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昨日，原亞利桑那州參議院約翰·麥凱恩因腦癌去世，美國政界要人紛紛悼念并贊揚了他的政治遺產(chǎn)。多年以來，麥凱恩在美國參眾兩院的風(fēng)評褒貶不一，但他人生中的以下幾個“高光時刻”，必然會被美國人長久紀念下去。

反對美國秘密刑訊暴恐嫌疑人

麥凱恩最引人注目的政治遺產(chǎn)，是他在“911”事件后堅決反對美軍和情報機構(gòu)對恐怖分子施以酷刑。當(dāng)時，彌漫在全美范圍內(nèi)的恐懼正推動著美國人的道德標準轉(zhuǎn)向。麥凱恩本人在越南時也曾遭到水刑等酷刑的折磨，而酷刑也是小布什時代美國的一大政治污點。

雖然不免有人指責(zé)麥凱恩在酷刑問題上食古不化、吹毛求疵，但麥凱恩對這個問題的立場基本上是一貫的。直到最近，他還公開批評特朗普欽定的中情局局長吉娜·哈斯派爾。因為哈斯派爾也曾負責(zé)過美國的一處秘密監(jiān)獄，涉嫌對嫌疑人施以酷刑，并銷毀刑訊記錄。

在政界樹立了尊重的典范

在2008年大選中，麥凱恩對陣的是時任參議員的奧巴馬。麥凱恩反復(fù)強調(diào)了他對奧巴馬的尊重，并親自對一波種族主義陰謀論的說法予以了回擊。

在一次競選活動中，部分受“出生地質(zhì)疑論”（即質(zhì)疑奧巴馬并非出生于美國本土，因此沒有資格做總統(tǒng)）影響的共和黨選民表示，他們“害怕”奧巴馬，并稱奧巴馬是個“阿拉伯人”。麥凱恩立即明確駁斥了這些論調(diào)，力挺奧巴馬道：“他是一個正派的、家庭型的男人，是一個美國公民，我只不過是跟他在一些基本問題上有分歧而已?！?

在談及麥凱恩的政治遺產(chǎn)時，有些雞蛋里挑骨頭的人認為，麥凱恩的上述回應(yīng)似乎并未否定“阿拉伯人”這個身份本身的爭議性。然而這個話題時下被炒得火熱，卻也說明，以特朗普為代表的一些人物，在種族問題上采取了操縱議題的做法，足以令人感到不安。

離2008年大選還有不到一個月時，麥凱恩和奧巴馬在一次慈善晚宴上同臺講話，兩人都講了幾個諷刺對方的笑話，又將對方熱情恭維了一番。麥凱恩稱奧巴馬是個“令人印象深刻的家伙……我欽佩他高超的技能、精力和決心?！眱H僅10年過去，這種相互尊重的場景早已無處尋覓了。兩黨初選和總統(tǒng)大選愈發(fā)顯得尖酸刻薄，且充滿暗箱操作的意味。

當(dāng)然，2008年，麥凱恩也選擇了一位競選伙伴，也就是薩拉·佩林作為自己的副手——很多人認為，佩林的參選代表了共和黨政策的轉(zhuǎn)變。

反對廢除奧巴馬醫(yī)改

這又是一個麥凱恩將原則置于政黨紛爭之上的時刻。2017年6月，在被診斷患有腦癌后不久，麥凱恩與共和黨參議員麗莎·穆爾斯基和蘇珊·柯林斯一道，反對共和黨“粗暴廢除”奧巴馬時代的《平價醫(yī)保法案》。支持奧巴馬醫(yī)改的人稱，麥凱恩的這一票挽救了千百萬美國人的醫(yī)保，然而麥凱恩只是堅稱，共和黨此次“廢醫(yī)”動議主要出于黨派政爭，且違反了正常程序。

在7月份的這次投票后，麥凱恩稱：“我們必須回到正常的立法程序，將議案打回委員會，舉行聽證會，聽聽正反雙方和全國地方政府主官的意見，最后再提交一項能真正為美國人民提供平價醫(yī)保的法案?！痹?月份共和黨提交了一份更極端的“廢醫(yī)”議案后，麥凱恩仍保持了同樣的反對立場，有效阻止了共和黨廢除奧巴馬醫(yī)改的企圖。

揭露波音與美國空軍腐敗案件

麥凱恩長期擔(dān)任參議院軍事委員會委員，并曾一度擔(dān)任該委員會的主席，他總體上是支持美國的國防開支的，同時，他也在極力保障這筆支出沒有被浪費。最著名的一例，就是揭露了波音與美軍空軍之間的一起腐敗案。

根據(jù)波音公司與美國空軍的約定，美國空軍將從波音租賃空中加油機，而非直接購買。然而租賃與購買相比，會使納稅人多花20億美元，且美國空軍也給不出任何合理的理由進行解釋。

在麥凱恩的幫助下，此案的原由終于被揭露——結(jié)果是一起驚天的腐敗案件。美國空軍的一位采購人在與波音公司談判時，要求波音公司給自己“安排工作”，留好退路，同時要求也要求波音公司讓她女兒在那里工作。事發(fā)后，該采購人和波音公司的一位高管都被判刑，波音也繳納了6.15億美元的罰金。（財富中文網(wǎng)）

譯者：樸成奎

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In the wake of his death from brain cancer at age 81, political figures of all stripes have praised the legacy of Arizona Sen. John McCain. He made his name as both a “maverick” and a figure of veneration over decades of service in both the House and Senate—but a few moments will define his memory.

Speaking Out Against U.S. Torture

Likely McCain’s clearest legacy is his consistent opposition to the use of torture by U.S. military and intelligence forces after 9/11, when nationwide fear sent America’s moral compass spinning. McCain, himself a victim of torture in Vietnam, was perhaps the most prominent critic of practices including waterboarding, which has remained a grim symbol of the George W. Bush era.

Despite occasional accusations of legalistic hair-splitting, McCain’s position remained broadly consistent. That included recent statements critical of Trump CIA Director Gina Haspel, who both ran a secret prison where suspects were tortured, and oversaw the destruction of records documenting torture.

Stumping for the Politics of Respect

During his 2008 campaign against then-Sen. Barack Obama, McCain repeatedly emphasized his respect for his opponent—and pushed back against a wave of racist conspiracy theories.

During a signature moment on the campaign trail, several Republican voters, perhaps influenced by “birther” conspiracy theories, said they were “afraid” of Obama and described him as “an Arab.” McCain clearly and swiftly refuted those sentiments, saying of Obama: “He’s a decent, family man, a citizen, that I just happen to have disagreements with on fundamental issues.”

In debates over McCain’s legacy, some Monday-morning quarterbacks have pointed out that his response didn’t explicitly reject the notion that being “an Arab” is itself somehow disreputable. But as a heat-of-the-moment rebuttal, it seemed to reflect a deep unease with the racially charged attacks promoted by figures including President Donald Trump.

Less than a month before the 2008 election, McCain and Obama shared the dais at a charity dinner, where the rivals traded both barbed jokes and warm compliments. McCain described Obama as “an impressive fellow . . . I admire his great skill, energy, and determination.” That kind of mutual respect seems hard to remember just 10 years later, after two party primaries and a presidential election marked by vitriol and backroom maneuvering.

Of course, McCain in 2008 also chose a running mate—Sarah Palin—who many argue represented a shift in GOP politics.

Opposing Obamacare Repeal

Though politically divisive, this was another moment where McCain put principle ahead of party. In July 2017, not long after being diagnosed with the brain cancer that would take his life, he joined Republican Sens. Lisa Murkowski and Susan Collins in opposing his party’s “skinny repeal” of the Affordable Care Act. Though supporters of Obamacare say his vote saved health care for millions of Americans, McCain’s stated motive was that the legislative process behind the bill had been partisan and violated procedural norms.

After his July vote, McCain declared that “we must now return to the correct way of legislating and send the bill back to committee, hold hearings, receive input from both sides of the aisle, heed the recommendations of the nation’s governors, and produce a bill that finally delivers affordable health care for the American people.” He maintained that stance on another, more extreme repeal bill in September, effectively ending Republican attempts to repeal Obamacare.

Uncovering the Boeing-Air Force Scandal

As a longstanding member and sometime chair of the Senate Armed Services Committee, McCain was simultaneously a defender of military spending overall, and fiercely devoted to making sure that money wasn’t wasted. Perhaps the most famous of his anti-waste achievements was the scuttling of a corrupt deal between Boeing and the Air Force.

The proposed deal would have had the Air Force leasing refueling aircraft from Boeing instead of buying them. It could have cost taxpayers an extra $2 billion dollars compared to a straight sale of the planes—which the Air Force hadn’t demonstrated it needed anyway.

McCain helped uncover just why the bad deal was on the table—a stunning tangle of corruption. An Air Force buyer involved in negotiations was simultaneously angling for a cushy job with Boeing, and had also pressed the company to defend her daughter’s job there. She and a senior Boeing executive wound up with prison sentences, and Boeing paid a $615 million fine.