????陳舊狹隘的指標(biāo)。雖然所測(cè)即所得，但我們測(cè)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的更新卻不夠頻繁，因此出現(xiàn)了大量盲點(diǎn)。等到諾基亞開(kāi)始把蘋果和谷歌當(dāng)作競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手看待的時(shí)候，已經(jīng)太晚了。我的一個(gè)朋友在本世紀(jì)初是英國(guó)一家大型全國(guó)性報(bào)社的負(fù)責(zé)人，他花了一年多時(shí)間才說(shuō)服同事把谷歌加到競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手名單里，這家報(bào)社用競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手表現(xiàn)作為檢測(cè)自我表現(xiàn)的基準(zhǔn)。那么該怎樣制定指標(biāo)呢？把相關(guān)市場(chǎng)定義得越廣泛越好，這樣你的市場(chǎng)份額就會(huì)更少。另外，對(duì)消費(fèi)者行為要特別仔細(xì)地衡量——他們的忠誠(chéng)度是否降低了？轉(zhuǎn)向了哪些品牌？為什么會(huì)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變？

????無(wú)權(quán)的一線員工。對(duì)行業(yè)環(huán)境變化的第一手卓識(shí)來(lái)自于前線員工——銷售員、與第三方共事的研發(fā)人員以及采購(gòu)經(jīng)理人。但他們的想法很多沒(méi)有提出，即使提出的那部分，也總是淹沒(méi)于管理層需要注意的其他紛雜事務(wù)中。解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題方法相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，但應(yīng)該包含依托于技術(shù)的系統(tǒng)，能將一線信息與公司高層快速共享；同時(shí)還要有非正式渠道和跨部門特別小組來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)具體威脅和機(jī)遇。

????缺乏多樣性。諾基亞的高級(jí)管理人員都是差不多年齡和背景的芬蘭人，這絕對(duì)影響了他們對(duì)不斷變化的經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)境的理解力。當(dāng)然，我們都會(huì)覺(jué)得，和世界觀相似的人工作更愉快，結(jié)果就出現(xiàn)了不可避免的盲點(diǎn)。如何解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題？錄用參照系與我們不同的員工，或者起碼要想辦法把他們的見(jiàn)解拿來(lái)討論。上世紀(jì)90年代，印孚瑟斯（Infosys）實(shí)施了一個(gè)名為“青年之聲”的項(xiàng)目，以期使平均年齡約為50歲的管理團(tuán)隊(duì)人員能聽(tīng)到30歲以下員工的見(jiàn)解。

????對(duì)失敗不夠?qū)捜荨?/strong>當(dāng)一個(gè)公司越來(lái)越大，越來(lái)越成功時(shí)，就會(huì)越厭惡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。管理者們說(shuō)他們想創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品、創(chuàng)新服務(wù)，但他們指望所有的嘗試都能成功。不用說(shuō)，這種態(tài)度會(huì)導(dǎo)致員工過(guò)于謹(jǐn)慎呆板。這個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方法很清晰：營(yíng)造一種鼓勵(lì)嘗試、寬容錯(cuò)誤的文化。谷歌、亞馬遜（Amazon）以及在線影片租賃商N(yùn)etflix都是很好的例子——他們都有過(guò)失敗的產(chǎn)品，但大家都能接受，把它們當(dāng)做嘗試的一部分。（財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)）

????Old and narrow metrics. What gets measured gets done, but we don't refresh our choices of measures frequently enough, and we end up with massive blind spots. Nokia didn't think of Apple and Google as competitors until it was too late. A friend of mine took the reins at a major national newspaper in the U.K. in the early 2000s, and it took him more than a year to persuade his colleagues that Google should be added to the list of competitors they used to benchmark their performance. The solution here? Define your relevant market as widely as possible, so that your market share is as low as possible. And measure customer behavior very carefully -- are they defecting? To whom? And why?

????A disenfranchised front line. The first insights into changes in your business environment come from the people on the "front line" -- salespeople, developers working with third parties, purchasing managers. But their voice -- if it is raised at all -- typically gets drowned out among all the others clamoring for executive attention. The solutions here are far from easy, but they include technology-based systems for sharing front-line information quickly with those at the top, as well as informal networks and cross-cutting task forces designed to address specific threats and opportunities.

????Lack of diversity. Nokia's top executives were all Fins of similar age and background, and this surely hampered their ability to make sense of their changing business environment. Of course, we are all more comfortable working with people with similar worldviews and as a result we end up with inevitable blind spots. The solution? Hire people with different frames of reference from our own, or at least find a way to bring their point of view to the table. In the late 1990s, Infosys (INFY) had a program called "Voice of Youth" designed to bring the insights of the under-30 crowd to the attention of the 50-something executive team.

????Intolerance of failure. The bigger and more successful a firm becomes, the more risk-averse it becomes. Executives say they want innovative new products and services, but they expect them all to succeed. And, needless to say, this attitude breeds caution and rigidity. The solution here is clear: you need to find ways to develop a culture that encourages trial and error. Google, Amazon (AMZN), and Netflix (NFLX) are all great examples -- they have all had their share of dud products, but everyone accepts them as part of the package.

????What do you think gets in the way when it comes to creating an adaptable organization? Share your story -- and help us hack HR by joining the Building an Adaptability Advantage hackathon (registration required), a joint production of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) in the UK and the MIX.

????Julian Birkinshaw is Professor of Strategic and International Management at London Business School. He is co-Founder and Research Director of the Management Lab (MLab).