這個問題還真是火急火燎。隨著大火席卷巴西亞馬遜雨林，人們不禁想，如何才能把為貧困農民開發(fā)土地的愿望與保護環(huán)境的迫切需要協(xié)調起來？

亞馬遜雨林對全球生態(tài)系統(tǒng)來說至關重要，不僅是地球最大的“肺”，而且在物種大量滅絕的時代是保留生物多樣性的寶庫。問題是，巴西許多農民很貧窮，希望通過耕種土地來擺脫貧困。因此，他們在現(xiàn)任巴西政府的支持之下開始墾荒，全球資源寶庫亞馬遜雨林之所以燃起熊熊大火，墾荒就是原因之一。

“今年火情嚴重，短期內能做的事情不是很多，”上周四在中國云南舉行的《財富》全球可持續(xù)論壇上，大自然保護協(xié)會亞太區(qū)總干事杰克·赫德說道?！霸谟《饶嵛鱽?，25年以來發(fā)生過多起森林火災，而在其他擁有大片森林的國家也是一樣?！?/p>

但赫德表示，長遠來看希望猶存，如果各種活動人士和利益相關者能處理好五個領域的問題，就有望扭轉目前的毀林趨勢。

“首先，我們必須真正了解亞馬遜雨林和其他森林的價值，”赫德說道。人們應該了解熱帶雨林對生物多樣性、氧氣生成及其影響降雨的經(jīng)濟價值，制定商業(yè)和環(huán)境方面的國家決策時都應考慮在內，他說道。

其次是土地利用規(guī)劃，也就是決定發(fā)展農村經(jīng)濟時應該保護、改造或充分管理哪些地區(qū)。

三是制定有效的雨林治理體系，治理機構中的法律、政策、制度和人們的行為都要升級，才能達成巴西為亞馬遜設定的長期目標。治理體系和相應結構都要就位，赫德說道。

實施最優(yōu)管理實踐也至關重要?！安傻V業(yè)是亞馬遜地區(qū)的重要行業(yè)，從根本上說采礦沒什么不對，”赫德說道。但跟養(yǎng)牛和種植農作物一樣，采礦也應采取有效而健全的管理實踐?！翱梢酝ㄟ^高效和先進的運作最大限度地提高土地回報，”他說道。

但總得有人為此付出代價。所以世界各國政府要通過各種機制來解決融資問題，例如其他國家直接向巴西提供資金、建立補償基金和碳排放氣候基金、以及開征旅游稅等。

“關鍵點在于，要努力找到重視亞馬遜的人與想利用雨林謀求利益的企業(yè)和個人之間的直接聯(lián)系，” 赫德說道?！巴ㄟ^一些公正公平的方式完成支付?！?/p>

否則，如果雨林繼續(xù)燃燒，最后從地球上消失，所有人都會因不作為付出慘痛代價。（財富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：艾倫

審校：夏林

It is literally a burning question. As fires rage across Brazil’s [hotlink ignore=true]Amazon[/hotlink] rainforest, how can the desire to develop land for poor farmers be reconciled with the urgent need to protect the environment for everyone?

The Amazon is essential for the global ecosystem. The planet’s largest ‘lung,’ the Amazon is a treasure trove of biodiversity in an age of extinction. But many farmers in Brazil are poor and want to work the land as a way to escape poverty. And so, with the blessing of the current Brazilian government, they started clearing the land, an effort that’s at least partly to blame for setting one of the world’s greatest resources ablaze.

“This is the burning season, and in the short term not a lot can be done,’’ said Jack Hurd, regional managing director in Asia-Pacific for the Nature Conservancy, at Fortune’s Global Sustainability Forum in Yunnan, China on Thursday. “It’s been happening in Indonesia for 25 years, and in other countries with large forested regions.”

However, there is hope in the longer term, Hurd said. It requires various actors and stakeholders to address five areas that could reverse the trend of destruction.

“We have to start by getting a true sense of the value of the Amazon, and other forests,’’ Hurd said. Knowing the economic worth of the rainforest’s biodiversity, oxygen production, and its effect on rainfall could and should be used to inform national decision making on both business and the environment, he said.

Land-use planning is second. Decisions need to be made about which areas will be protected, converted, or substantially managed in terms of rural development.

Third is developing an effective system of governance of the rainforest. Laws, policies, institutions, and the behaviors of people in those institutions must be upgraded to meet the long-term objectives Brazil has for the Amazon. A governance system and structure needs to be put in place, Hurd said.

Best management practices are also critical. “Mining is an important industry in the Amazon, and fundamentally, there is nothing wrong with mining,” Hurd argues. But mining, like cattle raising and crop farming, needs to put in place effective and sound management practices. “With efficient and progressive operations, we can maximize the returns on the land,’’ he said.

But, as always, someone has to pay for it. So governments around the world must address financing through various mechanisms, such as direct payments to Brazil by other countries, compensation funds, carbon climate funds, and tourism taxes.

“The point is to try and find a direct link between the people who value the Amazon and the businesses and individuals who utilize the land for their benefits,’’ Hurd said. “There are ways to pay for all of this that are fair and equitable.”

Otherwise, as the forests burn and disappear, we will all pay a price for inaction.