāo)識將允許公司監(jiān)控和評估生產(chǎn)的所有過程,自鈷礦從剛果南部偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)(全球大部分鈷礦儲量都集中在這一地區(qū))地下開采出來的那一刻起,一直到亞洲的熔煉廠和精煉廠以及最終的全球交易市場。RCS Global的首席執(zhí)行官尼古拉斯·加勒特對我說:“我們關(guān)注的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)涵蓋運(yùn)營健康和安全、暴亂資助和童工?!卑凑招聟^(qū)塊鏈系統(tǒng)的要求,每一家公司都將報(bào)告其流程階段。他說:“每一個(gè)參與者都會按照負(fù)責(zé)任實(shí)踐對自身進(jìn)行評估?!贝伺e的初衷在于擴(kuò)大區(qū)塊鏈規(guī)模,從而允許更多的采礦和冶煉公司加入這一平臺。

任何未能滿足這一盡職調(diào)查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的公司將被趕出平臺。對于加入?yún)^(qū)塊鏈的公司,平臺為其提供的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)包括:繼續(xù)開采剛果巨大的資源;可繼續(xù)對外界聲稱公司遵循道德的業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)范。福特公司的全球采購和動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)運(yùn)營業(yè)務(wù)副總裁麗莎·德雷克稱:“我們依然非常重視全球供應(yīng)鏈的透明度?!备L刈罱?,公司未來幾年將在電動(dòng)汽車生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域投資110億美元。德雷克稱,區(qū)塊鏈“將有助于公司履行保護(hù)人權(quán)和環(huán)境的承諾?!?/p>

區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)真的能做到這一點(diǎn)嗎?

我們對剛果的報(bào)道顯示,剛果鈷礦開采業(yè)務(wù)多年來一直充斥著人權(quán)侵犯和腐敗,而且暴力沖突事件在剛果這個(gè)遼闊的中非國家也是時(shí)有發(fā)生。

鑒此,新區(qū)塊鏈項(xiàng)目的實(shí)際效果可能與這些公司的宣傳內(nèi)容有一定的出入。該項(xiàng)目最初只設(shè)立了一個(gè)試點(diǎn),即位于剛果南部省份魯瓦拉巴的Luswishi Industrial Mine公司,后者使用機(jī)器技術(shù)來開采鈷礦。因此,該動(dòng)議(如今)并未覆蓋人工采礦,而工業(yè)分析師認(rèn)為,人工挖礦占鈷礦生產(chǎn)的約20%,同時(shí),這一部分公司仍在雇傭童工挖礦,而且我們?nèi)ツ暝趧偣阋姷竭^,例如11歲的丹尼爾和15歲的盧卡薩。

起草了采礦業(yè)行為規(guī)范的巴黎經(jīng)合組織礦產(chǎn)供應(yīng)鏈法律顧問拉夏德·阿貝爾森表示:“可追溯性并非是最終目標(biāo),只是實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的一種手段?!彼f:“當(dāng)前的一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在于,眾多公司都將區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)看成是一種能夠解決一切問題的萬能藥。”

幾乎可以確定的是,只要條件允許,像丹尼爾和盧卡薩這樣的兒童還將繼續(xù)長時(shí)間地挖礦,因?yàn)橥栴}的根源——赤貧以及缺乏教育和工作機(jī)會——依然沒有得到解決。

即便撇開童工問題不談,這里還存在著其他問題:我們在村莊、鈷礦市場和鈷礦中看到,礦場沒有什么精力來約束工人的工作習(xí)慣。在華友運(yùn)營的卡蘇羅鈷礦,我們看到數(shù)百礦工拿著手工工具挖礦,而且并未穿戴保護(hù)手套或安全帽。然而,這是剛果當(dāng)?shù)厥≌賳T主動(dòng)向我們展示的案例,而且還是作為良好采礦實(shí)踐的典范。

阿貝爾森擔(dān)心,剛果這種貧乏的環(huán)境可能會導(dǎo)致不良的信息被上載至新區(qū)塊鏈平臺,因?yàn)橛行┑貐^(qū)文化水平低下,基本沒有軟件技術(shù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),而且有些地區(qū)甚至還未接入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。此外,人們難以判斷區(qū)塊鏈上數(shù)據(jù)的真假。他說:“我們還沒有完全弄清楚,這一技術(shù)如何解決外界欺詐信息的驗(yàn)證問題?!?/p>

解決鈷礦生產(chǎn)過程中的非法勞工和腐敗問題存在很高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。倫敦鈷礦交易公司Darton Commodities公司稱,由于人們更多地采用電動(dòng)汽車來取代化石燃料車型,全球?qū)︹挼V的需求到2030年將增加700%。

如今的問題在于,世界工業(yè)是否能夠在采用綠色科技的同時(shí)依然堅(jiān)持道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

Six months ago, I traveled to the Democratic Republic of Congo with photographer Sebastian Meyer and revealed how thousands of young children were working 14-hour days digging cobalt—an essential mineral found in every one of our mobile phones, electric vehicles, and computers—for just a few dollars a day. The scene was heart-breaking. Children living in desperate poverty were servicing giant tech and auto industries, whose products they would surely never be able to own in their lives.

Now a few companies have seized on a possible solution: Using blockchain to track and monitor how their cobalt is mined and marketed. Ford Motor Company; the Korean battery-manufacturing giant LG Chem; China’s Huayou Cobalt; and RCS Global, a London-based organization for responsible supply chains, announced last week that they will jointly create the first blockchain distributed platform to encompass the entire production cycle for cobalt. IBM will power the technology.

The group claims that the immutable identity of the information uploaded on to the blockchain will allow it to monitor and assess every step of production, from the moment cobalt is dug out of the ground in remote southern Congo—where most of the world’s cobalt reserves lie—to the smelters and refineries in Asia, and finally the global trading market. “The risks we are looking for are operational health and safety, conflict financing, and child labor,” Nicholas Garrett, CEO of RCS Global, tells me. Under the new blockchain system, each entity will report its stage of the process. “Each player assesses for responsible practices,” he says. The idea is to scale up the blockchain, allowing more and more mining and refining companies to join the platform.

Any company failing to meet due-diligence standards will be ejected from the platform. The incentive for companies joining the blockchain is to keep extracting Congo’s huge resources, while still claiming to the world that they are following ethical business practices. “We remain committed to transparency across our global supply chain,” says Ford’s vice president for global purchasing and powertrain operations Lisa Drake; the company recently announced it is investing $11 billion on EVproduction over the next few years. Drake says the blockchain “will help meet our commitment to protecting human rights and the environment.”

But will it really do that?

As our reporting in DRC showed, cobalt mining in Congo has been riddled with human-rights violations and corruption for years, and operates in a vast Central African country beset by violent conflict.

Given that, the new blockchain project might deliver fewer results than the companies claim. It is beginning with just one pilot site, Luswishi Industrial Mine in DRC’s southern province of Lualaba, which uses machine techniques to extract cobalt. As such, the initiative does not (for now) tackle artisanal mines, which industry analysts believe account for about 20% of cobalt production, and which continue employing the child miners we met in the DRC last year, like 11-year-old Daniel and 15-year-old Lukasa.

“Traceability is not the final objective, it is just a means to an end,” says Rashad Abelson, legal advisor on mineral supply chains for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Paris, which has drafted codes of conduct for the industry. “There’s a risk that companies could treat blockchain technology as a panacea that is going to solve all the problems,” he says.

Children like Daniel and Lukasa will almost certainly continue digging for cobalt as long as they can, since the root causes of child labor remain: Deep poverty, and a lack of education and job opportunities.

Even leaving aside child labor, there are other problems too: As we saw in the villages, cobalt markets and mines we visited, there are few resources to scrutinize people’s work habits. In the Kasulo mine, which is operated by Huayou, we watched hundreds of men digging cobalt with manual tools, and with no protective gloves or hard hats. And that was the site Congo’s local provincial officials wanted us to see, as an example of good mining practices.

Abelson fears that the bare-bones conditions in Congo could also lead to bad information being uploaded on to the new blockchain platform, in areas where there is low literacy, and almost no experience of software technology; in some areas, there is not even Internet access. In addition, there will be few ways to know whether the data on the blockchain is true or false. “It is not yet totally clear how this technology would resolve the issue of validating information that is fraudulent from the outset,” he says.

The stakes for fixing the labor violations and corruption in cobalt production are high indeed. As people increasingly choose electric vehicles over fossil-fuel models, global demand for cobalt could increase 700% by 2030, according to the cobalt-trading company Darton Commodities in London.

The question now is whether the world can embrace green technology, and still adhere to ethical standards.

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