2024年《世界幸福報(bào)告》(World Happiness Report.)顯示,芬蘭是世界上最幸福的國(guó)家。不過,專家們認(rèn)為,無(wú)論你身在何處,都能找到方法提升幸福感,并不需要飄洋過海、遠(yuǎn)赴異國(guó)。
“幸福是一種習(xí)慣,” Happy Things創(chuàng)始人、首席執(zhí)行官塔利婭·蘇恩說。為幫助人們?cè)谌粘;顒?dòng)中養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣,提升幸福感,她創(chuàng)辦了Happy Things平臺(tái)。
蘇恩坦言,對(duì)她而言,幸福感并非輕易可得。而她哥哥的幸?;€(baseline of happiness)比她還要高。當(dāng)注意到這種差異時(shí),她決定根據(jù)幸福背后的科學(xué)原理開發(fā)一款應(yīng)用程序,改善自己的生活。
“很多人認(rèn)為幸福是不切實(shí)際的,遙不可及、難以把握,”她說,“我們的目標(biāo)是找到切實(shí)可行、易于掌握的方法讓自己更幸福?!?/p>
許多專家認(rèn)為,人們可以通過一些具體方法來獲得幸福,且不受生活環(huán)境的影響。讓我們看看專家們所說的幸福人士通常是怎么做的。
1. 培養(yǎng)積極的心態(tài)
心理學(xué)教授索尼婭·柳博米爾斯基將幸福定義為“對(duì)快樂、滿足或積極幸福的體驗(yàn),以及體驗(yàn)到生活是美好的,有意義的且有價(jià)值的”。 蘇恩對(duì)此表示認(rèn)同。
蘇恩認(rèn)為,在生活中尋找小確幸也有其意義。
“這確實(shí)是真的,關(guān)鍵在于我們要主動(dòng)將這些小確幸融入到日常生活中,而不是坐等它們出現(xiàn),” 她說。
積極培養(yǎng)幸福感的一個(gè)方法是開始寫感恩日記。專家稱,生活中的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴都能成為快樂的源泉,而冥想練習(xí)則能幫助人們認(rèn)識(shí)到并沉浸其中。
此外,保持積極的心態(tài)也被證實(shí)能夠提升幸福感。
蘇恩說:“我們傾向于關(guān)注負(fù)面情緒,這是一種進(jìn)化機(jī)制,因?yàn)樗鼙WC我們的安全,但這也會(huì)增加我們的壓力水平,從而產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。”
冥想是一種學(xué)習(xí)如何轉(zhuǎn)變心態(tài)的方法,但蘇恩在這方面并沒有太多成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不過,她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在跑步或練習(xí)瑜伽時(shí)能達(dá)到冥想狀態(tài)。
“所以,冥想并不一定要在昏暗的燭光下進(jìn)行,”她說。
2. 減壓
壓力大小可能是決定你幸福水平的關(guān)鍵因素之一。蘇恩指出,親近自然有助于減輕壓力。然而,對(duì)于那些一年到頭忙碌不已、鮮有機(jī)會(huì)親近自然的人來說,通過聆聽大自然的聲音,同樣可以享受到戶外時(shí)光的益處。。
壓力大小與閑暇時(shí)間息息相關(guān)。勞里·桑托斯是耶魯大學(xué)(Yale University)心理學(xué)教授,同時(shí)也是《幸福實(shí)驗(yàn)室》(The Happiness Lab )播客節(jié)目主持人,致力于研究幸福背后的科學(xué)原理。她提到一個(gè)概念:“時(shí)間富?!保╰ime affluence),即擁有閑暇時(shí)間的人感覺更幸福。
與之相對(duì)的概念是“時(shí)間饑荒”(time famine),她解釋說:“處在時(shí)間饑荒狀態(tài)的人,就如同在忍受饑餓,而研究表明,這種感覺對(duì)幸福感的負(fù)面影響與失業(yè)相當(dāng)?!?/p>
美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)(American Psychological Association)2021年的一項(xiàng)研究指出,雖然過多的閑暇時(shí)間可能引發(fā)問題,但每天少于兩小時(shí)的閑暇時(shí)間同樣會(huì)降低幸福感。該研究得出結(jié)論,每天2到5小時(shí)的閑暇時(shí)間是獲得最佳幸福感的理想時(shí)長(zhǎng)。
另一個(gè)常見的壓力來源是金錢。桑托斯說:“如果你經(jīng)濟(jì)困難,整日為吃穿住用行而奔波,那么增加收入確實(shí)會(huì)讓你更幸福?!?/p>
然而,2010年的一項(xiàng)經(jīng)常被引用的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),年收入達(dá)到75,000美元后,收入的增加對(duì)幸福感的提升作用就變得很有限。
“最近的一些研究有一些細(xì)微差別,但我認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)真正告訴我們的是,金錢對(duì)我們幸福感的影響遠(yuǎn)比我們想象的要小,” 桑托斯說。
3. 運(yùn)動(dòng)
專家們稱,多巴胺和內(nèi)啡肽能夠讓人感到幸福,而獲得它們并不需要進(jìn)行馬拉松訓(xùn)練。
“在有關(guān)幸福感與運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究中,最令人信服的一項(xiàng)研究將每天半小時(shí)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)與服用抗抑郁藥物的效果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,” 桑托斯說,“這些研究基本上都表明,增加身體活動(dòng)確實(shí)能夠影響我們的幸福水平?!?/p>
盡管我們尚不完全清楚這背后的科學(xué)機(jī)制,但一些研究者推測(cè),運(yùn)動(dòng)可以改善大腦功能,有助于治療某些精神疾病,從而帶來更多的幸福感。眾多研究顯示,即使是短時(shí)間的運(yùn)動(dòng)也能產(chǎn)生這種積極效果。
正如蘇恩之前所強(qiáng)調(diào)的,戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)好處多多。
“聆聽大自然的聲音、呼吸新鮮空氣有助于提升幸福感,” 她說。
4. 社交
美國(guó)正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)“孤獨(dú)流行病”,其對(duì)健康的危害等同于吸煙。在3月份發(fā)布的一份公告中,美國(guó)衛(wèi)生局局長(zhǎng)警告稱,那些感到孤獨(dú)的人可能會(huì)面臨嚴(yán)重的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
相反,擁有朋友、家人以及通過工作或志愿者服務(wù)建立牢固社會(huì)紐帶對(duì)于幸福至關(guān)重要。
《世界幸福報(bào)告》將這種社會(huì)支持定義為在需要時(shí)可以依靠或求助的人。
“所有關(guān)于幸福人群的研究都顯示,幸福的人更擅長(zhǎng)社交,” 桑托斯說,“他們花更多時(shí)間與朋友和家人相處,也更頻繁地與他人互動(dòng)。因此,我認(rèn)為擁有更多的社交聯(lián)系與感到更幸福之間存在著明顯的聯(lián)系。而缺乏社交聯(lián)系也是‘孤獨(dú)流行病’日益嚴(yán)重的原因之一?!?/p>
蘇恩的應(yīng)用程序通過建議用戶與同事共進(jìn)午餐或給老朋友發(fā)信息來培養(yǎng)幸福感。
“社交聯(lián)系的質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更為重要,” 蘇恩說,“在你的生活中,哪怕只有兩三個(gè)你覺得會(huì)陪伴你、當(dāng)你求助時(shí)會(huì)為你提供支持的人,都是極其重要的?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
2024年《世界幸福報(bào)告》(World Happiness Report.)顯示,芬蘭是世界上最幸福的國(guó)家。不過,專家們認(rèn)為,無(wú)論你身在何處,都能找到方法提升幸福感,并不需要飄洋過海、遠(yuǎn)赴異國(guó)。
“幸福是一種習(xí)慣,” Happy Things創(chuàng)始人、首席執(zhí)行官塔利婭·蘇恩說。為幫助人們?cè)谌粘;顒?dòng)中養(yǎng)成好習(xí)慣,提升幸福感,她創(chuàng)辦了Happy Things平臺(tái)。
蘇恩坦言,對(duì)她而言,幸福感并非輕易可得。而她哥哥的幸福基線(baseline of happiness)比她還要高。當(dāng)注意到這種差異時(shí),她決定根據(jù)幸福背后的科學(xué)原理開發(fā)一款應(yīng)用程序,改善自己的生活。
“很多人認(rèn)為幸福是不切實(shí)際的,遙不可及、難以把握,”她說,“我們的目標(biāo)是找到切實(shí)可行、易于掌握的方法讓自己更幸福?!?/p>
許多專家認(rèn)為,人們可以通過一些具體方法來獲得幸福,且不受生活環(huán)境的影響。讓我們看看專家們所說的幸福人士通常是怎么做的。
1. 培養(yǎng)積極的心態(tài)
心理學(xué)教授索尼婭·柳博米爾斯基將幸福定義為“對(duì)快樂、滿足或積極幸福的體驗(yàn),以及體驗(yàn)到生活是美好的,有意義的且有價(jià)值的”。 蘇恩對(duì)此表示認(rèn)同。
蘇恩認(rèn)為,在生活中尋找小確幸也有其意義。
“這確實(shí)是真的,關(guān)鍵在于我們要主動(dòng)將這些小確幸融入到日常生活中,而不是坐等它們出現(xiàn),” 她說。
積極培養(yǎng)幸福感的一個(gè)方法是開始寫感恩日記。專家稱,生活中的點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴都能成為快樂的源泉,而冥想練習(xí)則能幫助人們認(rèn)識(shí)到并沉浸其中。
此外,保持積極的心態(tài)也被證實(shí)能夠提升幸福感。
蘇恩說:“我們傾向于關(guān)注負(fù)面情緒,這是一種進(jìn)化機(jī)制,因?yàn)樗鼙WC我們的安全,但這也會(huì)增加我們的壓力水平,從而產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響?!?/p>
冥想是一種學(xué)習(xí)如何轉(zhuǎn)變心態(tài)的方法,但蘇恩在這方面并沒有太多成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不過,她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在跑步或練習(xí)瑜伽時(shí)能達(dá)到冥想狀態(tài)。
“所以,冥想并不一定要在昏暗的燭光下進(jìn)行,”她說。
2. 減壓
壓力大小可能是決定你幸福水平的關(guān)鍵因素之一。蘇恩指出,親近自然有助于減輕壓力。然而,對(duì)于那些一年到頭忙碌不已、鮮有機(jī)會(huì)親近自然的人來說,通過聆聽大自然的聲音,同樣可以享受到戶外時(shí)光的益處。。
壓力大小與閑暇時(shí)間息息相關(guān)。勞里·桑托斯是耶魯大學(xué)(Yale University)心理學(xué)教授,同時(shí)也是《幸福實(shí)驗(yàn)室》(The Happiness Lab )播客節(jié)目主持人,致力于研究幸福背后的科學(xué)原理。她提到一個(gè)概念:“時(shí)間富?!保╰ime affluence),即擁有閑暇時(shí)間的人感覺更幸福。
與之相對(duì)的概念是“時(shí)間饑荒”(time famine),她解釋說:“處在時(shí)間饑荒狀態(tài)的人,就如同在忍受饑餓,而研究表明,這種感覺對(duì)幸福感的負(fù)面影響與失業(yè)相當(dāng)?!?/p>
美國(guó)心理學(xué)會(huì)(American Psychological Association)2021年的一項(xiàng)研究指出,雖然過多的閑暇時(shí)間可能引發(fā)問題,但每天少于兩小時(shí)的閑暇時(shí)間同樣會(huì)降低幸福感。該研究得出結(jié)論,每天2到5小時(shí)的閑暇時(shí)間是獲得最佳幸福感的理想時(shí)長(zhǎng)。
另一個(gè)常見的壓力來源是金錢。桑托斯說:“如果你經(jīng)濟(jì)困難,整日為吃穿住用行而奔波,那么增加收入確實(shí)會(huì)讓你更幸福?!?/p>
然而,2010年的一項(xiàng)經(jīng)常被引用的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),年收入達(dá)到75,000美元后,收入的增加對(duì)幸福感的提升作用就變得很有限。
“最近的一些研究有一些細(xì)微差別,但我認(rèn)為數(shù)據(jù)真正告訴我們的是,金錢對(duì)我們幸福感的影響遠(yuǎn)比我們想象的要小,” 桑托斯說。
3. 運(yùn)動(dòng)
專家們稱,多巴胺和內(nèi)啡肽能夠讓人感到幸福,而獲得它們并不需要進(jìn)行馬拉松訓(xùn)練。
“在有關(guān)幸福感與運(yùn)動(dòng)的研究中,最令人信服的一項(xiàng)研究將每天半小時(shí)有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)與服用抗抑郁藥物的效果進(jìn)行了對(duì)比,” 桑托斯說,“這些研究基本上都表明,增加身體活動(dòng)確實(shí)能夠影響我們的幸福水平。”
盡管我們尚不完全清楚這背后的科學(xué)機(jī)制,但一些研究者推測(cè),運(yùn)動(dòng)可以改善大腦功能,有助于治療某些精神疾病,從而帶來更多的幸福感。眾多研究顯示,即使是短時(shí)間的運(yùn)動(dòng)也能產(chǎn)生這種積極效果。
正如蘇恩之前所強(qiáng)調(diào)的,戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)好處多多。
“聆聽大自然的聲音、呼吸新鮮空氣有助于提升幸福感,” 她說。
4. 社交
美國(guó)正在經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)“孤獨(dú)流行病”,其對(duì)健康的危害等同于吸煙。在3月份發(fā)布的一份公告中,美國(guó)衛(wèi)生局局長(zhǎng)警告稱,那些感到孤獨(dú)的人可能會(huì)面臨嚴(yán)重的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
相反,擁有朋友、家人以及通過工作或志愿者服務(wù)建立牢固社會(huì)紐帶對(duì)于幸福至關(guān)重要。
《世界幸福報(bào)告》將這種社會(huì)支持定義為在需要時(shí)可以依靠或求助的人。
“所有關(guān)于幸福人群的研究都顯示,幸福的人更擅長(zhǎng)社交,” 桑托斯說,“他們花更多時(shí)間與朋友和家人相處,也更頻繁地與他人互動(dòng)。因此,我認(rèn)為擁有更多的社交聯(lián)系與感到更幸福之間存在著明顯的聯(lián)系。而缺乏社交聯(lián)系也是‘孤獨(dú)流行病’日益嚴(yán)重的原因之一?!?/p>
蘇恩的應(yīng)用程序通過建議用戶與同事共進(jìn)午餐或給老朋友發(fā)信息來培養(yǎng)幸福感。
“社交聯(lián)系的質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更為重要,” 蘇恩說,“在你的生活中,哪怕只有兩三個(gè)你覺得會(huì)陪伴你、當(dāng)你求助時(shí)會(huì)為你提供支持的人,都是極其重要的。”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:梁宇
審校:夏林
The happiest country in the world is Finland, according to the 2024 World Happiness Report. But short of moving across the ocean, experts agree there are ways to improve your own happiness regardless of where you live.
“Happiness is a habit,” says Talia Soen, CEO and founder of Happy Things, a platform that helps you build those habits with daily activities.
Soen claims happiness has not always come easily for her. Her oldest brother has a much higher baseline of happiness, and as she reflected on that difference she decided to start an app as a way of improving her life based on the science behind happiness.
“A lot of people think of happiness as something unrealistic or out there and difficult to grasp,” she says. “We’re trying to break it down into something really teachable and approachable.”
Many experts agree, there are steps you can take to achieve happiness independent of life circumstances. Here’s a look at the habits they say happy people tend to engage in.
1. Cultivating a positive mindset
Soen goes by researcher Sonja Lyubomirsky’s definition of happiness, which says, “The experience of joy, contentedness, or positive well-being combined with the fact that one’s life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile.”
Soen believes there’s something to be said for finding happiness in the little moments in life.
“It’s really true and it’s about being mindful and incorporating those things actively in our daily life and not just waiting for them to happen,” she says.
One way to actively cultivate happiness is to start a gratitude journal. Experts agree that a meditation practice helps many to recognize and revel in the parts of their lives that bring joy, both great and small.
Similarly, a positive mindset has been shown to increase happiness.
“It’s an evolutionary mechanism for us to focus on the negative because it keeps us safe, but that also increases our stress cortisol, which has negative effects,” Soen says.
Meditation is one way to learn how to shift your mindset, but Soen has never had much luck on that front. Instead, she finds she’s able to reach meditative states while running or practicing yoga.
“So it’s not necessarily sitting in a dark room with candles,” she says.
2. Reducing stress
Lack of stress could be a defining factor in your level of happiness. Soen says that spending time in nature is shown to reduce stress. But even if you don’t have time or access to the great outdoors year round, you can mimic the benefits of outdoor time by listening to nature sounds, for example.
Stress is also shaped by how much time you have. Laurie Santos is a psychology professor at Yale University and host of The Happiness Lab podcast, examining the science behind happiness. She says there’s a concept known as time affluence, where people who have free time report feeling happier.
Time affluence is the opposite of time famine, she says, “where you’re literally starving for time, and research shows that if you self-report time famine, that can be as big a hit on your well-being as if you self-report being unemployed.”
A 2021 study published by the American Psychological Association showed there is such a thing as too much free time, but also showed that less than two hours of daily free time equated to lower levels of happiness. It concluded that two to five hours of daily free time was ideal for optimal happiness.
Another common source of stress is money. “If you really are struggling financially, if you can’t put food on your table or keep a roof over your head, then yes, definitely increasing the amount of money you have will make you happier,” she says.
However, an often-cited 2010 study found that happiness plateaus after you reach $75,000 a year.
“There’s some nuance from some recent studies, but I think what the data really shows us is that money is having much less of an effect on our happiness than we think,” Santos says.
3. Exercising
You don’t have to train for a marathon to get the hits of dopamine and endorphins that experts say equate to happiness.
“There’s a few studies looking at happiness and exercise, and one of the most compelling ones compares getting a half hour of cardio exercise a day with, for example, taking an antidepression prescription,” Santos says. “But a lot of these studies basically show that we really do affect our happiness levels by moving our body a little bit more.”
The science behind why this is remains unclear, but some researchers suspect that exercise improves brain function, which can assist with certain mental disorders, leading to more happiness. And many studies show that even short bursts of exercise can achieve this effect.
And as Soen mentioned earlier, getting the exercise outdoors can offer a double whammy.
“Listening to nature sounds and breathing fresh air has been found to support happiness,” she says.
4. Socializing
The United States is experiencing a loneliness epidemic, equating the feeling of being lonely to a health danger similar to smoking. A March announcement by the surgeon general warned of serious health risks for those in the community who feel isolated.
The opposite is true, then, that having friends, family, and other strong social ties through your career or volunteer work is essential for happiness.
The World Happiness Report defines this social support factor as having someone you can rely on or reach out to in times of need.
“Every available study of happy people suggests that happy people are more social,” Santos says. “They spend more time with their friends and family members, and they’re just around other people more often. And so I think there’s such a clear connection between having more social connections and feeling happier. And that’s one of the reasons the loneliness epidemic is so problematic.”
Soen’s app cultivates this type of happiness by suggesting users go to lunch with a coworker or text an old friend.
“It’s not about quantity, it’s about quality,” Soen says. “Having even two or three people in your life that you feel will be there for you, so that you can turn to, providing you that support system, is something really important.”