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學(xué)文科只能拿低薪?不一定

學(xué)文科只能拿低薪?不一定

Gwen Moran 2020-01-14
人文學(xué)科專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生和其他學(xué)科畢業(yè)生的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)差不多。

圖片來(lái)源:David L. Ryan—The Boston Globe via Getty Images

根據(jù)美國(guó)全國(guó)廣播公司財(cái)經(jīng)頻道(CNBC)2019年7月的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查,大多數(shù)美國(guó)人(64%)認(rèn)為,只要學(xué)生不背負(fù)太多債務(wù),大學(xué)學(xué)位就物有所值。根據(jù)大學(xué)委員會(huì)的數(shù)據(jù),隨著大學(xué)學(xué)費(fèi)和其他費(fèi)用上漲,2018-2019學(xué)年,四年制私立大學(xué)的平均費(fèi)用為36,880美元,四年制公立大學(xué)為26,820美元。根據(jù)美國(guó)勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù),學(xué)士學(xué)位獲得者平均每周收入的中位數(shù)為1,198美元。

因此,在計(jì)算一個(gè)學(xué)位是否“物有所值”時(shí),肯定會(huì)把投資回報(bào)率納入到算式中。但是學(xué)生們使用的數(shù)據(jù)可能并不完整。

對(duì)于那些希望“跟著錢(qián)走”的人來(lái)說(shuō),科學(xué)、技術(shù)、工程學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)位確實(shí)可以提供一條通往高薪工作的道路。根據(jù)PayScale 2019年大學(xué)薪資報(bào)告,在職業(yè)中期薪資最高的學(xué)士學(xué)位包括:

石油工程:176,900美元

電氣工程和計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué):142,200美元

應(yīng)用經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和管理學(xué):140,000萬(wàn)美元

運(yùn)營(yíng)研究:137,100美元

政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué):136,200美元。

然而,這些學(xué)科領(lǐng)域并不能完全反映學(xué)生們的選擇。國(guó)家教育統(tǒng)計(jì)中心(National Center for Education Statistics)的最新數(shù)據(jù)顯示,在2016-2017學(xué)年,共授予了200多萬(wàn)學(xué)士學(xué)位,其中超過(guò)一半集中在五個(gè)學(xué)科領(lǐng)域,包括:

商業(yè):38.1萬(wàn)個(gè)學(xué)位

醫(yī)療專(zhuān)業(yè)及相關(guān)領(lǐng)域:23.8萬(wàn)個(gè)學(xué)位

社會(huì)科學(xué)與歷史:15.9萬(wàn)個(gè)學(xué)位

心理學(xué):11.7萬(wàn)個(gè)學(xué)位

生物和生物醫(yī)學(xué):11.7萬(wàn)個(gè)學(xué)位

其次是工程學(xué)、傳播學(xué)/新聞學(xué)、視覺(jué)和表演藝術(shù)以及教育學(xué)。因此,當(dāng)思考哪些本科專(zhuān)業(yè)可能會(huì)帶來(lái)高薪職業(yè)時(shí),英語(yǔ)、歷史、社會(huì)學(xué)、外語(yǔ)等人文學(xué)科可能不會(huì)立刻浮現(xiàn)在人們的腦海中。但這可能是被誤導(dǎo)了。

美國(guó)藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院華盛頓辦公室主任羅伯特·B·湯森德說(shuō),人文學(xué)科專(zhuān)業(yè)的畢業(yè)生和其他學(xué)科就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)差不多。他說(shuō):“人們印象里總覺(jué)得這些畢業(yè)生都深陷債務(wù),不得不去咖啡館作吧員,生活潦倒,毫不快樂(lè),事實(shí)顯然并非如此?!?

雖然市場(chǎng)對(duì)19世紀(jì)英國(guó)文學(xué)專(zhuān)家不會(huì)有太大需求,但這些課程培養(yǎng)的寫(xiě)作、分析、理解和批判性思維等技能在工作中十分重要。PayScale的數(shù)據(jù)表明,在一些職業(yè)中期薪酬中位數(shù)較高的行業(yè),英語(yǔ)及相關(guān)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)生的比例很高,比如宣傳總監(jiān)(83,100美元)、報(bào)價(jià)經(jīng)理(83,000美元)和內(nèi)容營(yíng)銷(xiāo)經(jīng)理(72,400美元)。

學(xué)習(xí)一門(mén)外語(yǔ)?根據(jù)美國(guó)新經(jīng)濟(jì)2017年的一份報(bào)告,在2010年至2015年間,對(duì)雙語(yǔ)工作者的需求翻了一番。最受歡迎的語(yǔ)言是西班牙語(yǔ)、阿拉伯語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)。超過(guò)三分之一的美國(guó)銀行招聘的職位需要雙語(yǔ)員工。

此外,PayScale的研究主管蘇達(dá)山·薩姆帕斯表示,人文專(zhuān)業(yè)培養(yǎng)的許多技能也會(huì)對(duì)薪資產(chǎn)生積極影響。例如,根據(jù)PayScale的數(shù)據(jù),寫(xiě)作技能可以把行政崗位的工資提升提高8%,而戰(zhàn)略性思考和計(jì)劃的能力可以對(duì)工資產(chǎn)生3%至9%的提升。

即使學(xué)位本身與工作或薪水沒(méi)有直接關(guān)系,人文專(zhuān)業(yè)也可以擁有關(guān)鍵性?xún)?yōu)勢(shì)。薩姆帕斯和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)梳理了數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)人文學(xué)科培養(yǎng)的有關(guān)技能需求緊俏,而且可以轉(zhuǎn)移——這是根據(jù)未來(lái)就業(yè)前景選擇學(xué)科時(shí)的兩大重要因素,他說(shuō)。

薩姆帕斯說(shuō):“我們之前的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),很多被雇主看重的東西并不一定是硬技術(shù)。你可以在大學(xué)畢業(yè)后的第一份工作或第一次實(shí)習(xí)中學(xué)到這些技術(shù)。你真正要學(xué)的是如何工作、如何學(xué)習(xí)?!?

PayScale的工作可轉(zhuǎn)移性排名顯示,任何得分超過(guò)1.82的學(xué)科就業(yè)選擇都十分廣闊。人文學(xué)科排名第三,得分5.57。只有商科(5.86)和社會(huì)科學(xué)(5.85)得分更高。

而且,人們?cè)谟懻摳鲗W(xué)科學(xué)位的投資回報(bào)時(shí),常常會(huì)忽略滿(mǎn)意度,人文學(xué)科在這點(diǎn)上表現(xiàn)出色。美國(guó)藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院2018年的一份報(bào)告顯示,人文學(xué)科學(xué)生的滿(mǎn)意度幾乎可以與其他任何學(xué)科的學(xué)生相媲美。87%擁有人文學(xué)科學(xué)士學(xué)位的員工表示,他們對(duì)2015年的工作感到滿(mǎn)意。

湯森德說(shuō):“我們不是要給人文專(zhuān)業(yè)的學(xué)生打氣。”但他強(qiáng)調(diào),這些精妙而又轉(zhuǎn)換度高的學(xué)位擁有光明的前景,尤其是現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)越來(lái)越重視軟技能和溝通能力。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Agatha

The majority of Americans (64%) thinks that getting a college degree is worth the money as long as the student doesn’t incur in too much debt, according to a July 2019 CNBC survey. The cost of college tuition and fees rose to an average of $36,880 for private, four-year institutions and $26,820 for public four-year institutions during the 2018-2019 school year, according to The College Board —and according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average weekly median income of bachelor’s degree recipients is $1,198.

So, a degree’s return on investment definitely factors into the “worth it” equation. But students may be working with incomplete data.

For those who wish to “follow the money”, STEM degrees do provide a path to lucrative employment. According to PayScale’s College Salary Report 2019, the bachelor’s degrees with the highest mid-career pay included:

Petroleum engineering: $176,900

Electrical engineering and computer science: $142,200

Applied economics and management: $140,000

Operations research: $137,100

Political economy: $136,200.

However, those fields of study don’t exactly mirror the degree choices students are making. The latest data from the National Center for Education Statistics found that, during the 2016-2017 academic year, of the more than 2 million bachelor’s degrees conferred, more than half concentrated in five fields of study, including:

Business: 381,000 degrees

Health professions and related fields: 238,000 degrees

Social sciences and history:159,000 degrees

Psychology: 117,000 degrees

Biological and biomedical sciences: 117,000 degrees

The next largest numbers of degrees conferred were in engineering, communication/journalism, visual and performing arts, and education. So, when it comes to choosing undergraduate majors that may lead to high-paying careers, humanities disciplines like (English, history, sociology, foreign languages, etc.) may not immediately spring to mind. But that may be misguided.

Robert B. Townsend, director of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Washington, D.C. office, says that humanities majors secure jobs at pretty much the same rate as other people with degrees. “It’s certainly not in line with that picture that gives you the impression that they’re all baristas drowning in debt, and miserable and unhappy,” he says.

While there may not be an onslaught of demand for 19th century English literature experts, the writing, analysis, comprehension, and critical thinking skills developed in such courses of study are valued in the workplace. PayScale’s data found that some fields with lucrative levels of mid-career median pay hire a high percentage of English and related majors, such as communications director ($83,100), proposal manager ($83,000), and content marketing manager ($72,400).

Studying a foreign language? The demand for bilingual workers doubled between 2010 and 2015, according to a 2017 report by New American Economy. The top languages in demand were Spanish, Arabic, and Chinese. More than one-third of Bank of America’s advertised positions called for bi-lingual workers.

In addition, many of the skills humanities majors develop can also have a positive impact on pay, says Sudarshan Sampath, director of research at PayScale. For example, writing skills can boost pay in administrative jobs 8% while the ability to think and plan strategically can have a 3 to 9% impact on salary, according to PayScale data.

And even when there’s not a direct correlation between the degree itself and the job or salary, humanities majors may have key advantages. Sampath and his team combed over their data and found that the skills developed in humanities disciplines are in demand and transferable —two important factors when choosing a degree based on future employment prospects, he says.

“We’ve seen this in previous research that a lot of things that employers are looking for are not necessarily hard technical skills,” says Sampath. “You can learn those in your first job outside of college or in your first internship. What you really want to pick up is actually how to work and how to learn,” he says.

PayScale’s job transferability rankings state that any degree that scores more than 1.82 on its index has a wide range of career options. Humanities degrees are the third most transferable, scoring a 5.57. Only business (5.86) and social sciences (5.85) scored better.

And, while the satisfaction element often gets lost in the degree ROI discussion, humanities have a strong selling point here. A 2018 report by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences found that humanities majors reported satisfaction levels comparable to virtually every other field. Eighty-seven percent of all workers with a bachelor’s degree in the humanities reported they were satisfied with their job in 2015.

“Our job isn’t to throw sunshine at the humanities majors,” Townsend says. But, he emphasizes that the outlook for people with these nuanced, yet highly transferrable degrees is strong, especially in a market that is increasingly valuing soft skills and communication ability, he adds.

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