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美國(guó)農(nóng)民處境艱難,政府卻不關(guān)注

美國(guó)農(nóng)民處境艱難,政府卻不關(guān)注

Beth Ford 2019-12-08
動(dòng)蕩的市場(chǎng)和自然災(zāi)害讓美國(guó)農(nóng)民目前的境遇雪上加霜。

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試想一下,如果有一種計(jì)算機(jī)病毒消減了蘋果、谷歌和Facebook的半數(shù)產(chǎn)能,或者華爾街的銀行家們眼睜睜地看著一個(gè)季度的獲利付之東流,那肯定是轟動(dòng)全美國(guó)的大新聞,當(dāng)局也會(huì)迅速采取政治行動(dòng)。然而,這正是美國(guó)農(nóng)民所面臨的處境,卻未被足夠的重視。

美國(guó)的農(nóng)民有著自己的驕傲和謙遜的品格,通常不愿意為自己發(fā)聲,但現(xiàn)在他們正處于極端困難的時(shí)期,動(dòng)蕩的市場(chǎng)和自然災(zāi)害讓美國(guó)農(nóng)民的境遇雪上加霜。由于大宗商品價(jià)格持續(xù)走低,2018年農(nóng)業(yè)收入的中位數(shù)跌至負(fù)的1,500美元,而2017年的平均農(nóng)業(yè)收入為43,000美元。在美國(guó)中西部農(nóng)業(yè)州,2018年依據(jù)《美國(guó)破產(chǎn)法第12章》申請(qǐng)破產(chǎn)的案例已經(jīng)升至十年來的最高水平,而此前這些州的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的銷售額能夠占到全美的近一半。

接著是中西部地區(qū)遭遇洪澇災(zāi)害。由于今年降雨過多、土地浸水,農(nóng)民播種的時(shí)間大大延遲,隨著種植期的結(jié)束,有的農(nóng)民甚至得考慮今年是否要種植農(nóng)作物。截至6月9日,美國(guó)大豆產(chǎn)量最高的幾個(gè)州,僅有60%的大豆田種上了大豆,而往年這個(gè)時(shí)候,這個(gè)數(shù)字通常是90%。在玉米的高產(chǎn)州,往年這個(gè)時(shí)候玉米可以達(dá)到100%的種植,而今年只有83%。

即便在最好的年份,出現(xiàn)這種問題也是災(zāi)難性的。而現(xiàn)實(shí)情況是,農(nóng)村地區(qū)的商業(yè)營(yíng)收與農(nóng)戶的收入和生計(jì)息息相關(guān),農(nóng)民所處的鄉(xiāng)村社區(qū)現(xiàn)在也是步履維艱。和我們一樣,農(nóng)民也希望自己的社區(qū)能夠繁榮強(qiáng)大,可以擁有優(yōu)質(zhì)的教育、良好的醫(yī)療保健服務(wù)、先進(jìn)的技術(shù)。然而這些領(lǐng)域現(xiàn)在也面臨著諸多挑戰(zhàn)。

據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),約三分之一生活在農(nóng)村的美國(guó)人和四分之一的農(nóng)場(chǎng)主家中沒有寬帶,這使他們無法使用遠(yuǎn)程醫(yī)療和教育工具。為了讓孩子可以完成作業(yè),許多父母只能開車帶孩子去當(dāng)?shù)氐柠湲?dāng)勞上網(wǎng)。美國(guó)鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)還面臨醫(yī)生短缺的問題,自2010年以來,已經(jīng)有超過100家鄉(xiāng)村醫(yī)院關(guān)閉,與此同時(shí),農(nóng)場(chǎng)生活帶來的危險(xiǎn)以及阿片危機(jī)造成悲劇也讓農(nóng)民備受煎熬。據(jù)美國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)局聯(lián)合會(huì)(American Farm Bureau Federation)的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示:“四分之三(74%)的農(nóng)民和農(nóng)場(chǎng)工人受到或曾經(jīng)受到阿片類藥物濫用的直接影響,阿片成癮者中要么是相識(shí)的人,要么就是自己的家人,有的是非法服用過阿片類藥物,也有自身曾經(jīng)阿片上癮?!?/p>

Land O’Lakes公司是美國(guó)最大的農(nóng)民業(yè)合作社之一,作為首席執(zhí)行官,這些問題一直困擾著我。能夠有機(jī)會(huì)與這些農(nóng)戶一起工作是我一生的榮幸,他們?cè)诶щy面前表現(xiàn)出了巨大的韌性、樂觀、創(chuàng)業(yè)精神和創(chuàng)新精神。96%的農(nóng)場(chǎng)由家庭所有,他們明白行業(yè)具有周期性,也從未在挫折面前放棄。他們盡心打理著土地,希望能夠?qū)⑼恋亓艚o子孫后代。

但只靠農(nóng)民解決不了現(xiàn)在的問題。國(guó)家必須傾聽來自其中心地帶的聲音。我們不只要同情受災(zāi)社區(qū)的人,更要認(rèn)識(shí)到我們是命運(yùn)共同體,認(rèn)識(shí)到農(nóng)業(yè)是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和安全的基石。美國(guó)城市生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品至關(guān)重要,但是如果沒有興旺的農(nóng)村和農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì),沒有其為不斷發(fā)展的人類社會(huì)提供豐富、平價(jià)的食物,美國(guó)的立國(guó)之柱必將崩塌。

我們要設(shè)法增加農(nóng)村地區(qū)的投資,創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。貿(mào)易是壯大農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)的基石,Land O’Lakes公司繼續(xù)敦促國(guó)會(huì)批準(zhǔn)USMCA貿(mào)易協(xié)定,同時(shí)呼吁特朗普政府?dāng)U大對(duì)現(xiàn)有貿(mào)易伙伴的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口。在當(dāng)前的危機(jī)時(shí)刻,政策扶持對(duì)農(nóng)民而言至關(guān)重要,2018年兩黨強(qiáng)有力的農(nóng)業(yè)法案就是一個(gè)很好的例證,該法案改善了乳制品生產(chǎn)商的安全網(wǎng)絡(luò),并為農(nóng)民制定了新的心理健康援助計(jì)劃。

政府推出的政策還必須鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新。這是Land O’Lakes公司與其他農(nóng)業(yè)公司支持公、私部門在美國(guó)農(nóng)村地區(qū)擴(kuò)大寬帶覆蓋的原因。也正為此,我們一直努力部署包括數(shù)字可持續(xù)發(fā)展平臺(tái)在內(nèi)的尖端農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù),幫助農(nóng)民更好地保護(hù)和利用其擁有的自然資源。

只有不到五分之一的美國(guó)人居住在農(nóng)村地區(qū),但他們占到了美國(guó)軍人的44%。國(guó)家需要他們時(shí),他們義無反顧,現(xiàn)在輪到我們給他們以回報(bào)了。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文作者貝斯·福特是Land O’Lakes, Inc.公司的總裁兼首席執(zhí)行官。

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

Imagine, if you can, a computer virus that cut the productivity of Apple, Google, and Facebook in half. Or try to imagine Wall Street’s investment bankers seeing a season’s worth of deals washed away. Such calamities would dominate our nation’s news and drive swift political action. Yet that is precisely what America’s farmers face right now. And, as a country, we aren’t paying nearly enough attention.

Farmers are generally too proud and humble to speak out, but the truth is we are living through an extremely difficult period of market turmoil and natural disasters. Due largely to sustained low commodity prices, average farm income in 2017 was $43,000, while the median farm income for 2018 was negative $1,500. In 2018, Chapter 12 bankruptcies in the farm states across the Midwest that are responsible for nearly half of all sales of U.S farm products rose to the highest level in a decade.

And then the floods came to the Midwest. Farmers have been significantly delayed in their planting this year due to rain and soggy ground, and as the planting window closes, some will have to make a decision about whether to plant a crop this year at all. As of June 9, just 60% of America’s soybean acres had been planted in our highest-producing states, compared with nearly 90% typically planted by this time of year. And just 83% of the corn crop is in the ground in the most productive states, a number that should be pushing 100%.

These disasters would be catastrophic at the best of times. But the fact is the rural communities in which our farmers operate are also struggling because local businesses’ revenue and incomes are tied to farmers’ incomes and livelihoods. Farmers and rural families want the same things for their communities that we all do: access to quality education, health care, and technology, and strong local communities. There are challenges in these areas, as well.

Roughly one in three rural Americans, and one in four farmers, are without broadband access, cutting them off from services like telemedicine and educational tools. Many parents have to drive to the local McDonald’s so their kids can get Internet access to finish homework. Rural America faces a shortage of doctors—more than 100 rural hospitals have closed since 2010—even as they endure the regular dangers of farm life and the rolling tragedy of an opioid crisis. “Three in four farmers and farm workers (74%) are or have been directly impacted by opioid abuse, either by knowing someone, having a family member addicted, having taken an illegal opioid or having dealt with addiction themselves,” according to a survey from the American Farm Bureau Federation.

As the CEO of Land O’Lakes, one of the country’s largest farmer- and retail-member-owned cooperatives, I see these realities all the time. It is the privilege of my life to work with these families who in the face of such hardship demonstrate endless resilience, optimism, entrepreneurship, and innovation. Ninety-six percent of farms are family-owned. These are people who understand the cyclical nature of the industry and don’t give up in the face of setbacks. They protect and care for the land they want to pass on to their children.

But it’s not enough to count on farmers to tough it out. America needs to start listening to the voices of the heartland. It’s not just about feeling empathy for flood-ravaged communities. It is about recognizing our shared destiny. It is about remembering that agriculture is the bedrock of our economy and security. The products of urban America are essential. But without a thriving rural and farm economy producing abundant, affordable food for a growing planet, a foundational pillar of our strength as a country will collapse.

We need to look for ways to drive more investment and job creation in rural areas. For example, because trade is a cornerstone of a strong agricultural economy, Land O’Lakes continues to urge Congress to approve the USMCA trade agreement, while calling on the Trump administration to expand exports with existing trade partners. Policy is critical to help farmers at a time of crisis, a fact reflected in a strong bipartisan 2018 farm bill that improved the safety net for dairy producers and created new mental health assistance programs for farmers.

Policy must also be a catalyst for innovation. That’s why Land O’Lakes and other agricultural companies have supported public and private efforts to expand high-speed broadband access in rural America. And it’s why we’ve striven to deploy cutting-edge ag tech such as digital sustainability platforms to help farmers better safeguard and utilize their natural resources.

Fewer than one in five Americans live in rural areas, but they represent 44% of those serving in our military. When we need them, they stand up. Now it’s our turn to get on our feet.

Beth Ford is the president and CEO of Land O’Lakes, Inc.

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