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人工智能行業(yè)速覽——為何硬件對AI的未來如此重要

人工智能行業(yè)速覽——為何硬件對AI的未來如此重要

Jonathan Vanian 2019年05月20日
用好人工智能的關(guān)鍵不僅僅在于軟件。很多企業(yè)很快意識到,人工智能程序運(yùn)行和訓(xùn)練所依靠的硬件也是至關(guān)重要的。

用好人工智能的關(guān)鍵不僅僅在于軟件。很多企業(yè)很快意識到,人工智能程序運(yùn)行和訓(xùn)練所依靠的硬件也是至關(guān)重要的。

以人工智能領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)軍者谷歌為例,5月初,谷歌在加州山景城召開的年度開發(fā)者大會上發(fā)布了一系列聯(lián)網(wǎng)家居產(chǎn)品,它們都與谷歌的語音控制助手Google Assistant相連。

谷歌高管在發(fā)布會上介紹道,它的一款新型聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備Nest Hub Max可以利用攝像頭迅速識別出家庭成員中的每個(gè)人。這樣一來,它就可以對各個(gè)用戶的要求更好地做出回應(yīng),比如按照他的偏好播放歌單或者展示照片等等。

以前,谷歌對人工智能的營銷策略是一視同仁地兼容所有安卓(Android)設(shè)備?,F(xiàn)在,谷歌則越來越多地對自家硬件進(jìn)行定制,以使人工智能程序運(yùn)行得更加流暢。

在向《財(cái)富》雜志解釋谷歌的戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí),谷歌智能家居和Nest產(chǎn)品負(fù)責(zé)人瑞?!ゅX德拉表示:“我們在軟件和硬件上都在發(fā)力?!?/p>

Facebook和亞馬遜也采取了類似戰(zhàn)略,他們越來越重視針對自家硬件對人工智能程序進(jìn)行定制。Facebook和亞馬遜都在設(shè)計(jì)自家的聯(lián)網(wǎng)設(shè)備和數(shù)據(jù)中心芯片,以滿足各自的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。

谷歌、Facebook和亞馬遜的策略,對那些試圖將人工智能整合到業(yè)務(wù)中的企業(yè)有何借鑒意義?人工智能的使用,不僅僅是簡單地將數(shù)字輸入一個(gè)花哨的軟件,然后坐等天上掉錢。實(shí)際上,那些行業(yè)領(lǐng)先的人工智能公司不僅部署了大量員工開發(fā)軟件,同時(shí)也在打造人工智能程序所基于的硬件。有些公司還構(gòu)建了自己的數(shù)據(jù)中心來承擔(dān)部分任務(wù)。比如沃爾瑪最近就在紐約州萊維敦的一家充滿未來感的門店里構(gòu)建了自己的數(shù)據(jù)中心,而不是使用云服務(wù)。

人工智能是一項(xiàng)龐大而昂貴的工程,如果有人說只搞搞軟件就好了,千萬別信他的忽悠。

人工智能新聞速覽

蘋果與SAP在人工智能領(lǐng)域開展合作。根據(jù)一項(xiàng)擴(kuò)大合作協(xié)議,德國商業(yè)軟件巨頭SAP正在對iPhone和iPad的應(yīng)用開發(fā)工具進(jìn)行升級,以添加對蘋果Core ML人工智能工具的支持。這項(xiàng)協(xié)議似乎與2018年蘋果跟IBM的協(xié)議大同小異,根據(jù)去年的協(xié)議,IBM將它的Watson數(shù)據(jù)處理服務(wù)與蘋果的Core ML技術(shù)進(jìn)行了連接。

感受思科的聲音。思科已經(jīng)將其MindMeld數(shù)字助手和語音控制技術(shù)放在了開源平臺上,使其他公司和開發(fā)者可以對其進(jìn)行修改和改進(jìn)。思科在2017年以1.25億美元收購了MindMeld,以加強(qiáng)它的工作協(xié)作產(chǎn)品。

愛立信在加拿大設(shè)立人工智能研究中心。網(wǎng)絡(luò)巨頭愛立信在加拿大蒙特利爾建立了一個(gè)人工智能研究中心,計(jì)劃聘請30名數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家、機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)工程師和軟件開發(fā)人員從事人工智能研發(fā)。蒙特利爾培養(yǎng)了許多優(yōu)秀的人工智能領(lǐng)域的人才,因此,谷歌、Facebook、微軟等其他幾家大型科技公司也在蒙特利爾設(shè)有人工智能研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室。

Facebook“標(biāo)記”用戶個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)。據(jù)路透社報(bào)道,F(xiàn)acebook通過來自IT公司W(wǎng)ipro以及其他一些咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)的印度合同工人,用手工方式給用戶照片等內(nèi)容打上了標(biāo)簽,以訓(xùn)練該公司的人工智能系統(tǒng)。Facebook對路透社表示,公司會告訴用戶,根據(jù)它的數(shù)據(jù)政策,公司之所以使用用戶的數(shù)據(jù),是為了“改進(jìn)用戶體驗(yàn)”。不過路透社的報(bào)道也指出,用戶“并沒有選擇不讓他們的個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)被標(biāo)記的機(jī)會”。

你真的懂你的數(shù)據(jù)嗎?

據(jù)科技新聞網(wǎng)站TechRepublic報(bào)道,如果企業(yè)不能正確理解或追蹤公司的所有數(shù)據(jù),就不可能搞好機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)。教育科技公司GoGuardian的數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)負(fù)責(zé)人瑞恩·約翰遜對《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》表示,在數(shù)據(jù)處理上,“很多公司的做法都是本末倒置?!?/p>

人工智能招聘速覽

無人駕駛創(chuàng)業(yè)公司Ghost Locomotion近日任命大衛(wèi)·珀迪為該公司首席科學(xué)家。珀迪曾任Uber安全數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)團(tuán)隊(duì)的高級數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)經(jīng)理。

數(shù)據(jù)分析公司Altery近日任命艾倫·雅各布森擔(dān)任首席數(shù)據(jù)與分析官。雅各布森曾任福特公司全球分析總監(jiān)。

英國皇家郵政任命凱特·詹姆斯為其數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)部門的新負(fù)責(zé)人。他的前任本·迪亞斯現(xiàn)為易捷航空公司的數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)總監(jiān)。

人工智能研究速覽

人工智能成為人口普查工具。來自于斯坦福大學(xué)、達(dá)特茅斯學(xué)院和世界銀行的研究人員近日發(fā)表了一篇關(guān)于利用深度學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)估算印度農(nóng)村人口的論文。研究人員利用在印度農(nóng)村地區(qū)上空拍攝的衛(wèi)星圖像對他們的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,并表示他們的系統(tǒng)要比傳統(tǒng)的人口普查方式表現(xiàn)得更好。而且“如果有更高分辨率的圖像可用,它可能還有進(jìn)一步提升的空間。”

人工智能的隱私問題。來自于加州大學(xué)伯克利分校、杜克大學(xué)和中國零售業(yè)巨頭京東集團(tuán)的研究人員發(fā)表了一篇論文,探討了強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)可能帶來的隱私方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。所謂強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí),是指計(jì)算機(jī)通過反復(fù)試驗(yàn)和試錯(cuò)進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)的過程。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),在所謂的模擬“訓(xùn)練環(huán)境”中(比如在一個(gè)機(jī)器人可以自主認(rèn)路和行走的倉庫中),人工智能程序可以學(xué)習(xí)到某些對強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)至關(guān)重要的細(xì)節(jié)。

燒腦新聞

人工智能成了與“氣候變化”相提并論的大問題。英國《金融時(shí)報(bào)》撰文稱,在各國為成為全球人工智能領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者激烈競爭的過程中,各國政府及企業(yè)很可能會忽視人工智能的某些道德困境,從而導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重后果,比如加重現(xiàn)有的社會偏見。對此,深度學(xué)習(xí)技術(shù)的“教父”喬舒亞·本吉奧建議,人工智能也應(yīng)該有一個(gè)“國際秩序”,包括由政府來制定行業(yè)規(guī)范。他表示:“就像應(yīng)對氣候變化問題一樣,我們必須要讓那些不按規(guī)則辦事、忽視全球利益的國家蒙羞?!?span>(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:樸成奎

Using artificial intelligence isn’t just about software. Companies are quickly realizing that the hardware it runs on and is trained on is also critical.

Take the example of Google, a leader in A.I. At the beginning of May, during its annual developer conference in Mountain View, Calif., the company debuted its new line of Internet-connected home products that are all linked to its voice-controlled Google Assistant.

Executives bragged on stage about how one of the new devices, the Nest Hub Max, can use its camera to immediately recognize individual family members. In that way, the technology can better respond to requests like playing music from someone’s song lists or showing photos that they are more likely to be interested in.

In the past, Google marketed its A.I. as equally compatible with any Android device. But increasingly, it’s tailoring its A.I. to its own hardware so that it operates more smoothly.

“The pendulum swings both ways,” Rishi Chandra, Google’s head of Home and Nest products told Fortune, explaining Google’s philosophical shift.

Facebook and Amazon are following a similar strategy to Google in their growing focus on customizing A.I to their hardware. They’re designing their own Internet-connected devices and data center chips tailored for their own machine-learning tasks.

What’s the lesson here for businesses that are trying to incorporate A.I. into their operations? Using A.I. isn’t as simple as feeding numbers into fancy software and waiting for a result that will lead to lots of profits. In fact, leading A.I. companies have deployed legions of employees to work on complex software while also fine tuning the hardware that runs and trains it. Some companies are also building their own data centers to handle some of the work, as Walmart recently did inside its futuristic store in Levittown, N.Y., rather than using a cloud service.

It’s all a huge and expensive undertaking. Don’t believe anyone who says differently.

EYE ON A.I. NEWS

Apple and SAP are A.I. buddies. Under an expanded partnership, German business software giant SAP is updating its software development toolkit for building iPhone and iPad apps to include support for Apple’s Core ML A.I. tools. The agreement appears to be similar to 2018 deal between Apple and IBM that linked IBM’s Watson data crunching service with Apple’s Core ML technology.

Come play with Cisco’s voice. Cisco has made its MindMeld digital assistant and voice technology available in open source so other companies and developers can modify and improve it. Cisco bought MindMeld in 2017 for $125 million to enhance its work-collaboration products.

Ericsson plants A.I. flag in Canada. Networking giant Ericsson debuted an A.I. research hub in Montreal and plans to hire 30 data scientists, machine learning engineers, and other software developers to work in the new unit. Several other big tech companies like Google, Facebook, and Microsoft also have A.I. research labs in Montreal, a leading city for deep learning talent.

Facebook has to “l(fā)abel” data somehow. Facebook uses Indian contract workers from IT firm Wipro, among other consulting groups, to hand-label people’s photos and other content in order to train its A.I. systems, Reuters reported. Facebook told the news service that it tells its users in its data policy that the company uses people’s information to “improve their experience.” But, the report noted that users are “not offered the chance to opt out of their data being labeled.”

DO YOU REALLY KNOW YOUR DATA?

Companies can’t do machine learning well if they don’t understand or properly track all of their corporate data, according to tech news site TechRepublic. Ryan Johnson, the data science head of education tech company GoGuardian, told the publication that when it comes to data crunching, “A lot of companies are putting the cart before the horse there.”

EYE ON A.I. HIRES

Ghost Locomotion, a startup specializing in self-driving car technology, has named David Purdy as chief scientist. Purdy was previously a senior data science manager for Uber’s safety data science team.

Data analytics company Alteryx hired Alan Jacobson as chief data and analytics officer. Jacobson was formerly the director of global analytics for Ford.

United Kingdom postal-service company Royal Mail has chosen Kat James as its new head of data science. James replaces Ben Dias, who is now the data science director of airline company EasyJet.

EYE ON A.I. RESEARCH

A.I. as a census tool. Researchers from Stanford University, Dartmouth College, and the World Bank published a paper about using deep learning to estimate the population in rural areas of India. The researchers trained their neural networks on satellite imagery taken from above rural villages and said that their systems performed better than traditional efforts, and that there “may still have room for improvement if images with higher resolution are available.”

A.I.’s privacy problems. Researchers from organizations like U.C. Berkeley, Duke University, and Chinese retail giant JD.com, Inc. published a paper exploring potential privacy problems that can occur with reinforcement learning—in which computers learn through trial and error. The researchers discovered that they could learn certain details within so-called simulated “training environments” (like a warehouse floor where a robot learned to navigate around) that are crucial for reinforcement learning.

BRAIN FOOD

A.I. as a “climate change” issue. The Financial Times looks at how countries racing to be the world’s leader in A.I. could result in governments and companies failing to consider some of A.I.’s ethical dilemmas, such as increasing existing societal biases. Deep learning “godfather” Yoshua Bengio suggests an “international order” for A.I. that would involve governments creating the norms. “Just like with climate change, we have to stigmatise (sic) countries which don’t want to play by the rules necessary for the benefit of the whole planet,” he told the publication.

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