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進(jìn)入“長(zhǎng)期避險(xiǎn)期”,比特幣會(huì)被當(dāng)作救生衣還是垃圾?

Robert Hackett
2020-06-17

現(xiàn)在,那些曾讓加密貨幣充滿吸引力的論調(diào)似乎不再有說(shuō)服力。

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疫情伊始,機(jī)構(gòu)投資者便將目光投向了比特幣。而現(xiàn)在,那些曾經(jīng)讓加密貨幣充滿吸引力的論調(diào)似乎也不再有說(shuō)服力。

經(jīng)紀(jì)公司富達(dá)投資(Fidelity)近期開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,80%的機(jī)構(gòu)投資者表示自己樂(lè)意持有比特幣等數(shù)字資產(chǎn)。其中36%的受訪者稱(chēng),持這一態(tài)度的最主要原因是他們相信數(shù)字貨幣不受股票等“其他資產(chǎn)波動(dòng)影響”。

但近期新冠疫情對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的破壞似乎顛覆了這一投資理念。疫情沖擊之下,加密貨幣與股市之間的關(guān)系暴露無(wú)遺,從而導(dǎo)致投資者意識(shí)到自己鐘愛(ài)加密貨幣的理由其實(shí)并不充分。

隱秘的浪漫

3月中旬,市場(chǎng)崩潰。標(biāo)普500指數(shù)在3月10日至12日之間暴跌了14%,而比特幣跌勢(shì)更是兇猛,僅3月12日一天就跌去了38%的市值。

股市和幣市同時(shí)出現(xiàn)拋售的情況表明,兩者之間至少存在著一定聯(lián)系,而并非互不相關(guān),彼此獨(dú)立。今年4月,全球最大的加密貨幣交易所幣安進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),第一季度,比特幣價(jià)格與標(biāo)普500指數(shù)表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)性“相對(duì)較高”,為57%。而比特幣與小盤(pán)股指數(shù)羅素2000的相關(guān)性更是高達(dá)64%。

對(duì)于兩者之間的“意外”聯(lián)系,比特幣的支持者們或許會(huì)將其視為一種偶然,比如幣安報(bào)告的作者就認(rèn)為這種情況在未來(lái)幾個(gè)月中不太可能持續(xù),不過(guò)看看近期比特幣與股市的市場(chǎng)走勢(shì)就知道情況并非如此。

自4月以來(lái),比特幣與股票市場(chǎng)的出現(xiàn)了如影隨形的苗頭。來(lái)自加密貨幣數(shù)據(jù)公司Coin Metrics的圖表信息顯示,兩者之間的相關(guān)性已經(jīng)從3月(富達(dá)投資的研究結(jié)束之時(shí))的“零”上升至上個(gè)月的0.2以上。(縱軸上“ 0”表示不相關(guān),“ 1”表示完全相關(guān)。)

最近幾個(gè)月以來(lái),比特幣與標(biāo)普500指數(shù)之間的相關(guān)性呈上升趨勢(shì)。圖片來(lái)源:Screenshot of Coin Metrics chart

而且,兩者之間的相關(guān)性或?qū)⑦M(jìn)一步提升。6月11日,在美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)主席鮑威爾對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)前景做出悲觀展望之后,投資者反應(yīng)消極,導(dǎo)致股市出現(xiàn)3月以來(lái)的最大跌幅。標(biāo)普500指數(shù)下跌了5.7%,比特幣則下跌了6.4%至9,100美元(雖然3月比特幣經(jīng)歷了一波震蕩行情,但今年以來(lái)其價(jià)格還是上漲了30%)。

這種所謂“巧合”或許正揭示了事實(shí)的真相,盡管這個(gè)真相可能不那么容易令人接受。

反米達(dá)斯之觸

隨著傳統(tǒng)資產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)上擁有巨大影響力的投資者逐步將其勢(shì)力擴(kuò)張到數(shù)字貨幣領(lǐng)域,加密貨幣市場(chǎng)也將受到其影響力的輻射。

成熟機(jī)構(gòu)投資者更傾向于在股市持有更大的頭寸。在市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)加劇時(shí),券商有時(shí)也會(huì)向其發(fā)出追加保證金通知,要求其存入更多現(xiàn)金,以填補(bǔ)可能出現(xiàn)的虧損。

實(shí)際上,這意味著機(jī)構(gòu)投資者可能會(huì)被迫迅速平倉(cāng),從而可能導(dǎo)致比特幣或其他資產(chǎn)被拋棄。

這些情況就使得原本迥異的兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域更加同步,造成了一個(gè)“自相矛盾”的循環(huán)。專(zhuān)業(yè)投資者之所以喜歡比特幣,就是因?yàn)樗麄冇X(jué)得比特幣與其他資產(chǎn)的相關(guān)性低,投資比特幣可以增加投資組合的多樣性,而這又恰好降低了比特幣相對(duì)于其它資產(chǎn)的獨(dú)立性。

可以說(shuō)是“南轅北轍”。這就像收藏家通過(guò)光澤來(lái)評(píng)估藏品價(jià)值,但恰恰是因?yàn)轭l繁碰觸,使得藏品表面因?yàn)椴粩嗄p而失去了光澤。

利亞·布托利亞是富達(dá)數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的研究主管,所供職的部門(mén)成立已經(jīng)有兩年時(shí)間,負(fù)責(zé)處理數(shù)字資產(chǎn)相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)。她認(rèn)為,數(shù)字資產(chǎn)與股市的這種相關(guān)性可能只是一種暫時(shí)現(xiàn)象,“在市場(chǎng)動(dòng)蕩和不確定時(shí),兩者會(huì)存在短暫的相關(guān)性”。但她補(bǔ)充道,根據(jù)過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn),從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,有理由相信這種相關(guān)性“可能會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而逐漸回落。”

只有時(shí)間知道在經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境惡化時(shí)投資者會(huì)如何處理比特幣。布托利亞表示,富達(dá)團(tuán)隊(duì)正在密切關(guān)注市場(chǎng)在“長(zhǎng)期避險(xiǎn)期”可能發(fā)生的變化。所謂的“長(zhǎng)期避險(xiǎn)期”是投資者為規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn),拋售高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn),如高收益“垃圾”債券等,轉(zhuǎn)而買(mǎi)入公認(rèn)的更安全的資產(chǎn),如美國(guó)國(guó)債。

也就是說(shuō),投資者究竟是會(huì)將比特幣當(dāng)作救生衣、資產(chǎn)保值的避難所,還是一文不值的垃圾?

發(fā)光的未必都是金子

機(jī)構(gòu)投資者喜歡數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的另外兩個(gè)主要原因純粹是投機(jī)性的。

去年11月至3月,共有800家美國(guó)和歐洲的機(jī)構(gòu)投資者參與了富達(dá)的調(diào)查訪問(wèn),其中約三分之一的受訪者表示,他們喜歡比特幣等數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的原因在于“比特幣是一種創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)手段”。另有三分之一(33%)的受訪者表示,他們喜歡數(shù)字資產(chǎn)是因?yàn)槠渚哂小拜^高的升值潛力”。

而這兩種特性,無(wú)論是所謂的“新奇的技術(shù)”,還是“一夜暴富”的機(jī)會(huì),都與全球知名價(jià)值投資者的投資哲學(xué)相反。作為價(jià)值投資者的代表人物沃倫·巴菲特便將比特幣比作“老鼠藥的平方”。

比特幣或許更適合那些偏好高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資者,但隨著全球各大央行紛紛將利率調(diào)低至接近零利率甚至負(fù)利率的水平,許多投資者也不得不將獲利的目光投向其它地方,其中不乏那些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的領(lǐng)域,如加密貨幣。

有投資者擔(dān)心,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)一心想通過(guò)加印鈔票來(lái)避免金融危機(jī),最終可能導(dǎo)致惡性的通貨膨脹。所以一部分投資者認(rèn)為,比特幣可以作為“數(shù)字黃金”,成為一種潛在的通脹對(duì)沖工具。

然而,具有諷刺意味的是,從第一季度來(lái)看,與所謂“數(shù)字黃金”走勢(shì)最不相關(guān)的資產(chǎn)恰恰正是黃金。Coin Metrics提供的另一張圖表顯示,近幾個(gè)月來(lái),比特幣走勢(shì)與黃金之間的相關(guān)性越來(lái)越小。

最近幾個(gè)月以來(lái),比特幣和黃金之間的相關(guān)性呈下降趨勢(shì)。圖片來(lái)源:Screenshot of Coin Metrics chart

盡管現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)狀況可能只是暫時(shí)的,未必會(huì)成為常態(tài),但還是會(huì)讓諸多專(zhuān)業(yè)投資者及加密貨幣擁躉所持的信念受到質(zhì)疑。至少?gòu)默F(xiàn)在來(lái)看,人們最普遍的假設(shè)與現(xiàn)實(shí)情況并不相符。

待到疫情塵埃落定之后,投資者或許要重新考慮比特幣的投資價(jià)值到底在哪里。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Feb

疫情伊始,機(jī)構(gòu)投資者便將目光投向了比特幣。而現(xiàn)在,那些曾經(jīng)讓加密貨幣充滿吸引力的論調(diào)似乎也不再有說(shuō)服力。

經(jīng)紀(jì)公司富達(dá)投資(Fidelity)近期開(kāi)展的一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,80%的機(jī)構(gòu)投資者表示自己樂(lè)意持有比特幣等數(shù)字資產(chǎn)。其中36%的受訪者稱(chēng),持這一態(tài)度的最主要原因是他們相信數(shù)字貨幣不受股票等“其他資產(chǎn)波動(dòng)影響”。

但近期新冠疫情對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的破壞似乎顛覆了這一投資理念。疫情沖擊之下,加密貨幣與股市之間的關(guān)系暴露無(wú)遺,從而導(dǎo)致投資者意識(shí)到自己鐘愛(ài)加密貨幣的理由其實(shí)并不充分。

隱秘的浪漫

3月中旬,市場(chǎng)崩潰。標(biāo)普500指數(shù)在3月10日至12日之間暴跌了14%,而比特幣跌勢(shì)更是兇猛,僅3月12日一天就跌去了38%的市值。

股市和幣市同時(shí)出現(xiàn)拋售的情況表明,兩者之間至少存在著一定聯(lián)系,而并非互不相關(guān),彼此獨(dú)立。今年4月,全球最大的加密貨幣交易所幣安進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn),第一季度,比特幣價(jià)格與標(biāo)普500指數(shù)表現(xiàn)的相關(guān)性“相對(duì)較高”,為57%。而比特幣與小盤(pán)股指數(shù)羅素2000的相關(guān)性更是高達(dá)64%。

對(duì)于兩者之間的“意外”聯(lián)系,比特幣的支持者們或許會(huì)將其視為一種偶然,比如幣安報(bào)告的作者就認(rèn)為這種情況在未來(lái)幾個(gè)月中不太可能持續(xù),不過(guò)看看近期比特幣與股市的市場(chǎng)走勢(shì)就知道情況并非如此。

自4月以來(lái),比特幣與股票市場(chǎng)的出現(xiàn)了如影隨形的苗頭。來(lái)自加密貨幣數(shù)據(jù)公司Coin Metrics的圖表信息顯示,兩者之間的相關(guān)性已經(jīng)從3月(富達(dá)投資的研究結(jié)束之時(shí))的“零”上升至上個(gè)月的0.2以上。(縱軸上“ 0”表示不相關(guān),“ 1”表示完全相關(guān)。)

而且,兩者之間的相關(guān)性或?qū)⑦M(jìn)一步提升。6月11日,在美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)主席鮑威爾對(duì)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)前景做出悲觀展望之后,投資者反應(yīng)消極,導(dǎo)致股市出現(xiàn)3月以來(lái)的最大跌幅。標(biāo)普500指數(shù)下跌了5.7%,比特幣則下跌了6.4%至9,100美元(雖然3月比特幣經(jīng)歷了一波震蕩行情,但今年以來(lái)其價(jià)格還是上漲了30%)。

這種所謂“巧合”或許正揭示了事實(shí)的真相,盡管這個(gè)真相可能不那么容易令人接受。

反米達(dá)斯之觸

隨著傳統(tǒng)資產(chǎn)市場(chǎng)上擁有巨大影響力的投資者逐步將其勢(shì)力擴(kuò)張到數(shù)字貨幣領(lǐng)域,加密貨幣市場(chǎng)也將受到其影響力的輻射。

成熟機(jī)構(gòu)投資者更傾向于在股市持有更大的頭寸。在市場(chǎng)波動(dòng)加劇時(shí),券商有時(shí)也會(huì)向其發(fā)出追加保證金通知,要求其存入更多現(xiàn)金,以填補(bǔ)可能出現(xiàn)的虧損。

實(shí)際上,這意味著機(jī)構(gòu)投資者可能會(huì)被迫迅速平倉(cāng),從而可能導(dǎo)致比特幣或其他資產(chǎn)被拋棄。

這些情況就使得原本迥異的兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域更加同步,造成了一個(gè)“自相矛盾”的循環(huán)。專(zhuān)業(yè)投資者之所以喜歡比特幣,就是因?yàn)樗麄冇X(jué)得比特幣與其他資產(chǎn)的相關(guān)性低,投資比特幣可以增加投資組合的多樣性,而這又恰好降低了比特幣相對(duì)于其它資產(chǎn)的獨(dú)立性。

可以說(shuō)是“南轅北轍”。這就像收藏家通過(guò)光澤來(lái)評(píng)估藏品價(jià)值,但恰恰是因?yàn)轭l繁碰觸,使得藏品表面因?yàn)椴粩嗄p而失去了光澤。

利亞·布托利亞是富達(dá)數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的研究主管,所供職的部門(mén)成立已經(jīng)有兩年時(shí)間,負(fù)責(zé)處理數(shù)字資產(chǎn)相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)。她認(rèn)為,數(shù)字資產(chǎn)與股市的這種相關(guān)性可能只是一種暫時(shí)現(xiàn)象,“在市場(chǎng)動(dòng)蕩和不確定時(shí),兩者會(huì)存在短暫的相關(guān)性”。但她補(bǔ)充道,根據(jù)過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn),從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,有理由相信這種相關(guān)性“可能會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而逐漸回落?!?/font>

只有時(shí)間知道在經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境惡化時(shí)投資者會(huì)如何處理比特幣。布托利亞表示,富達(dá)團(tuán)隊(duì)正在密切關(guān)注市場(chǎng)在“長(zhǎng)期避險(xiǎn)期”可能發(fā)生的變化。所謂的“長(zhǎng)期避險(xiǎn)期”是投資者為規(guī)避風(fēng)險(xiǎn),拋售高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn),如高收益“垃圾”債券等,轉(zhuǎn)而買(mǎi)入公認(rèn)的更安全的資產(chǎn),如美國(guó)國(guó)債。

也就是說(shuō),投資者究竟是會(huì)將比特幣當(dāng)作救生衣、資產(chǎn)保值的避難所,還是一文不值的垃圾?

發(fā)光的未必都是金子

機(jī)構(gòu)投資者喜歡數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的另外兩個(gè)主要原因純粹是投機(jī)性的。

去年11月至3月,共有800家美國(guó)和歐洲的機(jī)構(gòu)投資者參與了富達(dá)的調(diào)查訪問(wèn),其中約三分之一的受訪者表示,他們喜歡比特幣等數(shù)字資產(chǎn)的原因在于“比特幣是一種創(chuàng)新的技術(shù)手段”。另有三分之一(33%)的受訪者表示,他們喜歡數(shù)字資產(chǎn)是因?yàn)槠渚哂小拜^高的升值潛力”。

而這兩種特性,無(wú)論是所謂的“新奇的技術(shù)”,還是“一夜暴富”的機(jī)會(huì),都與全球知名價(jià)值投資者的投資哲學(xué)相反。作為價(jià)值投資者的代表人物沃倫·巴菲特便將比特幣比作“老鼠藥的平方”。

比特幣或許更適合那些偏好高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資者,但隨著全球各大央行紛紛將利率調(diào)低至接近零利率甚至負(fù)利率的水平,許多投資者也不得不將獲利的目光投向其它地方,其中不乏那些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高的領(lǐng)域,如加密貨幣。

有投資者擔(dān)心,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)一心想通過(guò)加印鈔票來(lái)避免金融危機(jī),最終可能導(dǎo)致惡性的通貨膨脹。所以一部分投資者認(rèn)為,比特幣可以作為“數(shù)字黃金”,成為一種潛在的通脹對(duì)沖工具。

然而,具有諷刺意味的是,從第一季度來(lái)看,與所謂“數(shù)字黃金”走勢(shì)最不相關(guān)的資產(chǎn)恰恰正是黃金。Coin Metrics提供的另一張圖表顯示,近幾個(gè)月來(lái),比特幣走勢(shì)與黃金之間的相關(guān)性越來(lái)越小。

盡管現(xiàn)在的市場(chǎng)狀況可能只是暫時(shí)的,未必會(huì)成為常態(tài),但還是會(huì)讓諸多專(zhuān)業(yè)投資者及加密貨幣擁躉所持的信念受到質(zhì)疑。至少?gòu)默F(xiàn)在來(lái)看,人們最普遍的假設(shè)與現(xiàn)實(shí)情況并不相符。

待到疫情塵埃落定之后,投資者或許要重新考慮比特幣的投資價(jià)值到底在哪里。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Feb

Institutional investors were warming to Bitcoin just as the pandemic struck. Now the main reason they found cryptocurrencies appealing no longer appears justified.

Nearly four out of five institutional investors said they find something to like about digital assets such as Bitcoin, according to the results of a new survey by brokerage firm Fidelity. The foremost reason, as reported by 36% of respondents, was that they believed cryptocurrencies were “uncorrelated to other assets,” like stocks.

But the economic devastation of the recent coronavirus pandemic has seemingly shattered that investment thesis. The wave of destruction has exposed entanglements between digital currencies and the stock market that undermine the very reason investors said they were most interested.

A secret romance

In mid-March the markets crashed. The S&P 500, a common stock market measure, plummeted 14% between March 10 to 12, as did Bitcoin, which lost about 38% of its market value on March 12 alone.

The selloff revealed that stock and cryptocurrency values are at least partly linked, rather than being independent of one another. In April, a study by Binance, the world’s largest cryptocurrency exchange, found the correlation of Bitcoin's price to the performance of the S&P 500 was “relatively high” at 57% for the first quarter. The correlation was even higher, 64%, when comparing Bitcoin to the Russell 2000, another stock market index that features smaller-cap stocks.

While Bitcoin boosters may have considered the unexpected ties between Bitcoin and the stock market to be a fluke—the relationship "remains very unlikely to persist” in the months ahead, the Binance report's author wagered—recent market movements suggest otherwise.

Since April, Bitcoin and the stock market have moved closer in lockstep. As the following chart from Coin Metrics, a cryptocurrency data firm, shows, the correlation has trended upward from “zero” in March, when the Fidelity study ended, to more than 0.2 last month. (On the vertical axis: “0” means uncorrelated, "1" means correlated.)

The correlation may be getting stronger. On June 11, after Fed chair Jerome Powell gave his dour assessment of the global economic outlook, investors reacted negatively, causing the stock market’s biggest selloff since March. The S&P 500 dropped 5.7%, and Bitcoin—which had gained 30% for the year, despite its March turmoil—dipped 6.4% to $9,100.

The coincidences between Bitcoin and the stock market's ups and downs reveal a hard truth.

The anti-Midas touch

As investment firms—which hold great sway in traditional asset markets—have extended their influence to digital currencies, their gyrations now reverberate beyond the stock market and into cryptoland.

Established institutional investors tend to hold larger positions in the stock market. Sometimes, when volatility strikes, they're hit with margin calls, requirements by brokerages for more cash deposits to cover possible losses.

In practice, this means institutional investors may be forced quickly to liquidate positions elsewhere. It can lead to Bitcoin, among other holdings, getting jettisoned.

These circumstances are pushing the two formerly disparate realms more in sync. It's a self-defeating cycle. The very reason professional investors have taken a liking to Bitcoin—a supposed lack of correlation to other assets, like stocks—is justifying its addition to more portfolios, thereby reducing its independence from other assets.

The consequence of these strengthened ties is paradoxical. It’s as though collectors, valuing the worth of treasures by their shininess, ruined relics simply through the frequency of their touching them, smudging surfaces and causing the objects to lose their luster.

Ria Bhutoria, director of research at Fidelity Digital Assets, Fidelity’s two-year-old cryptocurrency-oriented business, says this greater correlation between digital assets and the stock market could be temporary. “There are brief periods of correlation during turbulence and uncertainty,” she says. But over the long run, she adds, there’s reason to believe, based on past experience, that the correlation could “end up trending back down over time.”

Only time will tell how investors will treat Bitcoin in the event that economic conditions worsen. The Fidelity team is watching closely what may happen, Bhutoria says, in a "prolonged risk off period," referring to a situation in which investors off-load riskier assets, like high-yield “junk” bonds, and head for assets considered safer, like U.S. Treasuries.

That is, will investors treat Bitcoin as a life jacket, a refuge to preserve people's wealth, or will they treat it as flotsam?

All that glitters is not gold

The two other top reasons institutional investors said they liked digital assets were purely speculative.

About a third of respondents to the Fidelity survey, which included interviews with 800 U.S. and European institutional investors between November and March, said they liked digital assets such as Bitcoin because they “consider it an innovative technology play.” Another third, 33%, said they liked it because it had “high potential upside.”

These traits—a fancy tech angle and the possibility of a get-rich-quick opportunity—represent the antithesis of the philosophy of the world's most famous value investors. Warren Buffett, chief among them, has likened Bitcoin to "rat poison squared."

An affinity for Bitcoin is perhaps more suited to the mentality of high-risk, venture capital investing. But since central banks around the world have adopted near-zero—and in some cases negative—interest rates, many investors find themselves in search of yield elsewhere, including in riskier assets, such as cryptocurrencies.

Some investors worry that a Fed bent on printing money to stave off financial calamity could result in higher inflation down the line. A portion of these investors believe Bitcoin could serve as “digital gold,” like the real-world yellow stuff, a possible hedge against inflation.

Yet, ironically, one asset to which so-called digital gold appeared least correlated in the first quarter was…gold. Another chart provided by Coin Metrics reveals the increasingly untethered relationship between Bitcoin and gold in recent months.

While the circumstances of the market today may be ephemeral and anomalous, they call into question beliefs held by many professional investors and cryptocurrency believers. At least today, people's most common assumptions appear to jar against reality.

As the dust kicked up in the wreckage of the pandemic settles, investors may have to rethink what they find appealing about Bitcoin.

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