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FTX破產(chǎn)對(duì)加密貨幣行業(yè)的五大啟示

Alex Tapscott
2022-11-29

Web3開發(fā)者要想實(shí)現(xiàn)他們的全球愿景,就必須接納實(shí)用主義和少許的中心化。

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FTX的破產(chǎn)給投資者和消費(fèi)者造成了數(shù)十億美元的損失,除此之外,這件事情還產(chǎn)生了另外一個(gè)深遠(yuǎn)影響,那就是加密貨幣行業(yè)失去了公眾的信任。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這種影響,創(chuàng)業(yè)者和其他從業(yè)者必須反思為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這種情況,以及我們應(yīng)該如何避免重蹈覆轍。我們必須努力淘汰肆無(wú)忌憚或者不負(fù)責(zé)任的從業(yè)者,同時(shí)繼續(xù)拓寬Web3的邊界。我從2015年進(jìn)入加密貨幣行業(yè)。我認(rèn)為要挖掘區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的潛力,必須做到五件事情。

第一,我們需要能夠保護(hù)用戶和促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新的法律框架。目前通過(guò)執(zhí)法進(jìn)行監(jiān)管的現(xiàn)狀必須終結(jié)。1996年的《電信法案》(Telecommunication Act)為以負(fù)責(zé)任的方式發(fā)展創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造了條件,政策制定者和行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者可以合作制定類似的法律。新規(guī)定必須區(qū)分技術(shù)和基于技術(shù)提供服務(wù)的公司。以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為例,我們不會(huì)監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)間協(xié)議或者超文本傳輸協(xié)議(即網(wǎng)絡(luò))。但我們會(huì)監(jiān)管PayPal等平臺(tái)、康卡斯特(Comcast)等互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商以及亞馬遜(Amazon)等利用這些協(xié)議的法人實(shí)體。對(duì)于FTX破產(chǎn)這樣的災(zāi)難,政策制定者必須了解問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵不在于去中心化,而是加密貨幣公司的中間環(huán)節(jié)過(guò)于集中,向公眾隱瞞了它們的決策和財(cái)務(wù)健康狀況。

第二,我們要牢記區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)為什么能夠具有顛覆性,并集中精力開發(fā)可以發(fā)揮區(qū)塊鏈優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品和解決方案:區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)谷魏稳嗽谌魏蔚胤蕉寄軌螯c(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)移、存放和管理個(gè)人財(cái)富和資產(chǎn)。對(duì)于那些致力于為所有人開發(fā)更好的網(wǎng)頁(yè)和更包容的金融系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)業(yè)者,我們應(yīng)該大力支持。區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)堑谝粋€(gè)價(jià)值型數(shù)字媒介,就像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是第一個(gè)信息數(shù)字媒介一樣。我們的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)需要一種數(shù)字原生資產(chǎn),可以用于支付、儲(chǔ)蓄和用于其他金融工具。該領(lǐng)域的下一批創(chuàng)業(yè)者應(yīng)該專注于創(chuàng)建簡(jiǎn)單易用的Web3應(yīng)用,吸引大量用戶,并且要解決更多的實(shí)際問(wèn)題,而不是晦澀難懂的交易應(yīng)用和神神秘秘的金融票據(jù)。開發(fā)普通人想要、需要和能夠理解的產(chǎn)品。

第三,打破對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)集中化公司的加密貨幣創(chuàng)業(yè)者的英雄崇拜?,F(xiàn)實(shí)情況是,F(xiàn)TX這樣的中介平臺(tái)不應(yīng)該主導(dǎo)整個(gè)行業(yè)。畢竟,Web3的吸引力在于其非許可性和去中心化,這意味著任何人可以在任何地方持有數(shù)字資產(chǎn),進(jìn)行點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)管理,并且對(duì)資產(chǎn)的治理?yè)碛邪l(fā)言權(quán)。比特幣(Bitcoin)最先實(shí)現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn),以太坊(Ethereum)和去中心化金融(DeFi)應(yīng)用則發(fā)揮了巨大的推動(dòng)作用。FTX確實(shí)提供了出色的用戶界面和體驗(yàn),但它應(yīng)該提高透明度、改善風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和加強(qiáng)治理。FTX這樣的公司作為進(jìn)入行業(yè)的通道,確實(shí)為這類資產(chǎn)以及整個(gè)Web3行業(yè)做出了貢獻(xiàn),并且能夠繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用。然而,進(jìn)入行業(yè)的通道不應(yīng)該定義整個(gè)行業(yè)。目前,幣安(Binance)的加密貨幣交易量占整個(gè)行業(yè)的一半。我們可以稱贊它能夠存活下來(lái),但這種程度的集中值得所有人警惕。

第四,我們需要支持希望利用公共區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)Web3的企業(yè)。許多大公司曾經(jīng)花費(fèi)數(shù)年時(shí)間,對(duì)許可鏈和其他封閉系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),現(xiàn)在都已經(jīng)改用以太坊和其他公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。雖然這些平臺(tái)未能提供價(jià)值,卻讓大公司順利接受了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)。現(xiàn)在,我們應(yīng)該開發(fā)更多的通道,讓大公司可以利用這些公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來(lái)進(jìn)行實(shí)際的商業(yè)應(yīng)用。非同質(zhì)化代幣(NFT)就是很好的起點(diǎn),它們能夠讓大公司對(duì)Web3有“清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)”,并為促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新開辟道路。Web3領(lǐng)域的企業(yè)創(chuàng)新可以令用戶和開發(fā)者受益,也能夠?yàn)橥顿Y者帶來(lái)回報(bào)。畢竟,如果有數(shù)百家公司使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù),它們可能也需要持有標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)來(lái)運(yùn)營(yíng)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),或者支付“汽油費(fèi)”等。

最后,我們必須承認(rèn),雖然自我托管對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)是Web3的特征,但卻是其他人采用Web3的巨大障礙。這意味著這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的用戶需要值得信任的服務(wù)提供商。并非所有人都可以直觀地理解Web3的技術(shù)工具,而且許多用戶在持有自己的資產(chǎn)時(shí)都會(huì)有合理的擔(dān)憂。Web3音樂(lè)平臺(tái)Audius的創(chuàng)始人羅尼爾·拉姆伯格最近對(duì)我表示,F(xiàn)TX的問(wèn)題應(yīng)該“促使人們投入更多時(shí)間/資源,改善完全自我身份、去中心化的數(shù)字資產(chǎn)管理工具的實(shí)用性”,但他承認(rèn),雖然“現(xiàn)在加密貨幣用戶能夠擁有自主身份,但這樣做的實(shí)用性門檻過(guò)高,許多主流用戶很難做到?!盬eb3創(chuàng)新者正在開發(fā)更易用的工具,但個(gè)人尤其是企業(yè)依舊需要值得信任的代理人和合作伙伴。我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)儲(chǔ)備金證明要求等行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、合理的法規(guī)和社會(huì)共識(shí)與合作,支持良性企業(yè)發(fā)展,換言之,我們應(yīng)該淘汰糟糕的企業(yè),支持敢對(duì)權(quán)力說(shuō)真話的企業(yè)。

Web3應(yīng)該使“太大而不能倒”的中介平臺(tái)邊緣化。FTX讓我們明白了比特幣的發(fā)明者中本聰(Satoshi Nakamoto)希望規(guī)避的情況:一個(gè)中心化組織,利用其影響力在監(jiān)管松散的市場(chǎng)承擔(dān)過(guò)多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。最終,付出最大代價(jià)的是散戶。我們需要走出這場(chǎng)危機(jī)的陰霾,作出新的承諾:我們不僅要基于開放協(xié)議開發(fā)安全、簡(jiǎn)單、去中心化的工具,還要集中監(jiān)管受管制的金融中介,無(wú)論它們使用哪種技術(shù)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文作者亞歷克斯·塔普斯科特(Alex Tapscott)是暢銷書《區(qū)塊鏈革命》(Blockchain Revolution)的作者之一,也是區(qū)塊鏈研究所(The Blockchain Research Institute)的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人和Ninepoint Digital Asset Group的董事總經(jīng)理。

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

FTX的破產(chǎn)給投資者和消費(fèi)者造成了數(shù)十億美元的損失,除此之外,這件事情還產(chǎn)生了另外一個(gè)深遠(yuǎn)影響,那就是加密貨幣行業(yè)失去了公眾的信任。為了應(yīng)對(duì)這種影響,創(chuàng)業(yè)者和其他從業(yè)者必須反思為什么會(huì)發(fā)生這種情況,以及我們應(yīng)該如何避免重蹈覆轍。我們必須努力淘汰肆無(wú)忌憚或者不負(fù)責(zé)任的從業(yè)者,同時(shí)繼續(xù)拓寬Web3的邊界。我從2015年進(jìn)入加密貨幣行業(yè)。我認(rèn)為要挖掘區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)的潛力,必須做到五件事情。

第一,我們需要能夠保護(hù)用戶和促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新的法律框架。目前通過(guò)執(zhí)法進(jìn)行監(jiān)管的現(xiàn)狀必須終結(jié)。1996年的《電信法案》(Telecommunication Act)為以負(fù)責(zé)任的方式發(fā)展創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造了條件,政策制定者和行業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者可以合作制定類似的法律。新規(guī)定必須區(qū)分技術(shù)和基于技術(shù)提供服務(wù)的公司。以互聯(lián)網(wǎng)為例,我們不會(huì)監(jiān)管網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)間協(xié)議或者超文本傳輸協(xié)議(即網(wǎng)絡(luò))。但我們會(huì)監(jiān)管PayPal等平臺(tái)、康卡斯特(Comcast)等互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商以及亞馬遜(Amazon)等利用這些協(xié)議的法人實(shí)體。對(duì)于FTX破產(chǎn)這樣的災(zāi)難,政策制定者必須了解問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵不在于去中心化,而是加密貨幣公司的中間環(huán)節(jié)過(guò)于集中,向公眾隱瞞了它們的決策和財(cái)務(wù)健康狀況。

第二,我們要牢記區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)為什么能夠具有顛覆性,并集中精力開發(fā)可以發(fā)揮區(qū)塊鏈優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品和解決方案:區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)谷魏稳嗽谌魏蔚胤蕉寄軌螯c(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)地轉(zhuǎn)移、存放和管理個(gè)人財(cái)富和資產(chǎn)。對(duì)于那些致力于為所有人開發(fā)更好的網(wǎng)頁(yè)和更包容的金融系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)業(yè)者,我們應(yīng)該大力支持。區(qū)塊鏈?zhǔn)堑谝粋€(gè)價(jià)值型數(shù)字媒介,就像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是第一個(gè)信息數(shù)字媒介一樣。我們的數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)需要一種數(shù)字原生資產(chǎn),可以用于支付、儲(chǔ)蓄和用于其他金融工具。該領(lǐng)域的下一批創(chuàng)業(yè)者應(yīng)該專注于創(chuàng)建簡(jiǎn)單易用的Web3應(yīng)用,吸引大量用戶,并且要解決更多的實(shí)際問(wèn)題,而不是晦澀難懂的交易應(yīng)用和神神秘秘的金融票據(jù)。開發(fā)普通人想要、需要和能夠理解的產(chǎn)品。

第三,打破對(duì)經(jīng)營(yíng)集中化公司的加密貨幣創(chuàng)業(yè)者的英雄崇拜?,F(xiàn)實(shí)情況是,F(xiàn)TX這樣的中介平臺(tái)不應(yīng)該主導(dǎo)整個(gè)行業(yè)。畢竟,Web3的吸引力在于其非許可性和去中心化,這意味著任何人可以在任何地方持有數(shù)字資產(chǎn),進(jìn)行點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)管理,并且對(duì)資產(chǎn)的治理?yè)碛邪l(fā)言權(quán)。比特幣(Bitcoin)最先實(shí)現(xiàn)了這一點(diǎn),以太坊(Ethereum)和去中心化金融(DeFi)應(yīng)用則發(fā)揮了巨大的推動(dòng)作用。FTX確實(shí)提供了出色的用戶界面和體驗(yàn),但它應(yīng)該提高透明度、改善風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理和加強(qiáng)治理。FTX這樣的公司作為進(jìn)入行業(yè)的通道,確實(shí)為這類資產(chǎn)以及整個(gè)Web3行業(yè)做出了貢獻(xiàn),并且能夠繼續(xù)發(fā)揮作用。然而,進(jìn)入行業(yè)的通道不應(yīng)該定義整個(gè)行業(yè)。目前,幣安(Binance)的加密貨幣交易量占整個(gè)行業(yè)的一半。我們可以稱贊它能夠存活下來(lái),但這種程度的集中值得所有人警惕。

第四,我們需要支持希望利用公共區(qū)塊鏈開發(fā)Web3的企業(yè)。許多大公司曾經(jīng)花費(fèi)數(shù)年時(shí)間,對(duì)許可鏈和其他封閉系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行修補(bǔ),現(xiàn)在都已經(jīng)改用以太坊和其他公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。雖然這些平臺(tái)未能提供價(jià)值,卻讓大公司順利接受了這項(xiàng)技術(shù)?,F(xiàn)在,我們應(yīng)該開發(fā)更多的通道,讓大公司可以利用這些公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施來(lái)進(jìn)行實(shí)際的商業(yè)應(yīng)用。非同質(zhì)化代幣(NFT)就是很好的起點(diǎn),它們能夠讓大公司對(duì)Web3有“清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)”,并為促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新開辟道路。Web3領(lǐng)域的企業(yè)創(chuàng)新可以令用戶和開發(fā)者受益,也能夠?yàn)橥顿Y者帶來(lái)回報(bào)。畢竟,如果有數(shù)百家公司使用這項(xiàng)技術(shù),它們可能也需要持有標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)來(lái)運(yùn)營(yíng)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn),或者支付“汽油費(fèi)”等。

最后,我們必須承認(rèn),雖然自我托管對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)是Web3的特征,但卻是其他人采用Web3的巨大障礙。這意味著這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的用戶需要值得信任的服務(wù)提供商。并非所有人都可以直觀地理解Web3的技術(shù)工具,而且許多用戶在持有自己的資產(chǎn)時(shí)都會(huì)有合理的擔(dān)憂。Web3音樂(lè)平臺(tái)Audius的創(chuàng)始人羅尼爾·拉姆伯格最近對(duì)我表示,F(xiàn)TX的問(wèn)題應(yīng)該“促使人們投入更多時(shí)間/資源,改善完全自我身份、去中心化的數(shù)字資產(chǎn)管理工具的實(shí)用性”,但他承認(rèn),雖然“現(xiàn)在加密貨幣用戶能夠擁有自主身份,但這樣做的實(shí)用性門檻過(guò)高,許多主流用戶很難做到?!盬eb3創(chuàng)新者正在開發(fā)更易用的工具,但個(gè)人尤其是企業(yè)依舊需要值得信任的代理人和合作伙伴。我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)儲(chǔ)備金證明要求等行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、合理的法規(guī)和社會(huì)共識(shí)與合作,支持良性企業(yè)發(fā)展,換言之,我們應(yīng)該淘汰糟糕的企業(yè),支持敢對(duì)權(quán)力說(shuō)真話的企業(yè)。

Web3應(yīng)該使“太大而不能倒”的中介平臺(tái)邊緣化。FTX讓我們明白了比特幣的發(fā)明者中本聰(Satoshi Nakamoto)希望規(guī)避的情況:一個(gè)中心化組織,利用其影響力在監(jiān)管松散的市場(chǎng)承擔(dān)過(guò)多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。最終,付出最大代價(jià)的是散戶。我們需要走出這場(chǎng)危機(jī)的陰霾,作出新的承諾:我們不僅要基于開放協(xié)議開發(fā)安全、簡(jiǎn)單、去中心化的工具,還要集中監(jiān)管受管制的金融中介,無(wú)論它們使用哪種技術(shù)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文作者亞歷克斯·塔普斯科特(Alex Tapscott)是暢銷書《區(qū)塊鏈革命》(Blockchain Revolution)的作者之一,也是區(qū)塊鏈研究所(The Blockchain Research Institute)的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人和Ninepoint Digital Asset Group的董事總經(jīng)理。

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

The implosion of FTX has led to billions of dollars of losses for investors and consumers but it also has an important long term implications: Loss of public trust in the crypto industry. In response, entrepreneurs and others must ask how this happened and what we can do to prevent it from happening again. We must commit ourselves to address unscrupulous or irresponsible actors while continuing to push the boundaries of Web3. I have been in this industry since 2015 and here are five things that must happen if blockchain technology is to reach its potential.

First, we need a legal framework that can protect users and still promote innovation. The status quo of regulation by enforcement must end. Policymakers and industry leaders can work together to come up with something akin to the 1996 Telecommunication Act, which created the conditions for innovation to thrive responsibly. Any new rules must distinguish between the technology and the companies that build services on top of it. Take cues from the Internet—we don’t regulate network time or hypertext transfer protocols (aka the web). Still, we do try to regulate platforms like PayPal, Internet service providers like Comcast and other corporate entities like Amazon that use those protocols. In the case of disasters like FTX, policy makers must understand the key issue is not decentralization but too much centralization in crypto corporate intermediaries that conceal their decision-making and financial health from the public.

Second, let’s keep in mind what makes blockchain technology disruptive and focus our efforts on building products and solutions that play to its strengths: that it enables anyone, anywhere to move, store and manage their wealth and assets peer to peer. Let’s support the entrepreneurs trying to build a better Web and a more inclusive financial system for everyone. Blockchains are the first digital medium for value, in the same way that the Internet was the first digital medium for information. Our digital economy needs a digital native asset class for payments, savings, and other financial tools. The next wave of entrepreneurs in this space should focus on building simple, accessible Web3 applications that appeal to a broad swath of the population and solve more real-world problems, instead of arcane trading apps and esoteric financial instruments. Build products that regular people want and need and can understand.

Third, let’s end the hero worship around crypto founders who run centralized companies. The reality is that middleware like FTX need not dominate the industry. After all, what makes Web3 so compelling is that it is permissionless and decentralized, meaning anyone, anywhere can own digital assets, manage them peer to peer, and have a say in their governance. Bitcoin was the first to make this possible, and Ethereum and DeFi applications have turbocharged it. To its credit, FTX offered a great user interface and experience, but it needed greater transparency, better risk management and stronger governance. Companies like FTX served and may continue to serve as important on-ramps to this asset class and the wider world of Web3. However, the on-ramps to an industry must not define the industry. Right now, Binance accounts for half of all cryptoasset volumes. We may sing its praises today for surviving, but concentration like this should worry everyone.

Fourth, we need to support enterprises who want to build in Web3 using public blockchains. Many big companies have spent years tinkering with permissioned blockchains and other closed systems and are ready to make the leap to Ethereum and other public infrastructure. Those platforms failed to deliver value, but they got those companies comfortable with the technology. Now, let’s build more onramps for them to use this public infrastructure for real-world commercial applications. NFTs are a good start as they can “red-pill” a big firm on Web3 and open the doors to further innovations. Web3 users and builders will benefit from more corporate innovation in this area, but so will investors – after all, if hundreds of companies are using this technology they’ll likely need to own the underlying asset too to run a node, pay for gas fees and so forth.

Finally, we must acknowledge that, while self-custody is a feature for some, it is a significant impediment to Web3 adoption for others. That means users still need trusted service providers in this space. The technology tools of Web3 are not intuitive to everyone, and many users have a justified apprehension when it comes to holding their own assets. Roneil Rumburg, Founder of Web3 music platform Audius recently told me the FTX issue should “l(fā)ead to more time/resources spent towards improving the usability of fully self-sovereign, decentralized tooling for managing digital assets,” though he acknowledges that while “it’s possible to be a self-sovereign crypto user today, the usability bar for doing so is still so high that it’s out of reach for many mainstream users.” Web3 innovators are making more accessible tools, but individuals and businesses especially will still need trusted agents and partners. Let’s support good actors through industry standards like proof-of-reserve requirements, sensible regulations, and social consensus and collaboration—in other words, call out bad actors when they appear and support those who speak truth to power.

Web3 was supposed to make “too-big to fail” intermediaries irrelevant. With FTX, we got exactly what Bitcoin’s creator Satoshi Nakamoto sought to route around: a centralized organization that used its clout to take excessive risks in a loosely regulated market. In the end, retail paid the heaviest toll. We need to emerge from this crisis with a renewed commitment not only to building safe, simple, decentralized tools on open protocols but also to regulating centrally controlled financial intermediaries, no matter what technology they use.

Alex Tapscott is a the co-author of the bestselling Blockchain Revolution, co-founder of The Blockchain Research Institute and managing director of The Ninepoint Digital Asset Group.

財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)所刊載內(nèi)容之知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為財(cái)富媒體知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)有限公司及/或相關(guān)權(quán)利人專屬所有或持有。未經(jīng)許可,禁止進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)載、摘編、復(fù)制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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