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市場(chǎng)動(dòng)蕩,投資者如何才能保持理智?

市場(chǎng)動(dòng)蕩,投資者如何才能保持理智?

Eric J. Dammann 2011-09-27
全球經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì)動(dòng)蕩不安,投資市場(chǎng)起伏不定,投資者寢食難安。在這個(gè)瘋狂的年代,投資者如何才能保持理智?

????上面提到的答案雖然多種多樣,卻沒(méi)有一個(gè)和字典中對(duì)金錢(qián)的定義相一致;所以,我們自然而然就會(huì)想到下一個(gè)問(wèn)題:這些意義從何而來(lái)?根據(jù)我的經(jīng)驗(yàn),對(duì)金錢(qián)附加的這些意義,多數(shù)來(lái)自于童年的經(jīng)歷。

????孩子了解金錢(qián)的渠道有很多,但與其他心理問(wèn)題相同,父母在這方面的影響最為重要:父母向孩子傳遞的間接信息對(duì)孩子的影響尤為巨大。眾所周知,孩子就像海綿一樣,父母每天關(guān)于金錢(qián)的交流不知不覺(jué)之間就會(huì)被孩子統(tǒng)統(tǒng)吸收。每次父母為了獲得打折電影票而謊報(bào)孩子的年齡,或者為了最近購(gòu)買(mǎi)的商品的價(jià)格而與愛(ài)人爭(zhēng)論不休,其實(shí)都是在向孩子傳遞信息——而這些信息往往與父母有意識(shí)要向孩子灌輸?shù)睦砟罱厝幌喾础?/p>

????例如,父母的哪些行為會(huì)使孩子在未來(lái)將金錢(qián)等同于控制?原因可能是,父母用零用錢(qián)作為獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或懲罰孩子行為的工具;我的一位客戶(hù)就表示,每到周日(這一天,他會(huì)得到零用錢(qián)),他必須特別聽(tīng)話,因?yàn)?,如果他在那天惹媽媽生氣,零用錢(qián)就泡湯了。那么,將金錢(qián)等同于愛(ài)又是為何?最常見(jiàn)的原因是,父母因?yàn)槌霾铍x家在外而感到內(nèi)疚,于是在回家時(shí),會(huì)給孩子帶一大堆禮物。

????其實(shí),這些行為如果偶然為之,不見(jiàn)得會(huì)有什么問(wèn)題。但如果頻繁發(fā)生,孩子在童年的這些經(jīng)歷就會(huì)成為一種堅(jiān)定的信條。而由于這些信條都來(lái)自于一個(gè)孩子的經(jīng)歷和理解,因此,它們并不完整,也不完全正確,但卻會(huì)在孩子心中生根發(fā)芽,決定他們對(duì)待金錢(qián)和使用金錢(qián)的方式。許多作者將這種信條稱(chēng)為“金錢(qián)迷思”或“金錢(qián)牽引線”,但我更偏愛(ài)“金錢(qián)劇本”的說(shuō)法,因?yàn)樗鼈兙拖駪騽〉膭”疽粯?,決定著我們的一言一行(心理學(xué)家布拉德與泰德?克洛茨,以及理財(cái)師里克?卡勒率先提出了這種說(shuō)法)。

????最常見(jiàn)的一種“金錢(qián)劇本”便是“金錢(qián)萬(wàn)惡論”。有一點(diǎn)需要注意,這種信條有時(shí)確實(shí)是正確的,而且支持這種觀念的證據(jù)比比皆是。比如,在許多離婚訴訟中,金錢(qián)都被用于邪惡的目的;而且,諸多暴行的實(shí)施都打著金錢(qián)的幌子。但同時(shí)也有相反的證據(jù)【比如,比爾與梅琳達(dá)?蓋茨基金會(huì)(Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)】。然而,篤信“金錢(qián)萬(wàn)惡論”的人將所有金錢(qián)統(tǒng)統(tǒng)視為邪惡,避免一切與金錢(qián)有關(guān)的事物。他們認(rèn)為金錢(qián)是骯臟的,或者視金錢(qián)如無(wú)物,拒絕公開(kāi)每月的開(kāi)支情況,不會(huì)進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)規(guī)劃,更不會(huì)咨詢(xún)理財(cái)顧問(wèn)。

????另外一種較為普遍的“金錢(qián)劇本”是“錢(qián)越多越好”。對(duì)于一個(gè)衣不蔽體,食不果腹的人來(lái)說(shuō),有更多的錢(qián),自然能讓他赤貧的生活有所改善。但如果我們的收入達(dá)到了一定水平,不必再為衣食住行擔(dān)憂,這時(shí),更多的金錢(qián)不見(jiàn)得能讓我們過(guò)得更好。實(shí)際上,對(duì)于有些人而言,擁有過(guò)多的金錢(qián)只會(huì)讓事情更糟。這種“金錢(qián)劇本”會(huì)導(dǎo)致一系列問(wèn)題,比如工作狂傾向,又或者發(fā)財(cái)之后的幻滅感。

????第三個(gè)重要的“金錢(qián)劇本”是“錢(qián)永遠(yuǎn)不夠”。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們恐慌性囤積,最明顯的表現(xiàn)是,有些人在投資時(shí)不愿意承擔(dān)適當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險(xiǎn),或者喜歡保有現(xiàn)金。一些富人也存在這樣的觀念,對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō),金錢(qián)只代表無(wú)休止的壓力,而不是滿足感。他們無(wú)法明智地使用金錢(qián),因?yàn)閯?dòng)用任何一筆錢(qián)都會(huì)讓他們感覺(jué)危機(jī)重重。這種理念也會(huì)導(dǎo)致恐慌性拋售,因?yàn)樵谶@類(lèi)投資者眼中,只要市場(chǎng)有任何風(fēng)吹草動(dòng),他們的錢(qián)就會(huì)打水漂。

????最后一種“金錢(qián)劇本”,或許也是最普遍的一種,便是“金錢(qián)等于自尊”。這類(lèi)人會(huì)將他們的資本凈值等同于他們的自我價(jià)值,因此,每當(dāng)?shù)拉偹怪笖?shù)下跌,他們就會(huì)認(rèn)為自己的自尊受到了打擊。這種理念會(huì)導(dǎo)致人們?yōu)榱俗屪晕腋杏X(jué)更加良好而拼命聚斂物質(zhì)財(cái)富。

????注意,在上面提到的“金錢(qián)劇本”的含義,也并非一成不變。例如,對(duì)于一些人來(lái)說(shuō),之前所說(shuō)的“錢(qián)永遠(yuǎn)不夠”的觀念往前推進(jìn)一步就意味著“金錢(qián)取之不盡用之不竭”。我相信,我們之所以會(huì)陷入目前的困境,這種理念便是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。它使人們相信,房地產(chǎn)的價(jià)值會(huì)持續(xù)上漲,或者他們可以繼續(xù)舉債購(gòu)物,金錢(qián)總會(huì)從某個(gè)地方奇跡般地冒出來(lái)。持有這種理念的人,在投資時(shí)傾向于承擔(dān)過(guò)多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

????現(xiàn)在,我們已經(jīng)了解了各種“金錢(qián)劇本”,接下來(lái)應(yīng)該進(jìn)行自我剖析。是什么樣的金錢(qián)觀控制著你對(duì)它的態(tài)度,這種觀念又給你目前的行為和對(duì)危機(jī)的情緒反應(yīng)帶來(lái)了什么樣的影響?

????一旦明了了金錢(qián)對(duì)于自己的意義,就能夠更好地面對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)大潮的漲落,也就能明白,造成金融壓力的主要根源并非經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì),而是我們與金錢(qián)之間扭曲的關(guān)系,以及這種關(guān)系對(duì)我們應(yīng)對(duì)危機(jī)能力造成的影響。明確自己所持的金錢(qián)觀是第一步,它能讓你調(diào)整自己的觀念,更好地適用當(dāng)前的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢(shì),進(jìn)而也就能更加客觀地對(duì)待金錢(qián)。

????總之,只要用之有道,金錢(qián)便可成為利器。我們不會(huì)用錘子來(lái)切割木板,但我們卻經(jīng)常試圖用金錢(qián)來(lái)做一些它用途之外的事情。然而,如果我們?cè)谑褂媒疱X(qián)時(shí)能夠做到合理謹(jǐn)慎,它確實(shí)能夠幫助我們實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。如果能夠剝?nèi)ソ疱X(qián)的種種神秘光環(huán),消除對(duì)它不恰當(dāng)?shù)睦斫夂颓楦?,不論是否身處危機(jī),我們都能更明智、更有目的性地利用它來(lái)造福于我們自身、我們的家人以及整個(gè)社會(huì)。

????本文作者埃里克?J?達(dá)曼博士是一名臨床心理學(xué)家和心理分析學(xué)家,在曼哈頓擁有一家私人診所。此外,他還為對(duì)金錢(qián)與金融心理學(xué)感興趣的個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)擔(dān)任顧問(wèn)。

????譯者:阿龍/汪皓

????But whatever the answers, none of the above-mentioned definitions are the same as the dictionary definition; so the next obvious question is, where do these meanings come from? In my experience, most of these additional associations with money develop during childhood.

????Children learn about money from a variety of sources, but as is the case with many psychological issues, our parents have the greatest impact; specifically, it's the parent's indirect messages that are often the most powerful. As we know, children are sponges, taking in the myriad interactions parents have around money everyday, many of which we don't even pay attention to. Every time we lie about our child's age to get the cheaper movie ticket, or argue with our spouse about the price of a recent purchase, we are sending a message -- often one that's contrary to the conscious message we intend to send.

????What parental behavior, for instance, might lead a child to later equate money with control? Consider the parent who uses an allowance to reward or punish behavior; one of my clients knew he had to behave especially well on Sunday (the day he got his allowance), because if he annoyed his mother on that day she wouldn't give it to him. What about equating money with love? The most common way this gets established is when a parent, perhaps due to guilt over being away from home for business trips, returns home and showers the child with gifts.

????These types of interactions on an occasional basis are not necessarily problematic. But when repeated over time, these early experiences can solidify into firmly-held beliefs. And because they're developed through the eyes of a child, they tend to be incomplete or partially true, but yet they become indelible, controlling the way we interact with and use money. Some authors have called these beliefs "money myths" or "money wiring," but I prefer the term "money scripts," because they control our actions just like a script does in a play (this term was first coined by psychologists Brad and Ted Klotz and financial planner Rick Kahler).

????One of the most common scripts is "money is bad." It's important to note that these beliefs are sometimes true, and it's easy to find evidence to support the notion that money is evil. In many divorce proceedings, for instance, money is used for evil purpose, and an awful lot of violence is perpetrated in the name of money. But there is evidence for its opposite as well (the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, for example). Someone with the money script "money is bad," however, will see all money as bad, and will therefore avoid things having to do with money. This is the person who sees money as dirty, or who ignores money by not opening their monthly statements, not doing an estate plan, or meeting with a financial advisor.

????Another common money script is "more money will make things better." If one is in abject poverty, and can barely afford food and shelter, there is no question that more money will make things better. But once we have reached a level of income that takes care of the basic necessities of life, more money does not necessarily make things better, and in fact for some people excess money can actually made things worse. This script can lead to problems like workaholism, or the disillusionment many feel once they have "made it" financially.

????A third important script is "There will never be enough money." This leads people to hoard out of fear, and is evident in the person who is not willing to take appropriate risks when investing, or keeps everything in cash. Its also evident in those wealthy people whose money is a source of constant stress rather than fulfillment. They simply cannot use their money wisely, because any use of money feels dangerous. It also leads to panic selling, when dips in the stock market feel like the person's money is being taken away.

????A final common script is perhaps one of the most pervasive, the script of "money equals self esteem." This is the person who equates their net worth with their self-worth, and therefore feels terrible about themselves when the Dow starts falling. This can also lead to the excessive acquisition of material things in order to feel better about oneself.

????One final aspect to notice about many of the money scripts I've discussed is that they can be flipped. For example, the preceding "There will never be enough money," is for some people "There will always be enough money." This script is, I believe, the source of much of the current mess we are in, leading people to believe that real estate values will keep going up, or that they can continue buying things on credit and the money will magically appear from somewhere. These are also the people who take excessive risks when investing.

????Now that you have an understanding of money scripts, try to uncover which are relevant to you. What are the overarching beliefs about money that govern your interactions with it, and how might these be influencing your current behavior and emotional reactions to the crisis?

????Once you have a clearer understanding of what money means to you, you are in a better position to weather the inevitable ups and downs of the economy, and to see that often the main source of financial stress is actually not the economy; it's our distorted relationship with money and how it impacts our ability to deal with the crisis. Awareness of money beliefs is the first step; it will allow you to modify those beliefs to fit the current situation, and thereby deal with money more objectively.

????To conclude, money is an excellent tool, but only when used appropriately. You wouldn't use a hammer to cut a two-by-four, but we often attempt to use money to achieve things for which it wasn't designed. It can, however, help us to achieve our goals if we use it with care and understanding. When you demystify money, and remove the inappropriate meanings and emotion from it, you are in a better position to use it wisely and purposefully for the betterment of yourself, your family, and your community -- in times of crisis and beyond.

????Eric J. Dammann, Ph.D. is a clinical psychologist and psychoanalyst with a private practice in Manhattan. In addition to his clinical practice he is a consultant to individuals and organizations interested in understanding the psychology of money and finance.

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