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疫情讓意大利生態(tài)環(huán)境變好,只是代價(jià)太沉重

Eric J. Lyamn
2020-03-23

2008年金融危機(jī)期間也發(fā)生了類(lèi)似的情況,當(dāng)時(shí)全世界溫室氣體排放量增長(zhǎng)下降了一半。

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2020年3月15日,意大利因新冠疫情進(jìn)入緊急狀態(tài)后,威尼斯市內(nèi)的日常景象。圖片來(lái)源:GIACOMO COSUA—NURPHOTO VIA GETTY IMAGES
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為了應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情,意大利宣布緊急封鎖全境,限制了6000萬(wàn)人的出行。如果說(shuō)封鎖禁令有什么積極意義的話,也許人們可以在日落時(shí)分或者觀察水道時(shí)得到意外收獲。

意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)大規(guī)模停擺僅持續(xù)了數(shù)周,當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境似乎迅速好轉(zhuǎn)——當(dāng)然,代價(jià)也十分慘重。

此次新冠肺炎疫情對(duì)意大利造成了毀滅性的影響,一個(gè)個(gè)數(shù)字的背后都是鮮活的生命。截至當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間上周日,意大利衛(wèi)生部累計(jì)報(bào)告病例接近6萬(wàn)例,死亡人數(shù)5400余例,超過(guò)中國(guó),成為通報(bào)新冠死亡病例人數(shù)最多的國(guó)家。

意大利總理朱塞佩·孔特已下令關(guān)閉學(xué)校、餐廳、酒吧、旅游景點(diǎn)、辦公樓、電影院等易發(fā)生人群聚集的場(chǎng)所。類(lèi)似舉措也已在歐洲多國(guó)推行,意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)因此遭受重創(chuàng),預(yù)計(jì)今年經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮可能高達(dá)15%。而生性熱情的意大利人被告知要保持社交距離,當(dāng)?shù)厣缃灰?guī)范也發(fā)生了變化。

但是環(huán)境呢?環(huán)境的表現(xiàn)倒還不錯(cuò)。

歐洲航天局今年1月和3月拍攝的衛(wèi)星圖像顯示,意大利北部經(jīng)濟(jì)重鎮(zhèn)在大幅減少交通流量和工業(yè)活動(dòng)后,生態(tài)環(huán)境發(fā)生了顯著變化。

1月份意大利封鎖之前的污染水平,對(duì)比3月份全面封鎖后的水平。這也反映了意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)最發(fā)達(dá)的是北部地區(qū),以及圖中兩個(gè)小點(diǎn)所代表的羅馬和那不勒斯。圖片來(lái)自@ESA。#意大利新冠肺炎 #污染

意大利素有“美麗國(guó)度”之稱(chēng),不過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)乜諝赓|(zhì)量堪憂,特別是在工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的波河河谷地區(qū),新冠肺炎疫情尤其嚴(yán)重。近年來(lái),由于霧霾指數(shù)超標(biāo),當(dāng)局采取了機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)限行措施,在部分時(shí)段禁止柴油汽車(chē)出行。而如今,絕大多數(shù)居民都在家隔離,街道上的車(chē)流量大幅減少。

與此同時(shí),水城威尼斯市內(nèi)及周邊的游輪和貨船幾乎全部停運(yùn),幾十年來(lái)首次有魚(yú)類(lèi)回到了威尼斯的瀉湖和運(yùn)河中。

據(jù)意大利媒體報(bào)道,由于空氣質(zhì)量改善且游人稀少,羅馬的公園里百花齊放,叢叢野花盛開(kāi),而往年只有到了5月才能看到如此規(guī)模的美景。

羅馬“城外圣保祿大殿”附近公園內(nèi)野花遍地。圖片來(lái)源:Bernhard Warner

在首先爆發(fā)新冠疫情的中國(guó)湖北省,以及世界上其他連續(xù)封鎖多日的地區(qū)也有類(lèi)似的報(bào)道。據(jù)一份報(bào)告估計(jì),中國(guó)過(guò)去一個(gè)月內(nèi)的溫室氣體排放量比正常水平低了四分之一。

盡管分析人士可能會(huì)為這些數(shù)字而歡呼,但我們付出的代價(jià)過(guò)于沉重,即使從環(huán)境角度而言也是如此。

曾在2016年及之前擔(dān)任聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化事務(wù)高級(jí)官員的克里斯蒂安娜·菲格雷斯在接受《財(cái)富》采訪時(shí)表示:“我們?cè)诤芏痰臅r(shí)間內(nèi)看到了積極進(jìn)展,這在其他任何情況下都是我們樂(lè)于見(jiàn)到的。但我們不希望通過(guò)這種方式達(dá)到目標(biāo),這些改觀充其量也只是一時(shí)的?!狈聘窭姿棺罱€與人合著了一本新書(shū),探討應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。

2008至2009年全球金融危機(jī)期間也發(fā)生了類(lèi)似的情況。當(dāng)時(shí)全世界溫室氣體排放量增長(zhǎng)下降了一半,但在經(jīng)濟(jì)全面復(fù)蘇后,排放量又迅速回升。

國(guó)際石油變革組織戰(zhàn)略傳播總監(jiān)大衛(wèi)·特恩布爾認(rèn)為,要確保這些短期環(huán)境效益得以持續(xù),決策者必須確保所有與新冠疫情有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃都強(qiáng)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

特恩布爾表示:“新冠病毒當(dāng)今世界面臨的最大問(wèn)題,但在疫情爆發(fā)之前,最大的問(wèn)題是氣候變化。而在疫情消退之后,氣候變化依舊是重中之重。然而我們可以同時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)這兩個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。各國(guó)政府應(yīng)該表明它們可以兼顧兩者,確保在為經(jīng)濟(jì)注入數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的同時(shí),繼續(xù)降低溫室氣體排放,以可持續(xù)的方式促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)?!?/font>

在目前看來(lái),情況似乎恰恰相反。據(jù)報(bào)道,本周四,歐盟委員會(huì)官員認(rèn)為新冠大流行迫使他們“重新調(diào)整優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)”,這意味著促進(jìn)生物多樣性戰(zhàn)略和反食物浪費(fèi)措施等關(guān)鍵的環(huán)境改革可能會(huì)被暫時(shí)擱置。

菲格雷斯認(rèn)為,這樣我們就錯(cuò)過(guò)了大好時(shí)機(jī)。她指出:“保護(hù)環(huán)境和抗擊疫情都是當(dāng)務(wù)之急,我們不應(yīng)該有所取舍。”

意大利環(huán)保組織Legambiente研究部負(fù)責(zé)人安德烈亞·米努托洛認(rèn)為,從嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境角度而言,意大利封鎖全境很可能會(huì)帶來(lái)“凈積極”影響,但這也不是絕對(duì)的。

米努托洛告訴《財(cái)富》雜志說(shuō):“我們看到的一些情況是季節(jié)性的。雖然封鎖使交通和工業(yè)活動(dòng)有所減少,但居民居家隔離消耗的能源也增加了。唯一讓大家統(tǒng)一方向、形成合力的辦法是建立正確的規(guī)則和鼓勵(lì)機(jī)制。我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)這種辦法走出危機(jī)?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:智竑

為了應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情,意大利宣布緊急封鎖全境,限制了6000萬(wàn)人的出行。如果說(shuō)封鎖禁令有什么積極意義的話,也許人們可以在日落時(shí)分或者觀察水道時(shí)得到意外收獲。

意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)大規(guī)模停擺僅持續(xù)了數(shù)周,當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境似乎迅速好轉(zhuǎn)——當(dāng)然,代價(jià)也十分慘重。

此次新冠肺炎疫情對(duì)意大利造成了毀滅性的影響,一個(gè)個(gè)數(shù)字的背后都是鮮活的生命。截至當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間上周日,意大利衛(wèi)生部累計(jì)報(bào)告病例接近6萬(wàn)例,死亡人數(shù)5400余例,超過(guò)中國(guó),成為通報(bào)新冠死亡病例人數(shù)最多的國(guó)家。

意大利總理朱塞佩·孔特已下令關(guān)閉學(xué)校、餐廳、酒吧、旅游景點(diǎn)、辦公樓、電影院等易發(fā)生人群聚集的場(chǎng)所。類(lèi)似舉措也已在歐洲多國(guó)推行,意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)因此遭受重創(chuàng),預(yù)計(jì)今年經(jīng)濟(jì)萎縮可能高達(dá)15%。而生性熱情的意大利人被告知要保持社交距離,當(dāng)?shù)厣缃灰?guī)范也發(fā)生了變化。

但是環(huán)境呢?環(huán)境的表現(xiàn)倒還不錯(cuò)。

歐洲航天局今年1月和3月拍攝的衛(wèi)星圖像顯示,意大利北部經(jīng)濟(jì)重鎮(zhèn)在大幅減少交通流量和工業(yè)活動(dòng)后,生態(tài)環(huán)境發(fā)生了顯著變化。

1月份意大利封鎖之前的污染水平,對(duì)比3月份全面封鎖后的水平。這也反映了意大利經(jīng)濟(jì)最發(fā)達(dá)的是北部地區(qū),以及圖中兩個(gè)小點(diǎn)所代表的羅馬和那不勒斯。圖片來(lái)自@ESA。#意大利新冠肺炎 #污染

意大利素有“美麗國(guó)度”之稱(chēng),不過(guò)當(dāng)?shù)乜諝赓|(zhì)量堪憂,特別是在工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的波河河谷地區(qū),新冠肺炎疫情尤其嚴(yán)重。近年來(lái),由于霧霾指數(shù)超標(biāo),當(dāng)局采取了機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)限行措施,在部分時(shí)段禁止柴油汽車(chē)出行。而如今,絕大多數(shù)居民都在家隔離,街道上的車(chē)流量大幅減少。

與此同時(shí),水城威尼斯市內(nèi)及周邊的游輪和貨船幾乎全部停運(yùn),幾十年來(lái)首次有魚(yú)類(lèi)回到了威尼斯的瀉湖和運(yùn)河中。

據(jù)意大利媒體報(bào)道,由于空氣質(zhì)量改善且游人稀少,羅馬的公園里百花齊放,叢叢野花盛開(kāi),而往年只有到了5月才能看到如此規(guī)模的美景。

在首先爆發(fā)新冠疫情的中國(guó)湖北省,以及世界上其他連續(xù)封鎖多日的地區(qū)也有類(lèi)似的報(bào)道。據(jù)一份報(bào)告估計(jì),中國(guó)過(guò)去一個(gè)月內(nèi)的溫室氣體排放量比正常水平低了四分之一。

盡管分析人士可能會(huì)為這些數(shù)字而歡呼,但我們付出的代價(jià)過(guò)于沉重,即使從環(huán)境角度而言也是如此。

曾在2016年及之前擔(dān)任聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化事務(wù)高級(jí)官員的克里斯蒂安娜·菲格雷斯在接受《財(cái)富》采訪時(shí)表示:“我們?cè)诤芏痰臅r(shí)間內(nèi)看到了積極進(jìn)展,這在其他任何情況下都是我們樂(lè)于見(jiàn)到的。但我們不希望通過(guò)這種方式達(dá)到目標(biāo),這些改觀充其量也只是一時(shí)的?!狈聘窭姿棺罱€與人合著了一本新書(shū),探討應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。

2008至2009年全球金融危機(jī)期間也發(fā)生了類(lèi)似的情況。當(dāng)時(shí)全世界溫室氣體排放量增長(zhǎng)下降了一半,但在經(jīng)濟(jì)全面復(fù)蘇后,排放量又迅速回升。

國(guó)際石油變革組織戰(zhàn)略傳播總監(jiān)大衛(wèi)·特恩布爾認(rèn)為,要確保這些短期環(huán)境效益得以持續(xù),決策者必須確保所有與新冠疫情有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃都強(qiáng)調(diào)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

特恩布爾表示:“新冠病毒當(dāng)今世界面臨的最大問(wèn)題,但在疫情爆發(fā)之前,最大的問(wèn)題是氣候變化。而在疫情消退之后,氣候變化依舊是重中之重。然而我們可以同時(shí)應(yīng)對(duì)這兩個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)。各國(guó)政府應(yīng)該表明它們可以兼顧兩者,確保在為經(jīng)濟(jì)注入數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的同時(shí),繼續(xù)降低溫室氣體排放,以可持續(xù)的方式促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)?!?/font>

在目前看來(lái),情況似乎恰恰相反。據(jù)報(bào)道,本周四,歐盟委員會(huì)官員認(rèn)為新冠大流行迫使他們“重新調(diào)整優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)”,這意味著促進(jìn)生物多樣性戰(zhàn)略和反食物浪費(fèi)措施等關(guān)鍵的環(huán)境改革可能會(huì)被暫時(shí)擱置。

菲格雷斯認(rèn)為,這樣我們就錯(cuò)過(guò)了大好時(shí)機(jī)。她指出:“保護(hù)環(huán)境和抗擊疫情都是當(dāng)務(wù)之急,我們不應(yīng)該有所取舍。”

意大利環(huán)保組織Legambiente研究部負(fù)責(zé)人安德烈亞·米努托洛認(rèn)為,從嚴(yán)格的環(huán)境角度而言,意大利封鎖全境很可能會(huì)帶來(lái)“凈積極”影響,但這也不是絕對(duì)的。

米努托洛告訴《財(cái)富》雜志說(shuō):“我們看到的一些情況是季節(jié)性的。雖然封鎖使交通和工業(yè)活動(dòng)有所減少,但居民居家隔離消耗的能源也增加了。唯一讓大家統(tǒng)一方向、形成合力的辦法是建立正確的規(guī)則和鼓勵(lì)機(jī)制。我們應(yīng)該通過(guò)這種辦法走出危機(jī)?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:智竑

If there’s something positive to be found in Italy’s emergency coronavirus orders to lock down 60 million residents, it might reveal itself in a sunset or while peering down at the waterways.

After just a few weeks of shutting down huge portions of the economy, the country’s environmental health already appears to be making a roaring comeback—at a heavy cost, of course.

Measured in lives, the COVID-19 outbreak has had a devastating impact on the country. As of Wednesday’s report from Italian health officials, the outbreak had killed nearly 3,000 with total cases nearing 36,000. In both measures, only China has recorded more.

A decree from Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte shut down schools, restaurants, bars, tourist sites, offices, cinemas, or any other place where crowds may gather in close proximity. That measure, now being followed in part in other European countries, is ravaging Italy’s economy, which could contract by as much as 15% this year. Social norms have changed, too, as typically social Italians are told to stay far away from one another.

But the environment? It’s doing just fine.

The impact of a big reduction in vehicle traffic and industrial activity across the economically vibrant northern swath of the country is evident in European Space Agency satellite photos comparing January with March.

Pollution l evels in #Italy in January, before the #coronavirus lockdown, and in March, with the #lockdown in full force. This also illustrates how much of Italy's economy is in the north, plus two small blips for #Rome and #Naples. Images from @ESA. #coronavirusItaly #Pollution pic.twitter.com/3S51JW6YvT

— Eric J. Lyman (@EricJLyman) March 17, 2020

Also known as the bel paese, or “beautiful country,” Italy has a vexing air-quality problem, particularly in the industrial Po Valley region where the coronavirus outbreak is at its worst. In recent years, Italians have been ordered to leave their polluting, diesel-powered cars at home on various days as smog levels exceeded health standards. Car traffic these days is at a fraction of what it once was as people have been largely confined to their homes.

Meanwhile, a near shutdown of cruise- and cargo-ship traffic around Italy’s canal city of Venice has resulted in fish returning to the Venice lagoon and canals for the first time in decades.

Italian media credits cleaner air and a lack of foot traffic for a bloom in springtime flowers carpeting Rome’s urban parks, with patches of wild flowers growing to a size normally seen in May.

There are similar reports from Hubei province in China, where the coronavirus outbreak began, and from other parts of the world where lockdowns have been in place for more than a few days. One report estimated that China’s greenhouse gas emissions over the past month are as much as a quarter below normal levels.

While analysts may cheer the numbers, the way we arrived at them is not at all good news—even from an environmental perspective.

“In a very short span of time we are seeing positive developments that we would welcome under other circumstances,” Christiana Figueres, the UN’s top climate change official until 2016 and the coauthor of a new book on environmental priorities, told Fortune. “But this is not how we want to reach those goals. On their own, these are short-term improvements at best.”

Something similar happened during the 2008–09 global financial crisis when growth in worldwide greenhouse emissions fell by half. It shot back up again when the economy returned to full output.

According to David Turnbull, strategic communications director for Oil Change International, one way to make sure some of these kinds of short-term environmental benefits get locked in is for policymakers to ensure that any economic stimulus packages tied to the coronavirus pandemic stress sustainable development.

“The coronavirus is the biggest problem facing the world today, but before the outbreak, the biggest problem was climate change. And after the outbreak goes away, it will again be climate change,” Turnbull said. “But the desire to face down both problems can come together. Governments should show they can walk and chew gum at the same time by making sure that the trillions of dollars being injected into economies are done in a way that will keep greenhouse gas emissions lower and promote sustainable growth.”

So far, it seems the opposite may be happening. On Thursday, European Commission officials were reportedly operating under the idea that the coronavirus pandemic is forcing them to “reorder priorities,” meaning that key environmental reforms like biodiversity strategies and anti–food waste measures will likely be put on the back burner.

That would be a missed opportunity, says Figueres.

“Environmental and anti-coronavirus priorities should be one set of priorities,” she said. “There’s no need to pick between them.”

Andrea Minutolo, head of the research division for the Italian environmental lobby group Legambiente, said the national shutdown in Italy is probably a net-positive from a strictly environmental perspective. But it’s not clear-cut.

“Some of what we have seen is seasonal. And while there is less traffic and less industrial activity because of the lockdown, there is also more home energy use as people stay indoors,” Minutolo told Fortune. “The only way we will get everything pointing in the same direction is to set up the right rules and incentives. That is what the world should be doing as we emerge from this crisis.”

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