特朗普公布2020年財(cái)政預(yù)算案,你需要知道這些
本周一,美國(guó)總統(tǒng)特朗普向國(guó)會(huì)遞交了他的“建設(shè)更好的美國(guó)”2020財(cái)年預(yù)算案。 根據(jù)特朗普的方案,2020財(cái)年,美國(guó)的財(cái)政預(yù)算將達(dá)到創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的4.75萬億美元。那么這份預(yù)算案都包含了哪些新內(nèi)容? 增支項(xiàng)目 軍事支出是預(yù)算增幅最大的領(lǐng)域之一。特朗普要求,到2020財(cái)年,美國(guó)的軍費(fèi)支出要達(dá)到7500億美元,增幅近5%,甚至超過了五角大樓的要求。 特朗普還要求為美墨邊境墻建設(shè)額外撥款。雖然國(guó)會(huì)早先已經(jīng)拒絕了特朗普撥款57億美元修建邊境墻的要求,但在2020財(cái)年的預(yù)算案中,特朗普再次要求國(guó)會(huì)撥款86億美元“修長(zhǎng)城”。 除了軍事和安全領(lǐng)域的開支,特朗普還在預(yù)算案中要求國(guó)會(huì)專門撥款用于打擊阿片類藥物濫用,并提議把退伍老兵的醫(yī)療支出提高10%,將基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施支出增加2000億美元,以及撥款降低處方藥品成本。同時(shí),特朗普也要求加大資源投入,以擴(kuò)大教育的擇校權(quán),比如通過減扣聯(lián)邦稅等形式給予激勵(lì)。 減支項(xiàng)目 這份預(yù)算案中的減支項(xiàng)目則更引人關(guān)注,很可能影響包括教育和環(huán)保在內(nèi)的多個(gè)領(lǐng)域,涉及的預(yù)算項(xiàng)目總額達(dá)2.7萬億美元。 該預(yù)算案建議將非國(guó)防類聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)的開支削減5%。其中擬對(duì)醫(yī)療救助(Medicaid)計(jì)劃等醫(yī)保項(xiàng)目減支1.9萬億美元。特朗普還對(duì)醫(yī)療救助的受助人提出了新的要求,并建議將更多權(quán)力下放至各州。對(duì)聯(lián)邦醫(yī)保(Medicare)項(xiàng)目,特朗普也呼吁減支8450億美元。 同時(shí)被削減預(yù)算的還有美國(guó)環(huán)保署、國(guó)務(wù)院、交通部和內(nèi)政部,預(yù)計(jì)美國(guó)的對(duì)外援助、聯(lián)邦雇員退休福利和清潔能源等都將受到一定影響。 美國(guó)離收支平衡還有多遠(yuǎn) 雖然特朗普提議對(duì)多個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行減支,但即便根據(jù)他的預(yù)算方案,美國(guó)政府在15年內(nèi)依然做不到收支平衡。特朗普2016年競(jìng)選時(shí)曾經(jīng)承諾,要在8年內(nèi)償清國(guó)家債務(wù),前不久特朗普還表示,美國(guó)預(yù)算收支平衡在10年內(nèi)有望成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。但是根據(jù)這份預(yù)算案估算,到2022年,美國(guó)依然會(huì)有上萬億美元級(jí)別的預(yù)算赤字。而且不要忘了,這還是建立在美國(guó)已經(jīng)有22萬億美元國(guó)債的基礎(chǔ)上。 不過,特朗普的預(yù)算案并非付諸實(shí)施的最終版。總統(tǒng)的提議權(quán)雖然也是必要的,但往往也會(huì)被國(guó)會(huì)否掉。真正的支出水平最終還是由國(guó)會(huì)來定。 由于政府內(nèi)部的分歧很大,很有可能特朗普的2020財(cái)年預(yù)算案并不會(huì)全部付諸實(shí)現(xiàn)。它只是反映了特朗普眼中的美國(guó)改革之路,以及在他看來,哪些東西對(duì)于他競(jìng)選連任最為重要。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)) 譯者:樸成奎 |
President Donald Trump sent his “Budget for a Better America” fiscal year 2020 budget proposal to Congress on Monday. The budget request totals a record-breaking $4.75 trillion. Here’s what it includes. Budget Increases One of the biggest areas of proposed budget increases is military spending. Trump requested $750 billion for FY2020, a nearly 5% increase in this area, which exceeds what the Pentagon had asked for. Trump also requested additional funding for the construction of the U.S.-Mexico border wall. Despite Congress already earlier denying his demand for $5.7 billion for the wall, the 2020 budget now requests $8.6 billion to build it. Beyond military and security spending, Trump included in the budget funding for efforts to combat the opioid crisis, a 10% increase in health care spending for veterans, $200 billion in infrastructure spending, spending to reduce the cost of prescription drugs, and increased resources for school choice, including federal tax credits. Budget Cuts The budget cuts, on the other hand, are more significant, affecting areas such as education and environmental protection and totaling $2.7 trillion. The 2020 budget proposes a 5% cut at non-defense federal agencies, including a total of $1.9 trillion in cuts to safety net programs like Medicaid. Trump also proposed new work requirements for Medicaid recipients and turning more power over to states. On Medicare, Trump called for an $845 billion budget cut. Other agencies that would see budget cuts include the Environmental Protection Agency, the State Department, the Transportation Department, and the Department of the Interior, affecting matters such as foreign aid, federal employee retirement programs, and clean energy. A Not-So Balanced America While Trump proposes significant budget cuts to a number of domestic programs, his budget would not balance for 15 years. Trump himself made a campaign promise in 2016 to pay off the national debt in eight years and earlier suggested that a balanced budget would be a reality in 10, but the budget forecasts trillion-dollar deficits through 2022. These deficits build on the already $22 trillion of national debt. However, this 2020 budget is not the one that Americans will see. Presidential budgets, while required, are often ignored by Congress, which has control over actual spending levels. With a divided government, it is unlikely that all of the components of Trump’s 2020 budget will see the light of day. If nothing else, it simply provides an idea of Trump’s continued vision for the U.S.—and his re-election campaign priorities. |