成人小说亚洲一区二区三区,亚洲国产精品一区二区三区,国产精品成人精品久久久,久久综合一区二区三区,精品无码av一区二区,国产一级a毛一级a看免费视频,欧洲uv免费在线区一二区,亚洲国产欧美中日韩成人综合视频,国产熟女一区二区三区五月婷小说,亚洲一区波多野结衣在线

立即打開
重塑西班牙經(jīng)濟(jì)是擺脫債務(wù)危機(jī)的根本途徑

重塑西班牙經(jīng)濟(jì)是擺脫債務(wù)危機(jī)的根本途徑

Pankaj Ghemawat/Stijn Vanormelingen 2012-07-12
相比貿(mào)易伙伴國,西班牙存在很大的生產(chǎn)率問題。西班牙需要摒棄閉關(guān)鎖國的思想,提高創(chuàng)新能力,掌握更先進(jìn)的科技,加快培育大中型企業(yè),才能提高生產(chǎn)率和競爭能力,從根本上擺脫債務(wù)危機(jī)。

????歐洲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人們馬不停蹄地出席一個又一個緊急會議,引得全球屏息關(guān)注。但與此同時,我們不能因?yàn)檫@一出出高潮迭起的政治大戲就忽視一個基本的事實(shí),若想解決歐債危機(jī),南歐國家的公司必須改變自身的競爭方式。這一點(diǎn)在西班牙尤為顯著——精英階層苦惱于貸款利率,街頭抗議者則大聲疾呼,要求封鎖邊境,恢復(fù)易貨貿(mào)易。

????幾乎沒人討論如何提高實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)率。根據(jù)我們與IESE商學(xué)院(IESE Business School)同事布魯諾?卡斯曼的研究,1990-2010年間西班牙勞工生產(chǎn)率(即工人的實(shí)際人均產(chǎn)值)只提高了15%,明顯低于中北歐的25%。同期,西班牙單位勞工成本上漲了120%,而中北歐僅增長60%。這意味著西班牙單位產(chǎn)品勞工成本的增長比中北歐快了3倍——中北歐包括法國、德國這兩個西班牙的主要貿(mào)易伙伴。意大利和希臘的生產(chǎn)率增長同樣滯后。

????成本劣勢如此明顯,西班牙如何競爭?首先,要摒棄“封鎖邊境有助競爭”的想法。過去20年,那些產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)可以國際化交易的公司生產(chǎn)率的提升是純內(nèi)向型企業(yè)的5倍。貿(mào)易繁榮需要西班牙公司進(jìn)行升級。以葡萄酒行業(yè)為例,西班牙是世界第二大葡萄酒出口國,但出口重“量”不重“質(zhì)”。2010年,西班牙葡萄酒出口平均售價僅為每升1.36美元,甚至低于10年前的每升1.74美元。提升檔次,然后售價向一流葡萄酒企業(yè)看齊,這條路似乎是提高生產(chǎn)率最可行的方式。

????創(chuàng)新的西班牙企業(yè)提高生產(chǎn)率的速度也比不創(chuàng)新的企業(yè)更快。飛速發(fā)展的小型葡萄酒企業(yè)Matarromera就是一個典型的例子。這家公司號稱30%的收入都用于創(chuàng)新,成功案例包括為穆斯林國家開發(fā)的一款無醇葡萄酒。

????另一個機(jī)會來自于信息科技產(chǎn)業(yè)。相比美國,西班牙在信息科技領(lǐng)域的投資比例極低,也沒有對提高生產(chǎn)率方面有所貢獻(xiàn)。如今資金匱乏,但隨著云計(jì)算等技術(shù)的推進(jìn),期初資金投入已經(jīng)不再高得嚇人。

????最后,西班牙需要培育大中型企業(yè)。按照中北歐的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),西班牙就業(yè)不成比例地集中于小微企業(yè)。如果西班牙擁有與德國相同數(shù)量的大中型公司,我們的計(jì)算顯示,很多產(chǎn)業(yè)的生產(chǎn)率將提高10-20%。

????推而廣之,只有企業(yè)變得更加國際化、提高創(chuàng)新能力、擁有更高科技和更大規(guī)模,才能重構(gòu)南歐經(jīng)濟(jì)。這是西班牙、意大利、希臘和其他國家擺脫當(dāng)前險境的唯一途徑。

????--Pankaj Ghemawat是《世界 3.0 版》(World 3.0)一書的作者,他和Stijn Vanormelingen兩人在IESE商學(xué)院從事生產(chǎn)率研究。

????譯者:早稻米

????As Europe's leaders attend one emergency meeting after another, the political high drama shouldn't make us lose sight of the fact that if the debt crisis is to be solved, Southern European companies need to change how they compete. Nowhere is that more evident than in Spain, whose elites fret over interest rates while protesters in the streets call for closing the borders and a return to barter.

????Almost no one there is talking about how to make the real economy more productive. According to our research with IESE Business School colleague Bruno Cassiman, Spanish labor productivity (real output per worker) went up by only 15% between 1990 and 2010, vs. 25% in Northern Europe. Meanwhile Spanish costs per worker went up by 120%, vs. 60% in Northern Europe. That means labor costs per unit produced in Spain rose three times faster than in Northern Europe -- the region that includes its two largest trading partners, France and Germany. Italy and Greece have fallen behind the productivity curve as well.

????How can Spain compete with this cost disadvantage? First, forget the idea that closing the borders would help. Over the past two decades Spanish companies in sectors where products and services can be traded internationally raised their productivity five times more than their counterparts in purely domestic sectors. Raising prosperity through trade will require Spanish firms to upgrade. Consider the wine sector. Spain is the world's second-largest wine exporter but has focused on volume rather than value. In 2010, Spanish wines were exported, on average, for only $1.36 per liter, compared with $1.74 per liter 10 years ago. Moving upscale and thus being able to charge what other leading producers do seems the most plausible way to boost productivity.

????Spanish firms that innovate also increased productivity faster than firms that didn't. Matarromera, a small but fast-growing winemaker that claims to spend 30% of its revenue on innovation, is one example. Its successes include a nonalcoholic wine for Muslim countries.

????Another opportunity is provided by information technology. Compared with the U.S., Spanish rates of investment in IT have been abysmally low and haven't paid off in productivity improvements. Funds are scarce these days, but with developments such as cloud computing, the initial cash outlays required are no longer quite so daunting.

????Finally, Spain needs to create bigger companies. Spanish employment is, by Northern European standards, disproportionately concentrated among very small firms. If Spain had the same number of big and medium-size companies as Germany, that would, we calculate, increase productivity in a number of sectors by 10% to 20%.

????The broader point, once again, is that the restructuring of the Southern European economies will not happen until firms become more international, more innovative, more high tech, and bigger. It's the only way Spain, Italy, Greece, and others will walk away from the edge of the current precipice.

????--Pankaj Ghemawat, author of World 3.0, and Stijn Vanormelingen do productivity research at IESE.

掃描二維碼下載財(cái)富APP
天堂亚洲日本va中文字幕| 日本久久久久久久中文人妻| 国产午夜无码片在线观看网站日本| 内射人妻无码色AV麻豆去百度搜| 日本欧美三级r级国产在线| 亚洲中文久久精品无码97| WWW韩国免费视频在线播放| 日韩毛片免费看九九久久精品国产| 欧洲uv免费在线区一二区| 国产瑜伽白皙一区二区| 国产AⅤ精品一区二区三区久久| 永久免费无码日韩视频| 日韩中文在线欧美日韩一区二区| 国产一级高清在线观看| 免费观看国产v片在线| 国产揄拍国内精品对白| 色播欧美色婷婷影院| 亚洲AV无码成H人在线观看| 狠狠躁夜夜躁人人爽天天开心婷婷| 毛片黄色人人艹电影在线观看| 内射人妻无码色AV天堂| 亚洲国产日韩欧美综合久久| 久久亚洲精精品中文字幕| 国产AⅤ无码专区久久精品国产| 国产女人喷潮视频在线观看| 99久久精品国产波多野| 人妻精品久久久久中文字幕一| 精品国产污污免费网站入口在线看| 乱辈通奷欧美系列视频| 少妇高潮喷水久久久影院| 成av人片一区二区三区久久| 日本大乳高潮视频在线观看| 精品久久久久久无码人妻热| 久久午夜无码鲁丝片秋霞| 国产精品午夜剧场免费观看| 婷婷丁香综合五月久久综合| 午夜理论片免费播放| 亚洲AV综合色区| 久久久久99精品成人片直播| 太粗要好深好爽要到了| 精品无码一区二区三区在线国产|