????比諾教授指出：“變得不那么有同情心是一種適應方式。如果你領(lǐng)導著一個團隊，你的領(lǐng)導方式就決對不可能讓所有人都感到滿意。如果讓那些與你意見不合的人影響有利于多數(shù)人的政策，你就不是個好領(lǐng)導?！?/p>

????“一定程度的不正常心理可以幫助領(lǐng)導者，因為這樣他就不必為了取悅所有人而不停地問同樣的問題?！?/p>

????但問題在于，如果這樣的行為出現(xiàn)得過多，心理層面的不正常就會導致狂妄自大，而這正是英名掃地的領(lǐng)導者所具有的特征。就像2008年金融危機爆發(fā)前，盡管出現(xiàn)了與之對立的跡象和建議，有些銀行的主管仍然繼續(xù)采用那些思路有誤的政策。

????比諾教授說：“長此以往，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)，人們不想繼續(xù)聽你的指揮?！?/p>

????那么，一個國家或者一家公司怎樣才能避免領(lǐng)導者陷入剛愎自用的危險境地呢？對此，比諾教授覺得很簡單——只要把他們掌權(quán)的時間確定下來就行了。換句話說，就是固定任期。

????他指出：“正是出于這樣的原因，許多憲法都規(guī)定（總統(tǒng)）只能連任一次，就算人們不清楚為什么要這樣規(guī)定。這是限制上述問題的一種途徑，這樣一個人就不會變得過于自大?！?/p>

????德勤（Deloitte）等公司確實限制了首席執(zhí)行官和董事長的任期（在德勤，CEO和董事長只能連任一次，每屆任期為4年）。這種模式對其他公司是否有效尚無定論，但考慮到本輪金融危機期間那些目中無人的領(lǐng)導者所造成的損失，這種做法值得考慮。

????比諾教授認為：“不在一個領(lǐng)導崗位上待那么多年是件好事。任何人都不應該永遠手握大權(quán)。”（財富中文網(wǎng)）

????譯者：Charlie

????"Being less empathetic is a means of adaptation. If you have to lead a group, you never lead in a way that everyone likes," Bueno says. "If you allow those who do not agree with you to affect policies that benefit a majority, you're not good.

????"A certain grade of psychopathy can help a leader in the sense that he's not always asking the same questions to keep the whole world happy."

????The problem is that when such behavior reaches an excessive level, psychopathy leads to the kind of arrogance that defines fallen, once-great leaders, like the heads of banks who kept ill-thought policies in place -- despite contrary evidence and advice -- in the run up to the 2008 financial collapse.

????"Over time, you perceive the desires of the people you are leading less," Buenos says.

????So how does a nation or company avoid the dangers of tone-deaf leaders? For Bueno, it's as simple as making finite the time that leaders spend close to power's flame. In other words: term limits.

????"That's why many constitutions -- even if it was done in an unconscious form -- have a limit of two consecutive terms [for presidents]," he says. "That's one way of limiting those changes, so a person doesn't end up being excessively arrogant."

????Some companies, like Deloitte, do impose time limits on their CEO and chair roles (at Deloitte's, those roles are limited to two consecutive four-year terms). Whether that model would work at other companies is open to debate, but considering the damage wrought by hubristic leaders during the recent financial crisis, it's worth considering.

????"It's good to not be so many years in one leadership post," says Bueno. "No one should be eternal in power."