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人工智能風(fēng)頭不減:幾個術(shù)語幫你迅速了解

人工智能風(fēng)頭不減:幾個術(shù)語幫你迅速了解

Jonathan Vanian 2019-06-02
商界領(lǐng)袖人人都在談,但對許多人來說,人工智能仍然是個謎。

圖片來源:Photograph by The Voorhes for Fortune

人工智能大火,商界領(lǐng)袖人人都在談。新科技產(chǎn)品繞不開人工智能,頭條新聞也不斷記錄著相關(guān)討論。但對許多人來說,人工智能仍然是個謎。

為了幫助人們迅速了解,我們制作了一份指南解釋相關(guān)術(shù)語。簡單來說,人工智能處理的數(shù)據(jù)越多,就會越完善,對企業(yè)來說用處越大。

強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)

這種人工智能技術(shù)類似于用食物訓(xùn)練狗。軟件成功執(zhí)行任務(wù)后即可學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn),失敗后也可以吸取教訓(xùn)。強(qiáng)化學(xué)習(xí)和深度學(xué)習(xí)的融合帶來了巨大突破,比如說計(jì)算機(jī)已經(jīng)在復(fù)雜的電子游戲和棋盤游戲中擊敗人類玩家。范例:Facebook的定向通知功能。

神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)

人工智能的興起可以追溯至數(shù)十年以前,當(dāng)時開發(fā)的軟件主要模擬人腦學(xué)習(xí)過程。神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)內(nèi)部是多層互聯(lián)節(jié)點(diǎn)用于計(jì)算,可以幫助計(jì)算機(jī)精確篩選數(shù)據(jù),軟件也能從中學(xué)會識別最聰明的人類也可能忽略的模式。范例:百度搜索。

深度學(xué)習(xí)

結(jié)合神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)和機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)就可以實(shí)現(xiàn)深度學(xué)習(xí),這是一種強(qiáng)大的技術(shù),可以處理海量音頻文件檔案等龐大的數(shù)據(jù)。人工智能最大的一些突破都是由此實(shí)現(xiàn),比如在照片中識別雪豹等。范例:英偉達(dá)3D人工智能生成的人臉。

機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)

老板發(fā)郵件問一份重要文件是否已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備妥當(dāng),系統(tǒng)建議回復(fù)(“看起來沒問題”),又或者老板問中午能不能見面,系統(tǒng)建議回復(fù)(“到時見!”),這些都要感謝機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)。這些對于算法幫計(jì)算機(jī)“學(xué)習(xí)”還是能算管中窺豹。該技術(shù)的最吸引人之處在于:企業(yè)無需耗費(fèi)人力為處理每項(xiàng)具體任務(wù)編寫程序。范例:谷歌Gmail。

計(jì)算機(jī)視覺

計(jì)算機(jī)視覺設(shè)備幾乎能夠像人類一樣看到并理解周邊環(huán)境。比如可以自動解鎖iPhone的面部識別技術(shù),或是能夠幫助自動駕駛汽車導(dǎo)航而不會撞到樹上的系統(tǒng)。這個問題看上去很容易解決,但實(shí)際上非常困難。范例:Waymo自動駕駛汽車。

自然語言處理

這種技術(shù)可以讓計(jì)算機(jī)理解人類對話和語言并作出回應(yīng)。語音控制數(shù)字助理就是該技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,可以接受語音指令,或是為聯(lián)網(wǎng)家用音箱提供支持。相關(guān)技術(shù)仍未完善,但進(jìn)步很快。范例:Amazon Alexa數(shù)字助理服務(wù)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文另一版本登載于《財(cái)富》雜志2019年6月刊,標(biāo)題為《人工智能101》。

譯者:Charlie

審校:夏林

Artificial intelligence is having its moment. Business leaders can’t stop talking about it. New tech products invariably include it. And news headlines incessantly chronicle the buzz around it. But for many people, artificial intelligence remains a mystery.

To help, we’ve created a guide that explains some of the key terms associated with the technology, an increasingly useful tool for businesses that improves as it crunches more data.

Reinforcement Learning

This A.I. technique is like training a dog with treats. The software learns by successfully executing a task and, on the flip side, from failure. This fusion of reinforcement learning with deep learning has led to tremendous breakthroughs, like computers beating humans at complicated video and board games. Example: Facebook’s targeted notifications.

Neural Networks

A.I.’s rise can be traced to software developed decades ago that was intended to approximate how the human brain learns. Inside a neural network are layers of interconnected nodes where calculations take place that help computers sift though data in minute detail. By doing so, the software can learn to recognize patterns that even the most intelligent humans may overlook. Example: Baidu search.

Deep Learning

Mixing neural networks with machine learning makes for deep learning, a powerful technology that can crunch enormous amounts of data, like vast archives of audio clips. A.I.’s biggest breakthroughs—such as recognizing snow leopards in photos—can be traced to the technology. Example: Nvidia’s 3D A.I.-generated faces.

Machine Learning

You can thank machine learning for recommending how to respond to your boss when she emails asking whether an important document is in order (“Looks good to me”) or whether you can meet at noon (“Let’s do it!”). This is just a taste of how algorithms help computers “l(fā)earn.” The chief attraction: Companies don’t need humans to program the technology for each specific task it handles. Example: Google Gmail.

Computer Vision

Devices using computer vision are able to see and understand their surroundings almost like a human. Think of facial-recognition technology that can automatically unlock your iPhone or the systems that help navigate self-driving cars without crashing them into trees. The problem seems easy to solve. But in reality, it’s very difficult. Example: Waymo’s autonomous vehicles.

Natural Language Processing

This technology makes it possible for computers to understand and react to human speech and language. Voice-controlled digital assistants, which take dictation or power Internet- connected home speakers, would be impossible without it. The technology is still imperfect, but it’s improving quickly. Example: Amazon Alexa digital assistant.

A version of this article appears in the June 2019 issue of Fortune with the headline “Artificial Intelligence 101.”

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