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這個(gè)國(guó)家曾經(jīng)幫助過(guò)美國(guó),卻被特朗普說(shuō)成是“糞坑”

SARAH GRAY
2018-01-18

這個(gè)國(guó)家確實(shí)極度貧困,飽受自然災(zāi)害之苦,并且頻頻發(fā)生政治騷亂。但海地也有豐富的文化,而且在美國(guó)歷史上曾經(jīng)扮演過(guò)重要的角色。

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據(jù)《華盛頓郵報(bào)》報(bào)道,上周四,美國(guó)總統(tǒng)唐納德·特朗普在與國(guó)會(huì)議員討論移民問(wèn)題時(shí),稱海地等許多國(guó)家是“屎坑國(guó)家”。

“我們?yōu)槭裁匆邮漳切﹣?lái)自屎坑國(guó)家的人?”有報(bào)道稱,除了海地,特朗普還提到了薩爾瓦多和非洲國(guó)家。他后來(lái)又再次單獨(dú)提到海地稱:“我們?yōu)槭裁葱枰嗪5厝??把他們趕走?!?

特朗普的這番不當(dāng)言論遭到了民主黨議員和部分共和黨議員的廣泛譴責(zé)。包括一名聯(lián)合國(guó)人權(quán)官員在內(nèi)的許多人稱這種言論是種族主義。

上周五,特朗普否認(rèn)了這番言論,他發(fā)推文稱他的語(yǔ)言有些“粗暴”,但并沒(méi)有使用新聞報(bào)道中所說(shuō)的那些詞匯。特朗普補(bǔ)充道:“我對(duì)海地人沒(méi)有任何詆毀,我只是說(shuō),顯而易見(jiàn),海地是一個(gè)非常貧窮和動(dòng)蕩不安的國(guó)家?!?

下面是有關(guān)海地的幾點(diǎn)常識(shí)。這個(gè)國(guó)家確實(shí)極度貧困,飽受自然災(zāi)害之苦,并且頻頻發(fā)生政治騷亂。但海地也有豐富的文化,而且在美國(guó)歷史上曾經(jīng)扮演過(guò)重要的角色。

海地的歷史

1492年,克里斯托弗·哥倫布發(fā)現(xiàn)了海地島(現(xiàn)被稱為伊斯帕尼奧拉島),在殖民統(tǒng)治期間,島上的大部分原住民遭到了清洗。1697年,島上西部三分之一的土地被割讓給法國(guó),該地區(qū)通過(guò)出口糖、咖啡、可可等商品一度經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮。島上人口以殖民者從西非購(gòu)買的奴隸為主,他們從事大部分農(nóng)業(yè)勞動(dòng)。

1791年至1804年期間,自由民和奴隸舉行了一系列起義,史稱“海地革命”,推翻了法國(guó)的殖民統(tǒng)治。但奴隸制度遺留的貧困問(wèn)題,直至今天仍舊困擾著這個(gè)島國(guó)。

1825年,面對(duì)法國(guó)的侵略威脅,海地被迫向法國(guó)支付了1.5億金法郎“獨(dú)立債務(wù)”,《衛(wèi)報(bào)》認(rèn)為,該筆賠償是“當(dāng)時(shí)剛剛獨(dú)立的這個(gè)黑人國(guó)家年度總收入的十倍。”

海地對(duì)美國(guó)革命的幫助

一名法國(guó)海軍上將從海地招募了約500名黑人男子,參加了1779年的薩凡納戰(zhàn)役,與殖民地居民共同抗擊英國(guó)人。據(jù)Ozy網(wǎng)站顯示,這些人被稱作“獵騎兵團(tuán)志愿軍(Chasseurs Volontaires)”,而他們應(yīng)征的目的是希望通過(guò)在軍隊(duì)服役,成為法蘭西帝國(guó)的公民。但戰(zhàn)役最終失敗,該兵團(tuán)成員也遭到了流放。

海地的經(jīng)濟(jì)困境

海地經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展落后的原因是奴隸制度的遺留問(wèn)題、貧窮、自然災(zāi)害、腐敗、被美國(guó)占領(lǐng)和政治動(dòng)蕩等。2016年,海地人均GDP為1,800美元。據(jù)美國(guó)中央情報(bào)局的《世界概況》顯示,海地是西半球最貧窮的國(guó)家,國(guó)內(nèi)60%的人口生活在貧困線以下。

美國(guó)的海地移民

2015年,美國(guó)共有676,000名海地移民,2010年為587,000人。2010年海地大地震之后,約58,000名海地人獲得“臨時(shí)庇護(hù)身份”(TPS),留在了美國(guó)。但特朗普政府在2017年廢除了該政策,要求他們?cè)?019年7月之前離開(kāi)美國(guó)。

美國(guó)國(guó)土安全部在2014年推出了海地親屬團(tuán)聚入境計(jì)劃(HFRP)。美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)院表示,該計(jì)劃“將允許親屬移民簽證申請(qǐng)已經(jīng)獲批的符合資格的海地人,在簽證資格日期提前最多兩年入境美國(guó)?!蓖ㄟ^(guò)該計(jì)劃,每年約有5,000名海地人有資格取得美國(guó)合法移民身份。

海地對(duì)特朗普言論的回應(yīng)

海地總統(tǒng)若弗內(nèi)爾·莫伊茲領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政府,在一份聲明中譴責(zé)了特朗普的言論。聲明稱:“海地政府最強(qiáng)烈地譴責(zé)這種令人痛恨的、粗鄙的言論。這番言論如果得到證實(shí),是在用一個(gè)“完全錯(cuò)誤的,且?guī)в蟹N族歧視的視角來(lái)看待海地人社區(qū)和他們對(duì)美國(guó)的貢獻(xiàn)”?!?

2010年海地大地震

2010年,海地發(fā)生里氏7.0級(jí)地震,造成數(shù)十萬(wàn)人死亡。而特朗普在1月12日海地大地震周年祭前一天發(fā)表了這番不當(dāng)言論。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:劉進(jìn)龍/汪皓?

President Donald Trump referred to Haiti and other nations as “shithole countries” during immigration talks with lawmakers on?last Thursday, according to the Washington Post.

“Why are we having all these people from shithole countries come here?” Trump reportedly said about Haiti in addition to El Salvador and African nations. He reportedly singled out Haiti further in his remarks, asking “Why do we need more Haitians? Take them out.”

Trump’s slur was widely condemned by Democratic lawmakers, along with some Republican lawmakers. Many called the remarks racist including a United Nations human rights official.

On last?Friday, Trump denied the comments, tweeting that his language was “tough” but that he did not use the words attributed to him in news reports. “I never said anything derogatory about Haitians other than Haiti is, obviously, a very poor and troubled country,” Trump added.

Here’s what you need to know about Haiti, which is indeed impoverished, rocked by natural disasters, and a frequently beset by political upheaval. But it also has a rich culture and has played an important role in American history.

Haiti’s history

Christopher Columbus landed on the island (now called Hispaniola) in 1492, and during colonization, most of the native population was wiped out. In 1697, the western third of the island was given to the French, who prospered from the export of sugar, coffee, cacao and more. Most of the agricultural work was done by slaves brought from Western Africa, who made up the majority of the population.

The Haitian Revolution, a series uprisings occurring between 1791 and 1804 by both freed men and slaves, ended French colonial rule. However the legacy of poverty from slavery shapes the island even to this day.

In 1825 Haiti was forced to pay France an “independence debt” of 150 million gold francs, under the threat of invasion, which The Guardian notes was “ten times the fledgling black nation’s total annual revenues.”

Haiti helped with the American Revolution

Nearly 500 free black men from Haiti recruited by a French admiral participated in the 1779 Siege of Savannah, fighting with colonists against British. They were known as the Chasseurs Volontaires, and they were recruited with the hope that by serving in the military they’d be recognized as citizens of the French empire, according to Ozy. The siege failed and the Chasseurs were ultimately exiled.

Haiti’s troubled economy

Haiti’s economy has lagged due to the legacy of slavery, poverty, natural disasters, corruption, U.S. occupation, and political turmoil. In 2016 Haiti’s GPD per capita was $1,800. It is the poorest nation in the Western Hemisphere, according to the CIA’s World Factbook, with 60% of the population living below the poverty line.

Haitian immigration to the U.S.

There were 676,000 Haitian immigrants living in the U.S. in 2015—up from 587,000 in 2010. Around 58,000 Haitians remained in the U.S. after the 2010 earthquake through temporary protected status (TPS), a policy rescinded by the Trump administration in 2017 that required them to leave the U.S. by July 2019.

U.S. Department of Homeland Security established the Haitian Family Reunification Parole (HFRP) in 2014. The program “will allow certain eligible Haitians with already approved family-based immigrant visa petitions an opportunity to enter the United States up to two years in advance of their visa eligibility dates,” according to the State Department. Through this, approximately 5,000 Haitians are eligible to legally immigrate to the U.S. annually.

Haiti’s response to Trump’s remarks

Haiti denounced Trump’s remarks in a statement from President Jovenel Moise’s administration. “The Haitian government condemns in the strongest terms these abhorrent and obnoxious remarks which, if proven, reflect a totally erroneous and racist view of the Haitian community and its contribution to the United States,” the statement read.

Haiti’s 2010 earthquake

Trump’s comments came just a day before the Jan. 12 anniversary of the calamitous 7.0 earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010, killing hundreds of thousands of people.

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