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諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主席勒:美國(guó)不會(huì)再次出現(xiàn)大衰退

SHAWN TULLY
2020-03-24

美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)前景如何?沒(méi)人比羅伯特·席勒更適合回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

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在新冠疫情大流行期間,美國(guó)企業(yè)的CEO、消費(fèi)者以及投資人都深受一個(gè)問(wèn)題的困擾,即:這次是否會(huì)重演始于2008年長(zhǎng)期、近乎蕭條的經(jīng)濟(jì)景象?還是會(huì)像1987年那樣,在股市暴跌之后經(jīng)歷相對(duì)短期的恐慌?可能沒(méi)有什么人比諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主羅伯特·席勒更適合回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題了。

于是,《財(cái)富》雜志前往席勒位于紐黑文的家中,拜訪這位耶魯大學(xué)的教授。此時(shí)他已在家中待了一段時(shí)間,只是每隔幾天購(gòu)買(mǎi)日用品時(shí)才會(huì)冒險(xiǎn)外出一次。他對(duì)新冠疫情沖擊有著自己獨(dú)特的見(jiàn)解,他指出,現(xiàn)在有許多“故事”占據(jù)著我們感性世界,其影響力與基于經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)做出的預(yù)測(cè)一樣強(qiáng)大。

以下為其觀點(diǎn)節(jié)選。

股市拋售是全球現(xiàn)象,也是一個(gè)信號(hào)

他指出,全球股市都在暴跌,所以其誘因不是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)出了2000年代中期房地產(chǎn)泡沫那樣的大問(wèn)題。 “全球一片哀鴻,估值過(guò)高的美股在暴跌,其它一些市場(chǎng),雖然估值不高,但也在暴跌”。

席勒表示,雖然現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)基本面出了問(wèn)題,但是股市下跌的幅度仍然遠(yuǎn)超經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化的實(shí)際情況。他說(shuō):“從有效市場(chǎng)的角度看,出現(xiàn)這種狀況出乎我的意料。就現(xiàn)在看到的情況來(lái)說(shuō),股市不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)如此巨大的跌幅”?,F(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)的拋售更像是對(duì)危機(jī)嚴(yán)重程度的過(guò)度反應(yīng)。席勒說(shuō):“人們覺(jué)得新冠病毒可能毀掉整個(gè)市場(chǎng),空蕩蕩的超市貨架也加劇了人們的恐慌”。親眼目睹這些慘淡景象讓人們對(duì)未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)充滿悲觀情緒,進(jìn)而打擊了他們對(duì)股票市場(chǎng)的信心?!?/p>

本次危機(jī)很可能不是大衰退2.0版

席勒承認(rèn),自2月中旬以來(lái),股票市場(chǎng)迅速蒸發(fā)了30%的市值,無(wú)論從速度還是規(guī)模來(lái)看,這都更像是另一場(chǎng)大蕭條或大衰退,而不是很快就會(huì)過(guò)去的沖擊。但據(jù)他觀察,“本次危機(jī)似乎不會(huì)重復(fù)1929年或2008年的局面。這次是病毒波及到了股票市場(chǎng),情況與之前并不一樣?!毕罩赋?,與導(dǎo)致大蕭條的信用危機(jī)相比,當(dāng)前的情況更像是1919年西班牙大流感。

CAPE指標(biāo)過(guò)高并非本次股市大跌的原因

當(dāng)利潤(rùn)處于不可持續(xù)的高位時(shí),估值看起來(lái)會(huì)偏低,當(dāng)收益處于低點(diǎn)時(shí),估值會(huì)顯得偏高,而席勒提出的周期調(diào)整市盈率,即CAPE,則可以通過(guò)撫平收益峰、谷數(shù)值對(duì)報(bào)告市盈率進(jìn)行調(diào)整,所以使用這種方法可以更準(zhǔn)確的反映股價(jià)是偏高還是偏低。今年2月中旬,當(dāng)股市處于歷史最高點(diǎn)時(shí),CAPE指標(biāo)剛剛超過(guò)1929年和2000年兩次股市大崩盤(pán)前夕的水平。

席勒表示,CAPE高位運(yùn)行“確實(shí)更容易導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)拋售情況”。但令人頗為意外的是,他斷言并非對(duì)股市崩盤(pán)的恐懼導(dǎo)致了本次大跌。他表示:“如果美股下跌幅度與那些CAPE值并不高的市場(chǎng)的下跌幅度差不多,那就說(shuō)明美股市盈率過(guò)高并非導(dǎo)致本次股市暴跌的原因。真正的原因在于全球疫情蔓延”。他讓我去看巴克萊計(jì)算的26國(guó)CAPE數(shù)據(jù)。正如席勒估計(jì)的那樣,巴克萊的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球最貴的主要股票市場(chǎng)——美股CAPE數(shù)值已從2月的峰值31降到了26。但原始CAPE數(shù)值遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)的日本(22)、德國(guó)(20)和英國(guó)(18),其股市也都遭受了相似程度的暴跌。

新冠危機(jī)或?qū)⒎崔D(zhuǎn)特朗普式“劇情”

席勒表示,特朗普總統(tǒng)治下的美國(guó)給自己貼上了所謂“凱旋敘事”的標(biāo)簽。他指出:“特朗普讓美國(guó)認(rèn)同并接受了自己資本主義國(guó)家的身份。股市也因此屢創(chuàng)新高”。但在席勒看來(lái),股票市場(chǎng)的暴跌已經(jīng)重寫(xiě)了這個(gè)英雄敘事的劇情:“2008年是房地產(chǎn)出問(wèn)題,當(dāng)時(shí)人們因?yàn)楦鞣N不當(dāng)操作飽受批評(píng),現(xiàn)在則是股市出了問(wèn)題。故事不太一樣,但在這個(gè)故事里特朗普也扮演了自己的角色。由于他在應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情時(shí)不愿聽(tīng)取科學(xué)家的建議,因而引發(fā)了各界對(duì)其廣泛的批評(píng)”。

席勒稱(chēng)自己對(duì)特朗普現(xiàn)象感到迷惑。他表示:“我不知道他是怎么想的。如果沒(méi)有新冠病毒(他的政策)可能還能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)??雌饋?lái)他是希望問(wèn)題能夠自己消失”。作為熟稔經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理的學(xué)者,席勒認(rèn)為,在產(chǎn)生懷疑之前,美國(guó)人原本對(duì)未來(lái)充滿信心。未來(lái)最大的懸念在于他們的疑慮會(huì)擴(kuò)大到什么程度,以及需要多久時(shí)間才能讓他們恢復(fù)信心。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

在新冠疫情大流行期間,美國(guó)企業(yè)的CEO、消費(fèi)者以及投資人都深受一個(gè)問(wèn)題的困擾,即:這次是否會(huì)重演始于2008年長(zhǎng)期、近乎蕭條的經(jīng)濟(jì)景象?還是會(huì)像1987年那樣,在股市暴跌之后經(jīng)歷相對(duì)短期的恐慌?可能沒(méi)有什么人比諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)得主羅伯特·席勒更適合回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題了。

于是,《財(cái)富》雜志前往席勒位于紐黑文的家中,拜訪這位耶魯大學(xué)的教授。此時(shí)他已在家中待了一段時(shí)間,只是每隔幾天購(gòu)買(mǎi)日用品時(shí)才會(huì)冒險(xiǎn)外出一次。他對(duì)新冠疫情沖擊有著自己獨(dú)特的見(jiàn)解,他指出,現(xiàn)在有許多“故事”占據(jù)著我們感性世界,其影響力與基于經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)做出的預(yù)測(cè)一樣強(qiáng)大。

以下為其觀點(diǎn)節(jié)選。

股市拋售是全球現(xiàn)象,也是一個(gè)信號(hào)

他指出,全球股市都在暴跌,所以其誘因不是美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)出了2000年代中期房地產(chǎn)泡沫那樣的大問(wèn)題。 “全球一片哀鴻,估值過(guò)高的美股在暴跌,其它一些市場(chǎng),雖然估值不高,但也在暴跌”。

席勒表示,雖然現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)基本面出了問(wèn)題,但是股市下跌的幅度仍然遠(yuǎn)超經(jīng)濟(jì)惡化的實(shí)際情況。他說(shuō):“從有效市場(chǎng)的角度看,出現(xiàn)這種狀況出乎我的意料。就現(xiàn)在看到的情況來(lái)說(shuō),股市不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)如此巨大的跌幅”。現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)的拋售更像是對(duì)危機(jī)嚴(yán)重程度的過(guò)度反應(yīng)。席勒說(shuō):“人們覺(jué)得新冠病毒可能毀掉整個(gè)市場(chǎng),空蕩蕩的超市貨架也加劇了人們的恐慌”。親眼目睹這些慘淡景象讓人們對(duì)未來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)充滿悲觀情緒,進(jìn)而打擊了他們對(duì)股票市場(chǎng)的信心?!?/p>

本次危機(jī)很可能不是大衰退2.0版

席勒承認(rèn),自2月中旬以來(lái),股票市場(chǎng)迅速蒸發(fā)了30%的市值,無(wú)論從速度還是規(guī)模來(lái)看,這都更像是另一場(chǎng)大蕭條或大衰退,而不是很快就會(huì)過(guò)去的沖擊。但據(jù)他觀察,“本次危機(jī)似乎不會(huì)重復(fù)1929年或2008年的局面。這次是病毒波及到了股票市場(chǎng),情況與之前并不一樣?!毕罩赋?,與導(dǎo)致大蕭條的信用危機(jī)相比,當(dāng)前的情況更像是1919年西班牙大流感。

CAPE指標(biāo)過(guò)高并非本次股市大跌的原因

當(dāng)利潤(rùn)處于不可持續(xù)的高位時(shí),估值看起來(lái)會(huì)偏低,當(dāng)收益處于低點(diǎn)時(shí),估值會(huì)顯得偏高,而席勒提出的周期調(diào)整市盈率,即CAPE,則可以通過(guò)撫平收益峰、谷數(shù)值對(duì)報(bào)告市盈率進(jìn)行調(diào)整,所以使用這種方法可以更準(zhǔn)確的反映股價(jià)是偏高還是偏低。今年2月中旬,當(dāng)股市處于歷史最高點(diǎn)時(shí),CAPE指標(biāo)剛剛超過(guò)1929年和2000年兩次股市大崩盤(pán)前夕的水平。

席勒表示,CAPE高位運(yùn)行“確實(shí)更容易導(dǎo)致市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)拋售情況”。但令人頗為意外的是,他斷言并非對(duì)股市崩盤(pán)的恐懼導(dǎo)致了本次大跌。他表示:“如果美股下跌幅度與那些CAPE值并不高的市場(chǎng)的下跌幅度差不多,那就說(shuō)明美股市盈率過(guò)高并非導(dǎo)致本次股市暴跌的原因。真正的原因在于全球疫情蔓延”。他讓我去看巴克萊計(jì)算的26國(guó)CAPE數(shù)據(jù)。正如席勒估計(jì)的那樣,巴克萊的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全球最貴的主要股票市場(chǎng)——美股CAPE數(shù)值已從2月的峰值31降到了26。但原始CAPE數(shù)值遠(yuǎn)低于美國(guó)的日本(22)、德國(guó)(20)和英國(guó)(18),其股市也都遭受了相似程度的暴跌。

新冠危機(jī)或?qū)⒎崔D(zhuǎn)特朗普式“劇情”

席勒表示,特朗普總統(tǒng)治下的美國(guó)給自己貼上了所謂“凱旋敘事”的標(biāo)簽。他指出:“特朗普讓美國(guó)認(rèn)同并接受了自己資本主義國(guó)家的身份。股市也因此屢創(chuàng)新高”。但在席勒看來(lái),股票市場(chǎng)的暴跌已經(jīng)重寫(xiě)了這個(gè)英雄敘事的劇情:“2008年是房地產(chǎn)出問(wèn)題,當(dāng)時(shí)人們因?yàn)楦鞣N不當(dāng)操作飽受批評(píng),現(xiàn)在則是股市出了問(wèn)題。故事不太一樣,但在這個(gè)故事里特朗普也扮演了自己的角色。由于他在應(yīng)對(duì)新冠疫情時(shí)不愿聽(tīng)取科學(xué)家的建議,因而引發(fā)了各界對(duì)其廣泛的批評(píng)”。

席勒稱(chēng)自己對(duì)特朗普現(xiàn)象感到迷惑。他表示:“我不知道他是怎么想的。如果沒(méi)有新冠病毒(他的政策)可能還能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。看起來(lái)他是希望問(wèn)題能夠自己消失”。作為熟稔經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理的學(xué)者,席勒認(rèn)為,在產(chǎn)生懷疑之前,美國(guó)人原本對(duì)未來(lái)充滿信心。未來(lái)最大的懸念在于他們的疑慮會(huì)擴(kuò)大到什么程度,以及需要多久時(shí)間才能讓他們恢復(fù)信心。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

It's hard to think of a more qualified expert than Nobel laureate Robert Shiller to address the question baffling America's CEOs, consumers, and investors amid the coronavirus pandemic: Is 2020 a repeat of the long-running, near depression starting in 2008, or a relatively short-lived panic recalling the sharp selloff in 1987?

I reached Shiller, a Yale professor, at his home in New Haven, where he's hunkered down for the duration, venturing out mainly to stock up every few days for routine shopping. As usual, Shiller's views on the coronavirus crash were highly original, and he noted that "narratives" that capture our emotions are just as powerful as forecasts based on economic data, including the famed CAPE ratio, that he displays on his home page.

Here's a sampling of Shiller's observations.

The coronavirus selloff is worldwide, and that's a signal

The gigantic drop in stock prices, he points out, is a global phenomenon. Hence, its cause probably isn't big weaknesses specific to the U.S. economy, such as the mid-2000s housing bubble. “It's happening everywhere,” he notes. “It's happening in markets that were expensive like the U.S., and ones that are inexpensive.”

He says that drop is far bigger than is probably justified by the economic fundamentals, even though they're deteriorating. "I haven't been prepared for this from the standpoint of efficient markets," he says. "Based on what we're seeing so far, the stock market shouldn't go down this much," he says. More likely, the depth of the selloff is an overreaction to the severity of the crisis. "People are getting the idea that this virus will get the market to crash," he says. "People go to the supermarket and see the empty shelves, and they panic." Those signs of desperation from daily life darken their view of the economy's future and undermine their confidence in the stock market.

This probably isn’t the Great Recession 2.0

Shiller acknowledges that the rapidity and scale of the stock market's 30% retreat since mid-February point more to another Great Depression or Great Recession than a shock triggered by a passing crisis. "This doesn't seem to be another 1929 or 2008," he observed. "The story isn't the same. This time the bad news comes from something outside the economy. This time it's a virus story that turned into a stock market story." He notes that the current crisis resembles the Spanish flu epidemic of 1919 far more than the vanishing credit that caused the Great Depression.

The selloff isn’t a vindication of the CAPE

Shiller's cyclically adjusted price-earnings ratio, or CAPE, adjusts the reported P/E by smoothing peaks and valleys in earnings. Its methodology can give a more accurate snapshot of whether prices are rich or slim, since valuations can appear low when profits are unsustainably high, and inflated when earnings are poised to rebound. At the market's all-time high in mid-February, the CAPE stood at a level only exceeded prior to the meltdowns in 1929 and 2000.

Shiller says that the high CAPE "did make the markets more vulnerable to a selloff." But surprisingly, he asserts that sudden fear of gravity-defying prices didn't cause the drop. "If prices fell by roughly the same degree in other markets where the CAPE isn't high, then it wasn't the high prices relative to earnings in the U.S. that trigger the fall," he says. "It was the worldwide epidemic." He instructed me to look at the Barclays data that calculates the CAPE for 26 countries. Shiller's assessment was correct. According to Barclays, the CAPE in the U.S., the world's most expensive major market, has dropped from the February peak of 31 to 26. But Japan at 22, Germany at 20, and the U.K. at 18, all started with CAPEs much lower than the U.S., and all suffered comparable drops in equities.

The coronavirus crisis could be a reversal of the Trump narrative

America, says Shiller, has had what he labels a "triumphant narrative" under President Trump. "Trump got the U.S. thinking it's a capitalist country, and isn't ashamed of it," notes Shiller. "So the stock market sets records." But for Shiller, the stunning retreat has rewritten the heroic plot line: "In 2008, it was a housing story, not a stock market story like today, and people were getting accused of all kinds of bad behavior. This narrative is something different, but it's also a Trump narrative. He's getting his own vicious attacks, this time for not believing the scientists about coronavirus. That narrative is very big now."

Shiller professes to be mystified by the Trump phenomenon. "I don't know what drives his thinking," Shiller allows. "It might have worked without the coronavirus. It looked like he was trying to wish it away." For Shiller, a student of great economic narratives, Americans believed in the scenario of good times ahead until they didn't believe. The great unknown in the tale to come is how deep their doubt will grow, and the time it will take them to believe again.

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