包括特朗普總統(tǒng)在內(nèi)的上上下下，幾乎每個(gè)人都覺(jué)得能在CVS或Walgreens買(mǎi)到的那些藥貴得像在敲美國(guó)人竹杠。

其他“藥”也很貴。這是彭博全球惡習(xí)指數(shù)（Bloomberg Global Vice Index）的最新發(fā)現(xiàn)，該指數(shù)每年都會(huì)對(duì)疑似非法毒品的價(jià)格進(jìn)行追蹤。

美國(guó)人需要花846美元才能買(mǎi)“一籃子惡習(xí)商品”，其中包括阿片類藥物、可卡因、大麻和安非他明類興奮劑等四大類別毒品。這個(gè)價(jià)格在全世界位居第三，僅低于新西蘭和澳大利亞，比去年增長(zhǎng)了40％以上。

惡習(xí)商品指標(biāo)僅僅是經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)，并非對(duì)其是否道德或合法進(jìn)行判斷。在不同轄區(qū)，允許將大麻、可卡因和海洛因用于不同形式的娛樂(lè)或醫(yī)療用途，而在美國(guó)境內(nèi)，關(guān)于毒品的討論出現(xiàn)了一些變化。有些州已經(jīng)放寬了對(duì)大麻的限制，而各個(gè)層級(jí)對(duì)合法處方阿片類藥物的反對(duì)聲都在增強(qiáng)，因?yàn)榇祟愃幬镆呀?jīng)導(dǎo)致數(shù)萬(wàn)美國(guó)人死亡。

該指標(biāo)還計(jì)算維持每周劑量所需費(fèi)用占平均收入的比例（收入數(shù)據(jù)出自國(guó)際貨幣基金組織）。美國(guó)的比例是70％，幾乎是鄰國(guó)加拿大的兩倍，加拿大一籃子的價(jià)格是300美元出頭，與半個(gè)地球之隔的香港基本持平。

盧森堡再次成為最嗑得起藥的國(guó)家，荷蘭躋身第二。前者是因?yàn)楸R森堡人很富裕，年收入超過(guò)10萬(wàn)美元，后者是因?yàn)槎酒泛鼙阋?。在荷蘭，一籃子只需93美元，遠(yuǎn)低于大多數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)價(jià)格。

荷蘭同時(shí)也是重要出口國(guó)。歐洲毒品和毒癮監(jiān)測(cè)中心的2018年報(bào)告中指出：“暗網(wǎng)上非法販毒的數(shù)量不斷增加，據(jù)信相當(dāng)多的供應(yīng)商都來(lái)自于荷蘭。”

相較于往年，2019年的彭博指數(shù)進(jìn)行了精簡(jiǎn)，原來(lái)還包括香煙和酒精。該指數(shù)還回顧了同一商品的往年數(shù)據(jù)，進(jìn)行對(duì)比。而保留下來(lái)的項(xiàng)目——非法藥品很多都是暗地交易，增加了數(shù)據(jù)收集的難度，而且調(diào)查往往會(huì)受到時(shí)間滯差的影響。還有一些地區(qū)非法藥品的價(jià)格變化更多是因?yàn)樨泿挪▌?dòng)，而非其場(chǎng)外行情。

有一個(gè)地方的價(jià)格高得毫無(wú)爭(zhēng)議，那就是澳新。澳大利亞的價(jià)格居全球之首，為1263美元，相當(dāng)于每周工資的116％，高于一年前的91％，該變化主要反映了阿片類藥物價(jià)格上漲。新西蘭人每周維持習(xí)慣劑量所需費(fèi)用也高于收入。

據(jù)央行估計(jì)，截至2017年8月，澳大利亞人當(dāng)年在非法毒品上花了135億澳元（97億美元），冰毒和大麻占購(gòu)買(mǎi)量的70％以上。這個(gè)數(shù)字來(lái)源于一項(xiàng)該國(guó)紙幣流通情況的研究：據(jù)估計(jì)，其中近2％用于非法毒品交易。

價(jià)格刻度尺的另一端是老撾、多米尼加共和國(guó)和哥斯達(dá)黎加等國(guó)，這些國(guó)家靠近主要生產(chǎn)中心或走私路線?！陡缢惯_(dá)黎加星報(bào)》（the Costa Rica Star）12月報(bào)道，1公斤可卡因售價(jià)約為8000美元，相比之下，美國(guó)為35000美元，歐洲的部分地區(qū)為60000美元。

彭博籃子包含四種成分，包括剔除鹽及其它常見(jiàn)混合糊劑后的1克可卡因；1克安非他明類興奮劑，如冰毒或搖頭丸；1克大麻制品，如大麻草藥或大麻樹(shù)脂；1克阿片類藥物，如海洛因或鴉片。

指數(shù)中略多于一半國(guó)家的籃子價(jià)格相較去年有所上漲。美國(guó)漲幅最大，大部分原因是可卡因和阿片類藥物價(jià)格的上漲，2018年全美嗑藥致死超7萬(wàn)人，這兩類毒品占比將近70%。

奧施康定等止痛藥在毒品濫用中的角色得到了密切關(guān)注。主營(yíng)成癮治療中心的佛羅里達(dá)公司德?tīng)柛Ｐ袨榻】导瘓F(tuán)（Delphi Behavioral Health Group）贊助的一份報(bào)告表明，每片奧施康定的場(chǎng)外價(jià)格約為處方藥價(jià)的10倍。撲熱息痛的漲幅大約是2比1。

禮來(lái)公司董事長(zhǎng)、國(guó)際制藥廠協(xié)會(huì)聯(lián)盟（總部位于日內(nèi)瓦）主席戴維·瑞克斯在2018年摩根大通醫(yī)療保健會(huì)議上表示：“在這場(chǎng)令人難以置信的危機(jī)中，阿片類藥物的濫用是重要原因?！?/p>

該問(wèn)題是全球性的。聯(lián)合國(guó)《2018年世界毒品報(bào)告》（2018 World Drug Report）中稱，“越來(lái)越多的處方藥被用于非醫(yī)療用途（從合法渠道轉(zhuǎn)移或非法制造）”，該報(bào)告是彭博的主要數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源之一。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：Agatha

Almost everyone, from President Donald Trump on down, agrees that Americans are getting gouged when they buy the kinds of drugs you can find at CVS or Walgreens.

They pay a high price for other drugs too. That’s one finding of the latest Bloomberg Global Vice Index, an annual tracker of the cost of drugs that may be illegal.

Americans would need to shell out $846 for a “basket of vice’’ made up of four generic groups of drugs: opioids, cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants. It’s the third-highest price in the world, behind only New Zealand and Australia – and up more than 40 percent from a year earlier.

The vice gauge is purely an economic indicator, not a judgment about morality or legality. Marijuana, cocaine and heroin are permitted for recreational or medical use in various formats and jurisdictions, while inside the U.S. the debate on drugs is shifting. Several states have been easing curbs on cannabis, while there’s a mobilization at all levels against the abuse of legal prescription opioids, which have killed tens of thousands of Americans.

The gauge also measures the share of average incomes (based on International Monetary Fund data) that’s needed to maintain a weekly habit. In the U.S., for example, the figure is 70 percent, almost double the level of neighboring Canada, where the basket costs a bit more than $300, about the same as halfway around the world in Hong Kong.

Luxembourg repeated as the most affordable nation to get high, while the Netherlands jumped a few places to rank No. 2. In the former case, that’s because Luxembourgers are rich – with annual earnings above $100,000 — and in the latter, because drugs are cheap. The Dutch basket costs just $93, well below the going rate in most developed economies.

The Netherlands is a key exporter too. “With the amount of illicit drug trafficking on the dark net increasing, a considerable number of vendors reportedly operate from the Netherlands,’’ the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction said in its 2018 report.

Bloomberg’s 2019 Index has been streamlined from previous editions, which included cigarettes and alcohol. A look-back measure for the same products was made for comparison. Because so much of the trade in the remaining items happens in the dark, data collection is difficult and surveys tend to suffer from a time lag. Some price changes also have more to do with fluctuations in currencies than in the street price of illicit drugs.

One place where that price is indisputably high is in the Antipodes. Australia’s world-beating price tag was $1,263, or 116 percent of the weekly pay, up from 91 percent a year ago, mostly reflecting a hike in opioids. In New Zealand, the cost of a habit also exceeds a week’s income.

Australians spent $13.5 billion ($9.7 billion) on illicit drugs in the year through August 2017, the central bank estimates, with methamphetamine and cannabis accounting for more than 70 percent of purchases. The figure comes from a study of how the country’s banknotes circulate: it estimated that almost 2 percent of them are used in illegal drug deals.

At the other end of the price scale are countries like Laos, the Dominican Republic and Costa Rica, that are close to key production centers or smuggling routes. The Costa Rica Star newspaper reported in December that a kilogram of cocaine sells for about $8,000, compared with $35,000 in the U.S. and $60,000 in parts of Europe.

A gram of cocaine, stripped of the salts or paste it’s often mixed with, is one of the four components of Bloomberg’s basket. The others are a gram of amphetamine-type stimulants, such as methamphetamine or ecstasy; a gram of cannabis products such as marijuana herb or hashish resin; and a gram of opioids such as heroin or opium.

The basket’s price rose year-on-year in slightly more than half of the countries in the index. The U.S. recorded one of the biggest jumps, with the bulk of the increase coming from cocaine and opioids — classes of drugs that accounted for almost 70 percent of the more than 70,000 fatal overdoses recorded in the country in 2017.

The role of painkillers such as OxyContin in the epidemic has come under close scrutiny. Its street price per pill is about 10 times the prescription price, according to a report sponsored by the Delphi Behavioral Health Group, a Florida-based company that manages addiction treatment centers. The markup on Percocet is about two-to-one.

“It’s too much use of opioids which is driving this incredible crisis,” David Ricks, chairman of Eli Lilly & Co. and president of the Geneva-based International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers & Associations, told the J.P. Morgan Health Care Conference in 2018.

The problem is a global one. “There has been an increase in the non-medical use of prescription drugs (either diverted from licit channels or illicitly manufactured),’’ the United Nations said in its 2018 World Drug Report, one of Bloomberg’s main data sources for the index.