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是否應(yīng)該用AI取代人工?管理者的立場(chǎng)不一

CHLOE BERGER
2024-04-03

老板們正在醞釀裁員,考慮用人工智能取代人類員工。

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圖片來源:LAURENCE DUTTON—GETTY IMAGES

自去年春天人工智能熱興起以來,已經(jīng)過去了近一年時(shí)間,這讓人們回想起荷蘭黃金時(shí)代的“郁金香狂熱”,這是人類經(jīng)濟(jì)歷史上最臭名昭著的金融泡沫案例之一。ChatGPT會(huì)像綻放的鮮花一樣大放光彩,并影響人們的就業(yè),還是會(huì)像歷史上凋零的郁金香一樣走向衰落?

雖然對(duì)于人工智能會(huì)取代還是增強(qiáng)人類的工作,人們眾說紛紜,但有一點(diǎn)正在變得日益明朗:管理者開始將這些創(chuàng)新,與處于弱勢(shì)地位的上班族對(duì)立起來。

一個(gè)顯而易見的例子就是IBM。自今年年初以來,IBM的股價(jià)暴漲了近17%,這在一定程度上要?dú)w功于該公司采用了人工智能。IBM CEO阿爾溫德·克里希納坦言,IBM的許多職位將部分或全部被人工智能取代。他甚至在去年4月的一篇《財(cái)富》評(píng)論文章中表示,他曾用人工智能將相對(duì)需要人工操作的人力資源相關(guān)工作的員工人數(shù),從700人減少到約50人,使公司可以專注于其他事務(wù)。

但克里希納對(duì)于這個(gè)話題的態(tài)度并不確定,他曾說有些崗位將被人工智能取代,后來他改口稱人工智能創(chuàng)造的工作崗位將多于被它淘汰的崗位數(shù)量。總之,決策者最終會(huì)如何對(duì)待和執(zhí)行人工智能,目前尚無定論。

然而,一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模調(diào)查顯示,老板們正在考慮效仿IBM。軟件公司beautiful.ai對(duì)3,000名管理者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),多達(dá)41%的管理者表示,今年計(jì)劃用成本更低的人工智能產(chǎn)品取代員工。

這份報(bào)告的出爐,正值上班族的憤怒和不安情緒高漲的時(shí)候。BambooHR的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,自疫情爆發(fā)以來,上班族從未對(duì)自己的工作有如此糟糕的感受。在最近的蓋洛普誠實(shí)與道德(Gallup Honesty and Ethics)調(diào)查中,許多美國人難以維持生計(jì),對(duì)工作變得不滿,并且對(duì)幾乎所有職業(yè)都喪失了信心。

最近,美國的工資漲幅跑贏了通脹,但經(jīng)過多年波動(dòng)之后,許多家庭并沒有感覺到這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)直接影響了他們的收入。隨著全美汽車工人聯(lián)合會(huì)(UAW)的成功和對(duì)工會(huì)的財(cái)務(wù)影響的研究出爐,最近工會(huì)的受歡迎程度飆升,但工會(huì)會(huì)員人數(shù)經(jīng)過數(shù)十年下降之后,目前仍處于歷史最低水平。在“火爆的夏季就業(yè)市場(chǎng)”,爭(zhēng)取更高薪酬和足以維持基本生活的工資的趨勢(shì)變得非常明顯,過去一年罷工活動(dòng)增加了280%。

但對(duì)于要加薪還是雇傭機(jī)器人這個(gè)問題,一些管理者似乎變得猶豫不決。在最新研究中,約有一半(48%)管理者表示,他們的公司通過用工具取代大量人類工作者,將從中獲利。45%的管理者表示,他們認(rèn)為這些創(chuàng)新是一次“降低員工工資的機(jī)會(huì),因?yàn)楣拘枰偃肆ぷ鳌薄?/p>

面對(duì)人工智能的飛速發(fā)展,管理者會(huì)積極應(yīng)用,還是選擇觀望?

當(dāng)然,2023年人工智能開始飛速發(fā)展,曾經(jīng)引起了人們的疑慮。但人工智能技術(shù)的快速完善和進(jìn)化,讓許多人改變了立場(chǎng)。據(jù)路透社/Ipsos調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),有61%的美國人認(rèn)為新產(chǎn)品可能威脅人類文明。

在過去一年,隨著人們對(duì)于人工智能的本能反應(yīng)消失,關(guān)于人工智能的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)出現(xiàn)了許多新理論。一種流行的觀點(diǎn)是:“不,人工智能不會(huì)取代你,取代你的是更善于使用人工智能的人類。”有人認(rèn)為,失業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)取決于行業(yè)、資歷或者工作地點(diǎn)等因素。初級(jí)員工本身就處于弱勢(shì)地位,這個(gè)群體最擔(dān)心被人工智能搶走工作。許多員工希望深入了解他們所恐懼的“野獸”(即所謂的“魔鬼”或者生成式人工智能)。咨詢公司奧緯咨詢(Oliver Wyman)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),有79%的受訪者表示希望接受該領(lǐng)域的培訓(xùn)。

請(qǐng)參考從彭博觀點(diǎn)(Bloomberg Opinion)離職后創(chuàng)建了Substack欄目的知名經(jīng)濟(jì)作家諾阿·史密斯,以及任職于斯坦福大學(xué)(Stanford)和哈佛大學(xué)(Harvard)(以及彭博觀點(diǎn))的蘇格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)歷史學(xué)家尼爾·弗格森等人的觀點(diǎn)。兩人最近上演了一場(chǎng)悲觀主義者與加速論者之間的辯論。

史密斯在他的時(shí)事通訊欄目Substack中寫道:“在人工智能主導(dǎo)的時(shí)代,普通人類極有可能找到許多高薪崗位,可能是與現(xiàn)在一樣的崗位?!薄都~約時(shí)報(bào)》的皮特·考伊采訪的許多著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)此意見不一。其中,弗格森潑了一盆冷水。他表示:“……最近自動(dòng)化和國際貿(mào)易沖擊勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的證據(jù)表明,人工智能的負(fù)面影響將集中于某些地點(diǎn)和人口,在受影響最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū),勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)很難順利適應(yīng)變化。”

盡管投資者向人工智能領(lǐng)域投入數(shù)十億美元,而且人們將該領(lǐng)域與上世紀(jì)90年代中期或末期的股票市場(chǎng)相提并論,但《金融時(shí)報(bào)》的拉納·弗洛哈爾警告,我們可能有些急于求成。她告誡我們?nèi)斯ぶ悄芨淖兪澜?、顛覆就業(yè)市場(chǎng)或提升工作效率是“不可避免的”,但我們?nèi)蕴幵趧?chuàng)新的早期階段,人工智能的發(fā)展需要數(shù)十年時(shí)間,當(dāng)然泡沫可能很快破滅。

從專家們五花八門的預(yù)測(cè)中可以看出,我們目前進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域,或者面臨一種不穩(wěn)定的局面。這意味著管理者可能沒有他們想要的人工智能,用來阻止?jié)撛诘膯T工反抗(如果這是他們的目的)。而且即使有人工智能可用,管理者最好還是關(guān)心一下自己的工作崗位。身處高位的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者可能更容易受到人工智能普及的沖擊,只是他們的工作性質(zhì)是制定管理決策,因此這可能讓他們不會(huì)真正受到影響。48%的管理者預(yù)測(cè)今年人工智能工具會(huì)影響他們的工資,而且會(huì)導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力工資整體下降。甚至有更多(50%)管理者擔(dān)心,他們的管理崗位薪酬會(huì)因?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄芏陆怠?/p>

但大多數(shù)管理者實(shí)際上并沒有將所有員工更換為機(jī)器人的計(jì)劃。有66%的管理者計(jì)劃利用人工智能工具提高員工的工作效率。只有12%的老板表示,將利用人工智能進(jìn)行裁員,或者減少員工支出。因此,管理者們目前或許是在虛張聲勢(shì),或者只是在權(quán)衡自己的選擇。

據(jù)TechCrunch報(bào)道,IBM首席商務(wù)官羅伯·托馬斯在一次會(huì)議上表示:“人工智能可能不會(huì)取代管理者,但精通人工智能的管理者會(huì)取代那些不會(huì)使用人工智能的管理者。它確實(shí)會(huì)改變?nèi)藗兊墓ぷ鞣绞??!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

自去年春天人工智能熱興起以來,已經(jīng)過去了近一年時(shí)間,這讓人們回想起荷蘭黃金時(shí)代的“郁金香狂熱”,這是人類經(jīng)濟(jì)歷史上最臭名昭著的金融泡沫案例之一。ChatGPT會(huì)像綻放的鮮花一樣大放光彩,并影響人們的就業(yè),還是會(huì)像歷史上凋零的郁金香一樣走向衰落?

雖然對(duì)于人工智能會(huì)取代還是增強(qiáng)人類的工作,人們眾說紛紜,但有一點(diǎn)正在變得日益明朗:管理者開始將這些創(chuàng)新,與處于弱勢(shì)地位的上班族對(duì)立起來。

一個(gè)顯而易見的例子就是IBM。自今年年初以來,IBM的股價(jià)暴漲了近17%,這在一定程度上要?dú)w功于該公司采用了人工智能。IBM CEO阿爾溫德·克里希納坦言,IBM的許多職位將部分或全部被人工智能取代。他甚至在去年4月的一篇《財(cái)富》評(píng)論文章中表示,他曾用人工智能將相對(duì)需要人工操作的人力資源相關(guān)工作的員工人數(shù),從700人減少到約50人,使公司可以專注于其他事務(wù)。

但克里希納對(duì)于這個(gè)話題的態(tài)度并不確定,他曾說有些崗位將被人工智能取代,后來他改口稱人工智能創(chuàng)造的工作崗位將多于被它淘汰的崗位數(shù)量??傊?,決策者最終會(huì)如何對(duì)待和執(zhí)行人工智能,目前尚無定論。

然而,一項(xiàng)大規(guī)模調(diào)查顯示,老板們正在考慮效仿IBM。軟件公司beautiful.ai對(duì)3,000名管理者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),多達(dá)41%的管理者表示,今年計(jì)劃用成本更低的人工智能產(chǎn)品取代員工。

這份報(bào)告的出爐,正值上班族的憤怒和不安情緒高漲的時(shí)候。BambooHR的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,自疫情爆發(fā)以來,上班族從未對(duì)自己的工作有如此糟糕的感受。在最近的蓋洛普誠實(shí)與道德(Gallup Honesty and Ethics)調(diào)查中,許多美國人難以維持生計(jì),對(duì)工作變得不滿,并且對(duì)幾乎所有職業(yè)都喪失了信心。

最近,美國的工資漲幅跑贏了通脹,但經(jīng)過多年波動(dòng)之后,許多家庭并沒有感覺到這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)直接影響了他們的收入。隨著全美汽車工人聯(lián)合會(huì)(UAW)的成功和對(duì)工會(huì)的財(cái)務(wù)影響的研究出爐,最近工會(huì)的受歡迎程度飆升,但工會(huì)會(huì)員人數(shù)經(jīng)過數(shù)十年下降之后,目前仍處于歷史最低水平。在“火爆的夏季就業(yè)市場(chǎng)”,爭(zhēng)取更高薪酬和足以維持基本生活的工資的趨勢(shì)變得非常明顯,過去一年罷工活動(dòng)增加了280%。

但對(duì)于要加薪還是雇傭機(jī)器人這個(gè)問題,一些管理者似乎變得猶豫不決。在最新研究中,約有一半(48%)管理者表示,他們的公司通過用工具取代大量人類工作者,將從中獲利。45%的管理者表示,他們認(rèn)為這些創(chuàng)新是一次“降低員工工資的機(jī)會(huì),因?yàn)楣拘枰偃肆ぷ鳌薄?/p>

面對(duì)人工智能的飛速發(fā)展,管理者會(huì)積極應(yīng)用,還是選擇觀望?

當(dāng)然,2023年人工智能開始飛速發(fā)展,曾經(jīng)引起了人們的疑慮。但人工智能技術(shù)的快速完善和進(jìn)化,讓許多人改變了立場(chǎng)。據(jù)路透社/Ipsos調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),有61%的美國人認(rèn)為新產(chǎn)品可能威脅人類文明。

在過去一年,隨著人們對(duì)于人工智能的本能反應(yīng)消失,關(guān)于人工智能的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)出現(xiàn)了許多新理論。一種流行的觀點(diǎn)是:“不,人工智能不會(huì)取代你,取代你的是更善于使用人工智能的人類。”有人認(rèn)為,失業(yè)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)取決于行業(yè)、資歷或者工作地點(diǎn)等因素。初級(jí)員工本身就處于弱勢(shì)地位,這個(gè)群體最擔(dān)心被人工智能搶走工作。許多員工希望深入了解他們所恐懼的“野獸”(即所謂的“魔鬼”或者生成式人工智能)。咨詢公司奧緯咨詢(Oliver Wyman)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn),有79%的受訪者表示希望接受該領(lǐng)域的培訓(xùn)。

請(qǐng)參考從彭博觀點(diǎn)(Bloomberg Opinion)離職后創(chuàng)建了Substack欄目的知名經(jīng)濟(jì)作家諾阿·史密斯,以及任職于斯坦福大學(xué)(Stanford)和哈佛大學(xué)(Harvard)(以及彭博觀點(diǎn))的蘇格蘭經(jīng)濟(jì)歷史學(xué)家尼爾·弗格森等人的觀點(diǎn)。兩人最近上演了一場(chǎng)悲觀主義者與加速論者之間的辯論。

史密斯在他的時(shí)事通訊欄目Substack中寫道:“在人工智能主導(dǎo)的時(shí)代,普通人類極有可能找到許多高薪崗位,可能是與現(xiàn)在一樣的崗位?!薄都~約時(shí)報(bào)》的皮特·考伊采訪的許多著名經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)此意見不一。其中,弗格森潑了一盆冷水。他表示:“……最近自動(dòng)化和國際貿(mào)易沖擊勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)的證據(jù)表明,人工智能的負(fù)面影響將集中于某些地點(diǎn)和人口,在受影響最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū),勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)很難順利適應(yīng)變化。”

盡管投資者向人工智能領(lǐng)域投入數(shù)十億美元,而且人們將該領(lǐng)域與上世紀(jì)90年代中期或末期的股票市場(chǎng)相提并論,但《金融時(shí)報(bào)》的拉納·弗洛哈爾警告,我們可能有些急于求成。她告誡我們?nèi)斯ぶ悄芨淖兪澜?、顛覆就業(yè)市場(chǎng)或提升工作效率是“不可避免的”,但我們?nèi)蕴幵趧?chuàng)新的早期階段,人工智能的發(fā)展需要數(shù)十年時(shí)間,當(dāng)然泡沫可能很快破滅。

從專家們五花八門的預(yù)測(cè)中可以看出,我們目前進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新領(lǐng)域,或者面臨一種不穩(wěn)定的局面。這意味著管理者可能沒有他們想要的人工智能,用來阻止?jié)撛诘膯T工反抗(如果這是他們的目的)。而且即使有人工智能可用,管理者最好還是關(guān)心一下自己的工作崗位。身處高位的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者可能更容易受到人工智能普及的沖擊,只是他們的工作性質(zhì)是制定管理決策,因此這可能讓他們不會(huì)真正受到影響。48%的管理者預(yù)測(cè)今年人工智能工具會(huì)影響他們的工資,而且會(huì)導(dǎo)致勞動(dòng)力工資整體下降。甚至有更多(50%)管理者擔(dān)心,他們的管理崗位薪酬會(huì)因?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄芏陆怠?/p>

但大多數(shù)管理者實(shí)際上并沒有將所有員工更換為機(jī)器人的計(jì)劃。有66%的管理者計(jì)劃利用人工智能工具提高員工的工作效率。只有12%的老板表示,將利用人工智能進(jìn)行裁員,或者減少員工支出。因此,管理者們目前或許是在虛張聲勢(shì),或者只是在權(quán)衡自己的選擇。

據(jù)TechCrunch報(bào)道,IBM首席商務(wù)官羅伯·托馬斯在一次會(huì)議上表示:“人工智能可能不會(huì)取代管理者,但精通人工智能的管理者會(huì)取代那些不會(huì)使用人工智能的管理者。它確實(shí)會(huì)改變?nèi)藗兊墓ぷ鞣绞健!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

翻譯:劉進(jìn)龍

審校:汪皓

It’s been almost a year since AI’s bloom last spring, recalling another flowering: The “tulip mania” of the Dutch Golden Age, one of the most infamous examples of a financial bubble in economic history. But will ChatGPT blossom, with ramifications for any worker’s job, or will it wither as the petals fall off the proverbial plant?

Even if people are mixed on whether AI will take your job or enhance it, one thing is becoming clear: Managers are starting to pit these innovations against disenfranchised workers.

Look no further than IBM, whose shares have soared by nearly 17% since the beginning of the year—a boon attributed in part to the company’s adoption of AI. IBM CEO Arvind Krishna has been open about the fact that many jobs at IBM can be partially or completely replaced by AI, even writing in an April commentary piece for Fortune that he had used AI to reduce the number of employees working on relatively manual HR-related work to about 50 from 700 previously, which allowed the company to focus on other things.

But Krishna is a bit mixed on the topic, having flip-flopped from saying certain roles would be replaced by AI to declaring that AI will generate more jobs than it eliminates. That’s all to say, the jury is out on how the decision-makers will eventually greet and implement AI.

However, bosses are considering following IBM’s lead, a massive survey suggests: A whopping 41% of managers say they’re hoping to replace workers with cheaper AI products this year, according to a survey of 3,000 managers by software company beautiful.ai.

The report comes amid a groundswell of worker rage and instability. Employees haven’t felt this poorly about their jobs since this pandemic first hit, according to a survey from BambooHR. Struggling to make ends meet, many Americans have turned sour on the workforce and reported a loss in faith in almost every profession in the most recent Gallup Honesty and Ethics poll.

Wage growth has recently outpaced inflation, though after years of volatility it makes sense that many households aren’t feeling that data necessarily hit their wallets. While union popularity recently surged (amid UAW success stories and research regarding the financial impact of a union), membership is still at a record low after decades of decline. The struggle for greater pay and a livable wage is evident in the “hot labor summer,” as strike activity increased by 280% in just this past year.

But it seems as if some managers’ heads are being turned when the question becomes whether to give out a raise or hire a robot. In the new survey, almost half of managers (48%) reported that their companies would profit from replacing swaths of human workers with tools. And 45% said they saw these innovations as a chance to “l(fā)ower salaries of employees because less human-powered work is needed.”

Are managers going sci-fi, or bystanders to the AI surge?

Of course there was a wave of paranoia when AI first began to go through its growth spurt in 2023. Rapid improvement and evolution caused many to shift in their seats as 61% of Americans believed new products could threaten civilization, per a Reuters/Ipsos survey.

As knee-jerk reactions to AI faded over the course of the year, new theories cropped up about AI’s trajectory. “No, it won’t replace you, but a human who could use AI better than you might,” became a popular take. Some suggested your danger of losing a job depending on your sector, level of seniority, or location of work. And junior workers, by nature of vulnerability, reported the greatest fear of losing their jobs to AI. Many employees look to learn more about the beast they fear (it’s the devil—or generative AI—you know), as 79% reported they wanted training in the area to consulting firm Oliver Wyman.

Consider Noah Smith, the influential economic writer who left his perch at Bloomberg Opinion to launch his own Substack, and Niall Ferguson, the Scottish economic historian who has held perches at Stanford and Harvard (as well as Bloomberg Opinion). They recently weighed in with their versions of the doomer vs. accelerationist debate.

“It’s very possible that regular humans will have plentiful, high-paying jobs in the age of A.I. dominance—often doing much the same kind of work that they’re doing right now,” Smith wrote on his Substack, prompting agreement and debate from a range of leading economists who talked to the New York Times’ Peter Coy. Ferguson had cold water to throw on this, saying, “…recent evidence about labor market shocks from automation and international trade suggests that the negative impacts of AI will be geographically and demographically concentrated, and labor markets in the hardest-hit places will not adapt smoothly.”

Even so, after investors have poured billions into AI, triggering comparisons to the stock market of the mid- or late-90s, Rana Foroohar of the Financial Times cautions we might be getting ahead of ourselves. Cautioning against the “inevitability” of AI changing the world, upending our jobs, or boosting productivity, she warns we are still at the early stage of innovation, and this will take decades to play out—and, of course, that the bubble could soon burst.

We’re in new territory, or shaky ground, if you take the experts’ mixed predictions for it. It all means managers likely don’t have the AI leverage they think they do to quash a potential worker uprising (if that’s what they wanted). And even if they did, managers might be better off worrying for their own roles. Those at the top might be more exposed to AI invasion, though by nature of making executive decisions are likely shielded from true vulnerability. And 48% of managers posited that AI tools were a threat to their salaries and will lead to wage declines throughout the workforce this year. Even more (50%) reported fear their management position would experience a dock in pay related to AI.

But most managers aren’t actually looking to have a fully robotic workforce. Rather, 66% of managers are looking to use AI tools to enhance their employees’ productivity. Only 12% of bosses said they’re using AI with the purpose of downsizing or spending less on their workforce. So managers might be bluffing or simply weighing their options right now.

“AI may not replace managers, but the managers that use AI will replace the managers that do not,” IBM’s chief commercial officer Rob Thomas said in a conference, according to TechCrunch. “It really does change how people work.”

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