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疫情期間,一位流行病學家能做什么?

Regan Stephens
2020-04-12

新冠疫情讓一個公共衛(wèi)生專家有了用武之地。

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卡羅琳·坎努西奧在布朗大學讀本科時就開始了自己的職業(yè)生涯。她的專業(yè)是流行病學,當時艾滋病毒/艾滋病剛開始流行,而這也促使她繼續(xù)前往哈佛大學攻讀公共衛(wèi)生專業(yè)博士學位。這位社會流行病學家如今在賓夕法尼亞大學佩雷爾曼醫(yī)學院擔任家庭醫(yī)學和社區(qū)衛(wèi)生學副教授,她負責研究以往的流行病,目前正在講授一門關于流行病、應急響應和環(huán)境威脅的課程。

自今年年初新冠肺炎疫情爆發(fā)以來,坎努西奧花了不少時間敦促費城及周邊的社區(qū)采取社交疏離措施,以減緩病毒的傳播。

《財富》邀請坎努西奧談了談新冠疫情對她的生活產生了哪些影響,比如怎樣給學生授課、在家教育子女(包括做早餐)有何心得,以及在這段非常時期里,她對我們每個人有什么建議。

卡羅琳·坎努西奧是一名社會流行病學家兼大學教授。她負責研究以往的流行病,同時講授一門關于流行病、應急響應和環(huán)境威脅的課程。圖片來源:COURTESY OF CAROLYN CANNUSCIO

《財富》:疫情爆發(fā)之前,您平時的生活是怎么樣的?

坎努西奧:我常說,我擁有世界上最好的工作。它能讓我一個人靜靜地思考、做教學工作,還能與社區(qū)形成緊密的聯(lián)系。我還有一間實驗室。我們會開展社區(qū)聯(lián)動的研究項目,通常與公共圖書館合作,解決重大的社區(qū)健康問題。就在意大利爆發(fā)新冠疫情的前幾天,我們團隊剛剛向美國國家衛(wèi)生研究院提交了一項撥款申請,致力于在全國范圍內建立圖書館網絡,提高圖書館應對藥物過量問題的能力。我們申請了一筆巨額撥款,這是我要求的最大的一筆撥款,其中涉及到許多協(xié)調工作和團隊合作。

通常我會坐在辦公室里,我們在賓大的團隊每天都會一起做午飯。這兒有一只快煲電壓力鍋和一只電磁爐,時間充裕的話,我們會煮紅扁豆湯、做咖喱菜或炒菜之類。大家做完好吃的,就一起坐下來吃飯,這個習慣我們已經保持了兩年了。有時候會有很多文案工作需要處理,我們幾個人就會離開辦公室找個安靜的地方,集中精力把稿子寫完。

這些年來,我做了許多公共衛(wèi)生領域的工作,特別是在保護弱勢群體和減少城市衛(wèi)生差距方面。但我的教學重點其實是流行病學概論,也就是公共衛(wèi)生領域的基礎科學。我還在教一門關于流行病、應急響應和環(huán)境科學的課程,所以我特別希望大家從以往的危機中汲取教訓,讓我們做得更好。

這也緊扣了當前的形勢。

沒錯,我們在課堂上做了很多模擬練習,預演了發(fā)生危機時需要做出的決定。就在幾周前,我們假設賓大校園里出現(xiàn)了流感大流行。賓大應該怎樣處理學生住宿問題?怎樣為學生提供餐飲服務?賓大應該如何重新安排考試時間,醫(yī)學生的醫(yī)師執(zhí)照考試又該怎么辦?你瞧,現(xiàn)在醫(yī)學院的學生都不來學校上課了,他們的醫(yī)師執(zhí)照考試第一階段已經取消,學生也被要求搬出了宿舍。

我們做這些模擬演練,是為了讓大家全盤考慮所有受疫情影響的群體,思考各種不同的策略,管控人類健康風險,實行干預措施以降低經濟損失,加強與公眾的溝通,減少歧視和恐慌。我們討論了可以用來幫助家庭應對疫情的策略、流行病或突發(fā)事件造成的負面政治影響,以及醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)和所有醫(yī)護人員會受到的沖擊。這些問題我們都涉及到了。而現(xiàn)在,所有學生都認識到了提前規(guī)劃的重要性,那么在遇到類似的危機時,我們就知道所有關鍵問題都已經照顧到了。

您現(xiàn)在的工作狀態(tài)是怎么樣的?

過去幾周里,我一直在向公眾和媒體宣傳,敦促人們盡快采取社交疏離措施,并主張當局及早制定相關政策,將“社交疏離”落實到位。我花了大量精力與公眾和地方機構溝通,這些群體可能沒有能力或無法接觸到必不可少的公共衛(wèi)生服務。

一個很大的障礙是,我的學生都分散到了各地。我們通過Zoom連線,也會通過Zoom上三個小時的課程。這是個全新的嘗試,我們看看效果怎么樣吧。當然了,最好是讓大家一起坐在教室里,這樣我就能看到大家的反應,一眼就能發(fā)現(xiàn)哪個學生沒有聽懂。

費城的學校停課后,您的居家生活有什么變化?

我有4個孩子,分別是16歲、14歲、8歲和5歲。我是個流行病學家,所以他們以前就聽我提起過冠狀病毒。從1月份開始,我就在給他們做心理準備,告訴他們不久之后大家可能要一直待在家里,而且要在家里上學。孩子們在心理準備上可能有一定的優(yōu)勢吧。

其實我現(xiàn)在非常忙,我要和同事以及需要幫助的親朋好友通話,還要接受媒體采訪。很多時候我都在打電話或者通過Zoom連線。孩子們經常要自己照顧自己。當然年紀大的孩子在這方面做得很好,學校也在積極地為他們提供在線教育。但針對幼兒的教學節(jié)目要少得多。他們會在電子設備上花很長時間,有時我媽媽會在線上給他們做輔導。我姑姑也是教育工作者,她準備了一些藝術課題,打算給他們遠程上課。她住在圣菲,我家住在費城,我們準備和我住在倫敦的兄弟一家人一起做這項工作。至于孩子們實際能學到多少,我盡量不抱太大的希望。高質量的互動應該能給他們帶來一些幫助。兒童的適應性很強,他們會在學校復課后重新跟上學習進度的。

我們家現(xiàn)在有點亂,臟衣服已經堆得老高了。今天早上我下樓去開會,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個孩子拿冰淇淋三明治當早餐,另一個則在吃冰淇淋甜筒。說真的,我不在乎。換個角度想想,我現(xiàn)在關心的是讓家里人、讓我們社區(qū)和這個世界上盡可能多的人身體健康,平平安安。

有些人想知道疫情還會持續(xù)多久,您想對他們說些什么?

大家對未來充滿了擔憂。我只想說,總有一天生活會走上正軌的?,F(xiàn)在我們最好只關注當下,而不是設想兩個星期或兩個月之后的事兒。情況會發(fā)生變化,現(xiàn)在可能很難做出的決定,比如6月份我應該去參加表親的婚禮嗎?到了6月,問題可能會迎刃而解?,F(xiàn)在不要去想6月的事情,認真過好這個月就可以了。多想一想現(xiàn)在要做的事。

在這段非常時期里,您有什么建議與大家分享嗎?

我希望所有人都盡可能對自己寬容一些、靈活一些。因為挑戰(zhàn)才剛剛開始,不論是誰都不容易?,F(xiàn)在我對工作效率的期望值很低,對自己、對別人都是如此。眼下要關心你愛的人,也就是要盡可能多地待在家里。待在家里真的可以挽救生命。既然這是我們可以控制的,我們就應該拼命控制住它。請大家待在家里。(財富中文網)

譯者:智竑

卡羅琳·坎努西奧在布朗大學讀本科時就開始了自己的職業(yè)生涯。她的專業(yè)是流行病學,當時艾滋病毒/艾滋病剛開始流行,而這也促使她繼續(xù)前往哈佛大學攻讀公共衛(wèi)生專業(yè)博士學位。這位社會流行病學家如今在賓夕法尼亞大學佩雷爾曼醫(yī)學院擔任家庭醫(yī)學和社區(qū)衛(wèi)生學副教授,她負責研究以往的流行病,目前正在講授一門關于流行病、應急響應和環(huán)境威脅的課程。

自今年年初新冠肺炎疫情爆發(fā)以來,坎努西奧花了不少時間敦促費城及周邊的社區(qū)采取社交疏離措施,以減緩病毒的傳播。

《財富》邀請坎努西奧談了談新冠疫情對她的生活產生了哪些影響,比如怎樣給學生授課、在家教育子女(包括做早餐)有何心得,以及在這段非常時期里,她對我們每個人有什么建議。

《財富》:疫情爆發(fā)之前,您平時的生活是怎么樣的?

坎努西奧:我常說,我擁有世界上最好的工作。它能讓我一個人靜靜地思考、做教學工作,還能與社區(qū)形成緊密的聯(lián)系。我還有一間實驗室。我們會開展社區(qū)聯(lián)動的研究項目,通常與公共圖書館合作,解決重大的社區(qū)健康問題。就在意大利爆發(fā)新冠疫情的前幾天,我們團隊剛剛向美國國家衛(wèi)生研究院提交了一項撥款申請,致力于在全國范圍內建立圖書館網絡,提高圖書館應對藥物過量問題的能力。我們申請了一筆巨額撥款,這是我要求的最大的一筆撥款,其中涉及到許多協(xié)調工作和團隊合作。

通常我會坐在辦公室里,我們在賓大的團隊每天都會一起做午飯。這兒有一只快煲電壓力鍋和一只電磁爐,時間充裕的話,我們會煮紅扁豆湯、做咖喱菜或炒菜之類。大家做完好吃的,就一起坐下來吃飯,這個習慣我們已經保持了兩年了。有時候會有很多文案工作需要處理,我們幾個人就會離開辦公室找個安靜的地方,集中精力把稿子寫完。

這些年來,我做了許多公共衛(wèi)生領域的工作,特別是在保護弱勢群體和減少城市衛(wèi)生差距方面。但我的教學重點其實是流行病學概論,也就是公共衛(wèi)生領域的基礎科學。我還在教一門關于流行病、應急響應和環(huán)境科學的課程,所以我特別希望大家從以往的危機中汲取教訓,讓我們做得更好。

這也緊扣了當前的形勢。

沒錯,我們在課堂上做了很多模擬練習,預演了發(fā)生危機時需要做出的決定。就在幾周前,我們假設賓大校園里出現(xiàn)了流感大流行。賓大應該怎樣處理學生住宿問題?怎樣為學生提供餐飲服務?賓大應該如何重新安排考試時間,醫(yī)學生的醫(yī)師執(zhí)照考試又該怎么辦?你瞧,現(xiàn)在醫(yī)學院的學生都不來學校上課了,他們的醫(yī)師執(zhí)照考試第一階段已經取消,學生也被要求搬出了宿舍。

我們做這些模擬演練,是為了讓大家全盤考慮所有受疫情影響的群體,思考各種不同的策略,管控人類健康風險,實行干預措施以降低經濟損失,加強與公眾的溝通,減少歧視和恐慌。我們討論了可以用來幫助家庭應對疫情的策略、流行病或突發(fā)事件造成的負面政治影響,以及醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)和所有醫(yī)護人員會受到的沖擊。這些問題我們都涉及到了。而現(xiàn)在,所有學生都認識到了提前規(guī)劃的重要性,那么在遇到類似的危機時,我們就知道所有關鍵問題都已經照顧到了。

您現(xiàn)在的工作狀態(tài)是怎么樣的?

過去幾周里,我一直在向公眾和媒體宣傳,敦促人們盡快采取社交疏離措施,并主張當局及早制定相關政策,將“社交疏離”落實到位。我花了大量精力與公眾和地方機構溝通,這些群體可能沒有能力或無法接觸到必不可少的公共衛(wèi)生服務。

一個很大的障礙是,我的學生都分散到了各地。我們通過Zoom連線,也會通過Zoom上三個小時的課程。這是個全新的嘗試,我們看看效果怎么樣吧。當然了,最好是讓大家一起坐在教室里,這樣我就能看到大家的反應,一眼就能發(fā)現(xiàn)哪個學生沒有聽懂。

費城的學校停課后,您的居家生活有什么變化?

我有4個孩子,分別是16歲、14歲、8歲和5歲。我是個流行病學家,所以他們以前就聽我提起過冠狀病毒。從1月份開始,我就在給他們做心理準備,告訴他們不久之后大家可能要一直待在家里,而且要在家里上學。孩子們在心理準備上可能有一定的優(yōu)勢吧。

其實我現(xiàn)在非常忙,我要和同事以及需要幫助的親朋好友通話,還要接受媒體采訪。很多時候我都在打電話或者通過Zoom連線。孩子們經常要自己照顧自己。當然年紀大的孩子在這方面做得很好,學校也在積極地為他們提供在線教育。但針對幼兒的教學節(jié)目要少得多。他們會在電子設備上花很長時間,有時我媽媽會在線上給他們做輔導。我姑姑也是教育工作者,她準備了一些藝術課題,打算給他們遠程上課。她住在圣菲,我家住在費城,我們準備和我住在倫敦的兄弟一家人一起做這項工作。至于孩子們實際能學到多少,我盡量不抱太大的希望。高質量的互動應該能給他們帶來一些幫助。兒童的適應性很強,他們會在學校復課后重新跟上學習進度的。

我們家現(xiàn)在有點亂,臟衣服已經堆得老高了。今天早上我下樓去開會,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個孩子拿冰淇淋三明治當早餐,另一個則在吃冰淇淋甜筒。說真的,我不在乎。換個角度想想,我現(xiàn)在關心的是讓家里人、讓我們社區(qū)和這個世界上盡可能多的人身體健康,平平安安。

有些人想知道疫情還會持續(xù)多久,您想對他們說些什么?

大家對未來充滿了擔憂。我只想說,總有一天生活會走上正軌的?,F(xiàn)在我們最好只關注當下,而不是設想兩個星期或兩個月之后的事兒。情況會發(fā)生變化,現(xiàn)在可能很難做出的決定,比如6月份我應該去參加表親的婚禮嗎?到了6月,問題可能會迎刃而解。現(xiàn)在不要去想6月的事情,認真過好這個月就可以了。多想一想現(xiàn)在要做的事。

在這段非常時期里,您有什么建議與大家分享嗎?

我希望所有人都盡可能對自己寬容一些、靈活一些。因為挑戰(zhàn)才剛剛開始,不論是誰都不容易。現(xiàn)在我對工作效率的期望值很低,對自己、對別人都是如此。眼下要關心你愛的人,也就是要盡可能多地待在家里。待在家里真的可以挽救生命。既然這是我們可以控制的,我們就應該拼命控制住它。請大家待在家里。(財富中文網)

譯者:智竑

Carolyn Cannuscio began her career as an undergraduate at Brown University, studying epidemiology during the early days of HIV/AIDS, which inspired her to pursue a doctorate in public health at Harvard. The social epidemiologist is an associate professor of family medicine and community health at the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine, where she studies prior epidemics and currently teaches a class on epidemics, emergencies, and environmental threats.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus earlier this year, Cannuscio has spent time urging communities in Philadelphia and beyond to implement social distancing measures in an attempt to slow the spread of the disease.

Fortune spoke with Cannuscio for a new series, The Coronavirus Economy, to ask about how the outbreak of COVID-19 has affected her life, including how she’s teaching her students, what homeschooling (and breakfast) looks like for her own children, and the advice she has for everyone trying to get through an unprecedented time.

Fortune: What did your day-to-day life look like before the outbreak?

Cannuscio: I have often said that I have the best job in the world. It’s a great combination of solo thinking, teaching, and outreach in the community. I also have a lab. We do community-engaged research projects, often in conjunction with public libraries, to address important community health issues. Just days before the outbreak in Italy, my team was submitting a grant to the National Institutes of Health to build a network of libraries across the country to work on improving overdose-reversal capacity at libraries. We had put in this huge grant, the biggest grant I’ve ever put in, and that involves a lot of hunkering down and working together with the team.

Typically, I’m in the office—our team at Penn cooks lunch together everyday. We have an Instant Pot and we have an induction cook plate, so on our good days, we’re making things like red lentil soup, curry, or a stir fry. We make delicious food, and we take time to sit and eat together, and we've been doing that everyday for two years. When we really have a lot of writing to do, we might go hole up someplace quiet, with just a few of us, to get the writing done without the distraction of the office.

I’ve done lots of different public health work over the years, especially on vulnerable populations and urban health disparities, but my teaching has really focused on an introduction to epidemiology, which is the basic science of public health. I also teach a course on epidemics, emergencies, and environmental threats, so my interest there is really in trying to carry forward lessons from prior crises so that we can do better.

So perfectly relevant to current events.

Yes, we do a lot of tabletop exercises in the class where we practice what kinds of decisions would be made in simulated crises. Just a few weeks ago, we were doing an exercise about an outbreak of pandemic flu on Penn’s campus. How should Penn handle housing for the students? Feeding students? What should Penn do about rescheduling exams, and about medical students who had their Step exams? Lo and behold, now our medical students are no longer in school, and their Step 1 exam was canceled, and students have been asked to move out of the dorms.

We do these simulations to try to get people to think holistically about all the groups that are affected in an epidemic, and to think about the different strategies that could be used to manage risks to human health, that could be used to intervene to reduce the economic toll, and that could be used to better communicate with the public, and reduce stigma and panic. We talk about strategies that could be used to try to help families cope, political fallout from epidemics or emergencies, and impact on hospital systems and all members of the health care team. We really think about all of these issues, and right now, all of my students are recognizing that it is important to go through that kind of planning so that we know we’re attending to all the major issues when a crisis like this happens.

What does your job look like now?

In the past few weeks, I’ve been focused on communicating to the public and to the press about the urgent need for social distancing measures, and for policies that would enable social distancing to happen. I put a lot of my energy into communicating to the public and local organizations that might not have the capacity or connections to public health that they would need.

One of the major disruptions is that my students are scattered to the wind. We’re connecting with Zoom meetings, and we are having our three-hour classes over Zoom. That’s a very new experiment—we’ll see how it goes. Of course, it’s preferable to be able to be with people together in the same room, and it’s easier for me to read the room when I’m with people, so that I can see who looks confused.

With schools closed in Philadelphia, how has life changed at home?

I have four children, they are 16, 14, eight, and five. Because I’m an epidemiologist, they have heard me talking about the coronavirus. Since January, I’ve been preparing them for the concept that there might come a time when we would have to stay at home all the time, and that we might have to do school at home. So my kids might have had some advantage in terms of their mental preparation for this day.

I’m actually extremely busy right now on the telephone with colleagues, with friends and family who need help, with journalists, and so I’m on the phone or on Zoom a lot. So my children are often fending for themselves. Of course, the older kids are doing well with that, and their school is also doing a very good job at ramping up online education for them. For the younger children, there’s much less programming. They are doing a lot of screen time, interspersed with some virtual homeschool with my mom. And my aunt, who’s an educator, is prepping some art projects that she’s going to do remotely with them. She’s in Santa Fe, we’re in Philadelphia, and we’re going to do that with my brother’s family in London. I’m trying not to have very high expectations for how much actual instruction they’ll get. I’m trying to believe that a little bit of high-quality interaction will help, and that children are very resilient, and they’ll pick up where they left off when school resumes.

Our house looks a little bit messy right now, and the laundry is piled high. And I came downstairs for a meeting this morning, and one child was eating an ice cream sandwich for breakfast, and one child was eating an ice cream cone, and I just have to say, I really don’t care. Put it in perspective. All I care about right now is keeping the greatest number of people healthy and alive here in my own households, and in our community and in our world.

What do you say to people who want to know how long this will last?

People have lots of concerns about the future. I just want them to know that at some time in the future, we will get back to a sense of equilibrium. For now, it’s better to just focus on today rather than trying to anticipate two weeks from now or two months from now. Circumstances will change, and decisions that feel very difficult to make now—should I go to my cousin’s wedding in June?—may be made for us in June. Don’t think about June right now. Just keep yourself in March. Think about what you have to do right now.

What advice can you share during such an unprecedented time?

I encourage every other human being to try to be as forgiving and flexible with themselves as they possibly can be. Because we’ve only just begun, and it’s not an easy time for anyone. I have low expectations for productivity right now, for myself and for others. Right now, care for the people you love, and that means staying at home as much as possible. We really can save lives by staying at home. It’s one of the things we can control, so we should control the hell out of it. Stay home.

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