深夜脫口秀節(jié)目主持人吉米?坎摩爾出人意料地參與了醫(yī)療保健論戰(zhàn)——去年5月他聲淚俱下地講述了自己剛剛出生的兒子患罕見疾病的詳細情況，他呼吁就醫(yī)療保健政策展開更有愛的對話，特別是和先天疾病有關(guān)的政策。

路易斯安那州共和黨參議員比爾?卡西迪覺得這個片段表演成分居多，以至于他公開戲稱，共和黨發(fā)起的所有旨在推翻奧巴馬醫(yī)改的提案都應(yīng)通過針對美國先天性疾病患者的“吉米?坎摩爾測試”。在卡西迪參與起草的新《格拉漢姆-卡西迪法案》對這些保護措施提出了質(zhì)疑后，坎摩爾則“化身”為一名醫(yī)療保健專家，憤怒地再次投入論戰(zhàn)之中。

昨天，坎摩爾發(fā)布了針對此項法案的七分鐘闡述，稱“它絕對不會通過[吉米?坎摩爾]測試”。最后，坎摩爾直截了當?shù)睾粲跞藗儾扇⌒袆樱骸敖o你們的參議員打電話，告訴他們別破壞美國醫(yī)療保健制度，這比以往任何時候都要重要。”此言博得眾人喝彩。

雖然坎摩爾或許不太可能是政策專家，但長期以來名人一直在影響消費者就自身健康做出決定的過程，而且經(jīng)常很巧妙地利用自己的名氣來鼓勵人們采取行動。

以下五位名人都曾影響過公眾對于健康問題的探討，有時會產(chǎn)生有利影響，有時么……嗯，還是請大家自己看吧。

查理?辛宣布自己感染艾滋病毒

這位備受爭議的演員2015年宣布自己感染艾滋病毒后，爭相進行艾滋病毒測試的人數(shù)創(chuàng)下了歷史記錄?！禤revention Science》雜志刊登的研究報告對“查理?辛效應(yīng)”進行了驗證。報告聯(lián)名作者約翰?艾爾斯說，辛公布的消息產(chǎn)生了不可否認的影響。艾爾斯對CNN表示：“我們的新研究表明，辛披露的這件事不光促使人們?nèi)ニ褜ぐ填A(yù)防信息，與此同時，艾滋病毒家庭自助快速檢測試劑的銷量也達到了創(chuàng)紀錄的水平?！?

安吉麗娜?朱莉披露自己有可能患乳腺癌和卵巢癌

朱莉攜帶有乳腺癌1號基因，這讓她患上乳腺癌和卵巢癌的幾率分別為87%和50%。在一系列專欄文章中，朱莉坦言得知此事為自己的健康選擇提供了重要信息。。當醫(yī)生告訴她有理由相信她處于癌癥早期階段時，朱莉在2015年選擇進行了乳腺、卵巢和輸卵管切除術(shù)。她透露的這些情況引發(fā)了針對癌癥篩查和預(yù)防性乳腺切除術(shù)的重要討論。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，朱莉公布自己的決定以來，高風險人士進行基因變異篩查的數(shù)量出現(xiàn)了急劇增長。

哈利王子袒露心理健康問題

雖然猜測英國王室單身族哈利王子的感情生活挺有意思，但哈利本人在今年早些時候引發(fā)了一場截然不同的探討——他開誠布公地透露了母親戴安娜王妃去世后自己出現(xiàn)精神問題的經(jīng)歷。哈利王子說，尋求職業(yè)發(fā)展的決定救了他。他對《電訊報》表示：“很多次我都幾乎要徹底崩潰了?！弊鳛槿珖跃窠】祵υ捇顒拥囊徊糠郑踝訉⑦@些事公諸于眾后，尋求精神健康評估和服務(wù)的人數(shù)創(chuàng)下了歷史記錄。哈利王子坦誠了自己的情況后，英國主要心理健康組織Mind在一周內(nèi)接到的電話增加了38%。

詹妮?麥卡錫的“反疫苗”態(tài)度惹麻煩

截至2015年1月底，美國的年度麻疹發(fā)病率超過了正常水平。這下麻煩大了，因為美國已經(jīng)在2000年宣布根除了這種疾病。大部分患病者的感染源都可追蹤至迪士尼樂園發(fā)現(xiàn)的一起病例；研究者后來發(fā)現(xiàn)，出現(xiàn)這種情況的主要原因是“拒絕接種疫苗”。大多數(shù)人都把女演員詹妮?麥卡錫視為反疫苗運動的代表人物，這一運動源于一項不那么可信的研究，該研究認為接種麻疹/腮腺炎/風疹疫苗會讓人患上孤獨癥。讓我們明確一點，那就是研究者已經(jīng)證實，二者并不存在這樣的關(guān)聯(lián)，但這并沒能阻止反疫苗活動者在逾10年時間里嚇唬人父人母。

格溫妮斯?帕特洛的養(yǎng)生大師地位并不明確

獲得奧斯卡金像獎的女演員格溫妮斯?帕特洛憑借自己的名氣創(chuàng)立了Goop——一個以提供現(xiàn)代健康生活方式內(nèi)容和建議為主的時尚生活品牌。但最近，Goop的養(yǎng)生建議遭到了批評。今年8月，消費者保護組織Truth in Advertising指出，它發(fā)現(xiàn)“Goop明確或隱晦地表示自己的產(chǎn)品（或其推廣的產(chǎn)品）可治療、治愈、防止或減輕多種疾病癥狀，或者降低多種疾病風險的情況出現(xiàn)過50次”。這些問題產(chǎn)品中包括人們在Goop訂購的營養(yǎng)品和據(jù)說可以緩解焦慮健身貼紙，。早在爭議發(fā)生前，Goop就在兜售可疑的養(yǎng)生建議。比如，該公司曾推薦過清潔子宮的蒸汽療法。Goop網(wǎng)站還銷售過昂貴的玉蛋，稱將其放進陰道內(nèi)可“提高陰道肌肉彈性、改善體內(nèi)激素平衡并增強女性能量”?！度A盛頓郵報》報道，這款66美元的產(chǎn)品銷售一空，但舊金山凱撒醫(yī)療集團婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生珍?岡特博士對該報表示，這整件事完全是“一堆垃圾”。 （財富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：Charlie

審稿: 夏林

Late night talk show host Jimmy Kimmel has become the surprising face of the health care debate after he tearfully shared the details of his newborn son's rare health condition last May, calling for a more humane conversation around health care policy, specifically as it relates to pre-existing conditions.

Sen. Bill Cassidy (R-LA) found the segment so moving, he publicly stated that any Republican-sponsored Obamacare repeal bill should pass the "Jimmy Kimmel test" for Americans with pre-existing medical conditions. After the new "Graham-Cassidy" bill, co-sponsored by Cassidy, called those protections into question, Kimmel angrily jumped back into the fray, turning himself into a health care expert in the process.

Yesterday, he published a seven-minute explainer on the legislation, declaring that the “bill most definitely does not pass [the Jimmy Kimmel] test.” He ended with a literal call to action. “It’s more important than ever to call your senators and tell them not to gut American health care,” he said to wide applause.

While Kimmel may be an unlikely policy expert, celebrities have long influenced how consumers make decisions regarding their health, often expertly leveraging their fame to encourage people to take action.

Below, five recent celebrities who have shaped the public conversation around health issues, sometimes for the better and sometimes...well, you'll see.

Charlie Sheen announces he is HIV positive

After the controversial actor announced he was HIV-positive in 2015, a record number of people scrambled to get tested and learn their status. The “Charlie Sheen Effect” was verified by a study published in the journal Prevention Science. John Ayers, who co-authored the study, said Sheen's disclosure had an undeniable impact. “Our new study shows not only did Sheen's disclosure lead people to seek information about HIV prevention, it also corresponded with record levels of at-home rapid HIV testing sales," he told CNN.

Angelina Jolie reveals her risk for breast and ovarian cancer

In a frank series of op-eds, Jolie opened up how learning she carried the BRCA1 mutation, which she said gave her an 87% risk of developing breast cancer and a 50% risk of developing ovarian cancer, informed her health choices. After her doctors told her there was reason to believe she had an early form of the disease, Jolie opted for surgery in 2015 to remove her breasts, ovaries and fallopian tubes. Her disclosure opened up an important debate about screening and prophylactic mastectomy. Since Jolie went public with her decision, studies have found a dramatic uptick in high-risk patient screenings for the genetic mutation.

Prince Harry opens up about his mental health

While it's fun to speculate on the love life of the bachelor royal, Prince Harry inspired a different conversation earlier this year when he spoke candidly about his struggles with mental health following the death of his mother, Princess Diana. His decision to seek professional, he says, helped saved him. “I was very close to a complete breakdown on numerous occasions,” he told The Telegraph. Following Harry's disclosure, which was part of a “national conversation about mental health,” a record number of people reached out for mental health evaluations and services. Mind, Britain’s leading mental health organization had a 38% increase in calls the first week after Harry’s candid revelation.

Jenny McCarthy’s “anti-vaccine” stance becomes part of a troubling trend

By the end January of 2015, the U.S. had logged more measles cases than the country typically sees in a year. This was particularly troubling, as the disease had been declared eradicated in 2000. The bulk of the infections could be traced back to an outbreak in Disneyland; Researchers later determined that “vaccine refusal” was primarily to blame. Actress Jenny McCarthy is largely viewed as the celebrity face of the anti-vaccine movement, which spawned from a now discredited study that linked the MMR (measles/mumps/rubella) vaccine to autism. Let's be clear: researchers have confirmed that such a connection does not exist, but that hasn't stopped anti-vaccine activists from frightening parents for more than a decade.

Gwyneth Paltrow's status as a wellness guru is unclear

The Academy-award winning actress has used her fame to launch Goop, a lifestyle brand that offers New Age-y, mostly benign content and advice. Recently, however, Goop's wellness claims have come under fire. This August, Truth in Advertising (TINA) announced that it found "50 instances in which the company claims, either expressly or implicitly, that its products (or those it promotes) can treat, cure, prevent, alleviate the symptoms of, or reduce the risk of developing a number of ailments.” Subscription-based supplements and stickers that claim to reduce anxiety were among the problematic products. Long before the controversy hit, Goop was peddling questionable health advice. For example, the company recommended a procedure known as “vaginal steaming" that promised to “cleanse your uterus.” The site also sells expensive jade eggs that, when inserted into your vagina, are supposed to “increase vaginal muscle tone, hormonal balance, and feminine energy in general.” The $66 item sold out, according to The Washington Post, though Dr. Jen Gunter, an OB/GYN for Kaiser Permanente in San Francisco, told the Post the whole thing was “the biggest load of garbage.”