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長(zhǎng)大想干什么?女孩比男孩更有志向

長(zhǎng)大想干什么?女孩比男孩更有志向

Jared Lindzon 2016年02月15日
如果你希望從事編程和外科醫(yī)生的女性人數(shù)跟男性差不多,那么,好消息來了:新近調(diào)查顯示,小學(xué)女生比男生更有興趣從事STEM(科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué))領(lǐng)域的職業(yè)。

如果你希望從事編程和外科醫(yī)生的女性人數(shù)跟男性差不多,那么,好消息來了:新近調(diào)查顯示,小學(xué)女生比男生更有興趣從事STEM(科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程、數(shù)學(xué))領(lǐng)域的職業(yè)。

而且,過去25年來,男孩子們的理想工作相對(duì)穩(wěn)定,而小女孩希望從事的職業(yè)卻越發(fā)高端,也越來越有抱負(fù)。

在1989年,英國(guó)期刊British Journal of Guidance and Counseling曾發(fā)表一項(xiàng)調(diào)查結(jié)果稱,11歲的男孩長(zhǎng)大后最想當(dāng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員、服役軍人或者工程師。而Fatherly發(fā)布的一項(xiàng)針對(duì)11歲以下孩子的最新調(diào)查顯示,男孩希望從事的職業(yè)大致未變,最受歡迎的仍是職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員,其次是消防員和工程師。Fatherly是主要用戶群是2000年之后初為人父者。

1989年的調(diào)查顯示,當(dāng)時(shí)的女孩希望長(zhǎng)大后做教師、護(hù)士、空乘、秘書和美發(fā)師。而根據(jù)Fatherly的最新調(diào)查,最受女孩歡迎的理想職業(yè)是醫(yī)生,其次是教師和科學(xué)家。

Some good news for those who hope to someday live in a world where women coders and surgeons are as plentiful as their male counterparts: Today’s elementary school girls are actually more interested in pursuing a STEM career than their male classmates are.

What’s more, while young boys’ ideal jobs have stayed relatively consistent over the past quarter century, young girls career dreams have grown loftier and more ambitious.

Back in 1989, a study published in the British Journal of Guidance and Counseling found that 11-year-old boys were most interested in becoming an athlete, a service member, or an engineer. Now, a new survey of children 10 and younger, released byFatherly, a site for millennial dads, found that boys’ career dreams have stayed relatively stable. Pro athlete once again came in at No. 1, followed by firefighter and engineer.

In the 1989 study, girls said they aspired to be teachers, nurses, flight attendants, secretaries and hairdressers. In the Fatherly survey, though, girls’ No. 1 pick was doctor, followed by teacher and scientist.

還有一點(diǎn)值得注意:總體而言,女孩比男孩更傾向于對(duì)STEM領(lǐng)域的工作感興趣。41%的受訪女孩對(duì)科技領(lǐng)域職業(yè)表示感興趣,對(duì)同領(lǐng)域感興趣的受訪男孩比例為32%。

Fatherly的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人西蒙?艾薩克認(rèn)為,女孩對(duì)科技業(yè)工作更感興趣固然可喜,但性別平等事業(yè)的進(jìn)步空間仍然存在。他說:“更多女孩對(duì)STEM領(lǐng)域感興趣確實(shí)令人欣慰,具體來說主要是醫(yī)療保健和科技方面。但如果仔細(xì)觀察目前1歲到10歲年齡段的孩子就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),女孩投身于工程、電腦編程等其他科技領(lǐng)域,還有很長(zhǎng)的路要走?!?/p>

最近,其他一些研究也得出了類似結(jié)論,其中包括谷歌和蓋洛普咨詢公司的聯(lián)合調(diào)查,以及經(jīng)合組織的一項(xiàng)研究。這些研究都發(fā)現(xiàn),和男孩相比,女孩從事計(jì)算機(jī)和工程領(lǐng)域工作的幾率要小一些。

艾薩克指出:“雖然我們一直說,現(xiàn)在的孩子們是逐漸擺脫傳統(tǒng)性別角色的一代,性別平等意識(shí)比之前任何一代都強(qiáng)烈。但具體到影響到孩子們的職業(yè)傾向上,性別平等的進(jìn)步并沒那么明顯?!?/p>

艾薩克還說,他之所以決定投身這項(xiàng)的研究,是為了更好地理解當(dāng)今世界的偶像文化。如今,偶像分布的領(lǐng)域十分廣泛,從美國(guó)馳名娛樂圈和體育界的卡戴珊家族、Facebook創(chuàng)始人兼首席執(zhí)行官馬克?扎克伯格,到以爭(zhēng)取婦女接受教育權(quán)利聞名的巴基斯坦少女馬拉拉?優(yōu)素福?扎伊,正是他們?cè)谒茉煨乱淮鷮W(xué)生的職業(yè)觀。

哈佛大學(xué)創(chuàng)新實(shí)驗(yàn)室的校聘專家、《創(chuàng)造創(chuàng)新者:改變世界的年輕人是如何出現(xiàn)的》一書作者托尼?瓦格納透露:“通過在小學(xué)階段的調(diào)查,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子們樹立志向時(shí)常常受到媒體內(nèi)容的影響?!?/p>

瓦格納稱,媒體內(nèi)容中的性別規(guī)范已經(jīng)開始改變,尤其是在塑造醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的女性形象時(shí)。他相信媒體的轉(zhuǎn)變與年輕女孩對(duì)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域興趣增加并非巧合。與此同時(shí),在工程和計(jì)算機(jī)等等女孩從來興趣寥寥的領(lǐng)域,媒體中相應(yīng)的人物形象幾乎沒變化。

瓦格納還透露,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)女孩更感興趣的是讓人感覺有機(jī)會(huì)與他人直接接觸的職業(yè),比如醫(yī)學(xué)和教育。

“女孩們并不清楚的是,許多工程學(xué)和其他STEM領(lǐng)域的工作也是緊緊圍繞著人展開的。問題在于怎么教她們理解這點(diǎn)?!蓖吒窦{指出。

他還說,媒體中的程序員和工程師經(jīng)常是粘著電腦屏幕工作數(shù)小時(shí),殊不知這樣只會(huì)加深既有印象。“當(dāng)你開始將工程學(xué)看作設(shè)計(jì)問題,領(lǐng)悟到工程可以解決人類的切身問題,你就可以抓住所有學(xué)生的注意力,特別是女生,你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)她們會(huì)比之前積極得多?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Pessy

校對(duì):夏林

Also notable: Overall, girls were more likely to say they were interested in a STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) job than their male counterparts. Indeed, 41% of girls expressed interest in technical career, vs. 32% of boys.

Yet while girls’ increased interest in scientific careers is clearly something to celebrate, there is still progress to be made, says Simon Isaacs, the co-founder of Fatherly. “We can celebrate the girls’ focus on STEM, which is largely focused towards healthcare and the sciences, but if we look at ages 1 through 10 right now, we still have a long way to go with regards to getting girls involved in engineering, computer programming and other tech fields.”

Other recent studies, including one by Google and Gallup and another by the OECD, similarly found that American girls believe they are relatively unlikely to end up in a career that requires computer science or engineering skills.

“Even as we talk about being a generation that is growing up more gender-non-conformist than any other generation, we aren’t necessarily seeing that translate into what [kids] want to be,” said Isaacs.

Isaacs adds that he decided to pursue this research to better understand how today’s culture of role models—who are as diverse as the Kardashians, Mark Zuckerberg, and Malala Yousafzai are shaping the next generation of students’ career ambitions.

“What we find at the elementary level is that kids are often basing their aspirations on whatever they’ve been exposed to in the media,” said Tony Wagner, an expert in residence at Harvard University’s Innovation Lab and author of Creating Innovators: The Making of Young People Who Will Change The World.

Wagner adds that gender norms portrayed in the media have begun to change, specifically with regards to female characters in medicine and science. He believes it’s no coincidence that those the fields are now seeing greater interest from young girls. The gender depictions, however, remain relatively unchanged in the fields of engineering and computer science, where school-aged girls have traditionally expressed less interest.

Wagner adds that in his research he has found that girls are more interested in careers that are portrayed as having a direct human connection, like medicine and education.

“What they don’t understand is that much of engineering, and other STEM work, is profoundly human-centered. The problem lies in how it’s taught,” he said, adding that depictions of coders and engineers spending hours on end glued to a computer screen only reinforce that perception. “When you begin to understand engineering as a design problem, as meant to solve real human problems, you immediately engage all students, and particularly women, far more actively than you would otherwise.”

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