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裁員數量居高不下,美國經濟反彈乏力

美聯社
2020-06-28

對于那些預計失業(yè)金領取人數將銳減的分析師來說,這些數字讓其感到驚訝和失望,因為各州正逐漸重啟其經濟,而企業(yè)則在召回下崗員工。

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全美企業(yè)因疫情關停三個月之后,美國雇主依然在大量地取消工作崗位。這一趨勢意味著衰退后的恢復將是一個緩慢而又漫長的過程。

美國政府稱,六月第二周首次申領失業(yè)救助金的人數為150萬,幾乎沒有下降,但低于3月曾出現的700萬峰值,也是該數字連續(xù)第11周出現下滑。然而,這個數字依然是疫情前最高紀錄的兩倍多,而領取失業(yè)救助金的總人數依然達到了2050萬這一天文數字。

對于那些預計失業(yè)金領取人數將銳減的分析師來說,這些數字讓其感到驚訝和失望,因為各州正逐漸重啟其經濟,而企業(yè)則在召回下崗員工。在看到該數據之后,人們還擔心最近的裁員可能意味著工作崗位的永久消失,原因是為了響應政府的關停令,各大公司對其業(yè)務進行了重組,而不是暫時削減業(yè)務規(guī)模。

牛津經濟研究所首席美國經濟師格里高利?達科稱,該報告“告訴我們,要治愈經濟衰退期間崗位消失造成的傷疤,所需時間將超出我們的預期?!?

與此同時,盡管數據回答了很多有關市場就業(yè)現狀的問題,但其引發(fā)的新疑問也不在少數。失業(yè)金領取人數通常反映了裁員的節(jié)奏。然而,這些數字并未說明當前有多少能夠抵消這些損失的新招聘崗位數量。例如在5月,雇主新增了250萬個工作崗位,這一增長著實出乎分析師的意料,因為申請失業(yè)救助金的人數依然如此之高。

一些可能的因素幫助解釋了為什么在企業(yè)逐漸重新開業(yè)以及重新雇傭此前被解雇員工的同時,失業(yè)救助申領人數依然如此之高的原因。其中一個原因在于,很多直接面向客戶的業(yè)務,從餐館和電影院到健身房和賭場,依然未能完全運轉。有鑒于此,一些公司仍在削減崗位。

例如路易斯安娜州的賭場僅開放了一半的接待能力。但在該州經營五家賭場的Boyd Gaming Corp.已經通知其1500名員工,由于公司財務虧損日益嚴重,這些員工可能會在7月初丟掉飯碗。

在一些受影響尤為嚴重的領域,例如酒店和旅游行業(yè),很多公司如今都在削減白領員工,因為其業(yè)務依然遠低于疫情前的水平。本周希爾頓酒店稱,公司將削減全球22%的員工,約2100個崗位。

Opportunity Insights匯總的數據顯示,盡管美國經濟的主要推手消費支出正逐漸走出4月中旬的低谷,但該領域依然遠低于疫情前水平。這一趨勢可能會迫使一些成功渡過最初關停期的公司發(fā)生改變。例如,AT&T曾稱,本周公司計劃在未來幾周之內裁掉3400名技術和文職人員。公司還計劃永久性地關閉250家移動以及Mobility and Cricket Wireless店面。

阿普約恩研究所高級經濟師布拉德?荷西貝恩說:“我們開始看到更多高技能崗位的損失,而且這些崗位更加難以恢復?!?

一些州可能依然在審核數周或數月前所積壓的失業(yè)救助金申請。

居住在奧蘭多附近吉斯米的科琳娜?庫克上周剛剛收到其第一份失業(yè)救助金,她4月中旬就已下崗。28歲的庫克于9月搬到了這個地區(qū),擔任沃爾特迪士尼的3-D模型師,合約期限18個月。該工作涉及雕刻角色原型,然后用3-D打印機打印。她在迪士尼樂園關閉后便失去了工作。

她收到了來自于佛羅里達州的最低州失業(yè)救助金,一周125美元,因為該州沒有她此前在新澤西州收入的記錄,但她說自己已經從那家公司上載、郵寄和傳真了自己的文件。如果她此前的收入信息能夠得到有效采信,那么她的救助金將增加一倍多。不過,她很感激額外獲得的600美元聯邦失業(yè)救助金,她可以用這些錢來支付一些賬單。

她說,應對州政府的官僚主義“令人倍感壓力”。

牛津經濟研究所的達科稱,他依然預計即將于7月初發(fā)布的6月工作報告會再次出現招聘人數的上升,但這些數據十分難以預測。他說,每個月都有上千萬人失去工作或找到工作,也讓工作市場走向的預測工作變得更加困難。

5月的工作報告顯示,經濟損失可能已經觸底反彈。失業(yè)率從14.7%下滑至依然較高的13.3%

即便如此,近2100萬民眾已被官方認定為失業(yè)人群,其中包括那些政府稱在5月被錯誤地劃分為在崗人群的數量,以及失去工作但并未尋找新工作的人。經濟學家估計,有3250萬人失去了工作。

報告顯示,另有76萬人上周通過一個針對個體戶和零工的新計劃,申請了失業(yè)救助金,也讓這些人第一次獲得了領取救助金的機會。這些數字并未根據季節(jié)性變化進行調整,因此政府并未將他們納入官方統(tǒng)計的數字中。

最近其他一些數據更為鼓舞人心,它們顯示,關停令的放松已經點燃了消費者的需求。盡管大多數經濟指標依然遠低于疫情前水平,但一些分析師質問,最近獲得的進步是否可以持續(xù),尤其是在病毒回歸的今天。

政府上周二稱,上個月的零售與餐廳銷售額躍升了近18%,同時也提到了前兩個月一些創(chuàng)紀錄的跌幅。然而,零售購買額與往年的差距依然達到了可觀的6%。

消費支出出現一定程度反彈的一個重要原因在于政府的救助計劃,例如一次性的1200美元刺激性救助金以及一周600美元的聯邦補充失業(yè)救助金,這些都幫助抵消了被裁美國員工的收入損失。然而,幾乎所有的刺激性錢款都已經發(fā)放完畢,而且聯邦補充失業(yè)救助金也將于7月31日到期。

美聯儲主席杰羅姆?鮑威爾周二在向參議院委員會所做的證詞中稱:“最近,一些指標顯示經濟活動正趨于穩(wěn)定,而且在某些領域出現了溫和反彈?!比欢霸诠妶孕偶膊〉玫娇刂浦?,經濟難以得到全面的恢復?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

全美企業(yè)因疫情關停三個月之后,美國雇主依然在大量地取消工作崗位。這一趨勢意味著衰退后的恢復將是一個緩慢而又漫長的過程。

美國政府稱,六月第二周首次申領失業(yè)救助金的人數為150萬,幾乎沒有下降,但低于3月曾出現的700萬峰值,也是該數字連續(xù)第11周出現下滑。然而,這個數字依然是疫情前最高紀錄的兩倍多,而領取失業(yè)救助金的總人數依然達到了2050萬這一天文數字。

對于那些預計失業(yè)金領取人數將銳減的分析師來說,這些數字讓其感到驚訝和失望,因為各州正逐漸重啟其經濟,而企業(yè)則在召回下崗員工。在看到該數據之后,人們還擔心最近的裁員可能意味著工作崗位的永久消失,原因是為了響應政府的關停令,各大公司對其業(yè)務進行了重組,而不是暫時削減業(yè)務規(guī)模。

牛津經濟研究所首席美國經濟師格里高利?達科稱,該報告“告訴我們,要治愈經濟衰退期間崗位消失造成的傷疤,所需時間將超出我們的預期?!?

與此同時,盡管數據回答了很多有關市場就業(yè)現狀的問題,但其引發(fā)的新疑問也不在少數。失業(yè)金領取人數通常反映了裁員的節(jié)奏。然而,這些數字并未說明當前有多少能夠抵消這些損失的新招聘崗位數量。例如在5月,雇主新增了250萬個工作崗位,這一增長著實出乎分析師的意料,因為申請失業(yè)救助金的人數依然如此之高。

一些可能的因素幫助解釋了為什么在企業(yè)逐漸重新開業(yè)以及重新雇傭此前被解雇員工的同時,失業(yè)救助申領人數依然如此之高的原因。其中一個原因在于,很多直接面向客戶的業(yè)務,從餐館和電影院到健身房和賭場,依然未能完全運轉。有鑒于此,一些公司仍在削減崗位。

例如路易斯安娜州的賭場僅開放了一半的接待能力。但在該州經營五家賭場的Boyd Gaming Corp.已經通知其1500名員工,由于公司財務虧損日益嚴重,這些員工可能會在7月初丟掉飯碗。

在一些受影響尤為嚴重的領域,例如酒店和旅游行業(yè),很多公司如今都在削減白領員工,因為其業(yè)務依然遠低于疫情前的水平。本周希爾頓酒店稱,公司將削減全球22%的員工,約2100個崗位。

Opportunity Insights匯總的數據顯示,盡管美國經濟的主要推手消費支出正逐漸走出4月中旬的低谷,但該領域依然遠低于疫情前水平。這一趨勢可能會迫使一些成功渡過最初關停期的公司發(fā)生改變。例如,AT&T曾稱,本周公司計劃在未來幾周之內裁掉3400名技術和文職人員。公司還計劃永久性地關閉250家移動以及Mobility and Cricket Wireless店面。

阿普約恩研究所高級經濟師布拉德?荷西貝恩說:“我們開始看到更多高技能崗位的損失,而且這些崗位更加難以恢復?!?

一些州可能依然在審核數周或數月前所積壓的失業(yè)救助金申請。

居住在奧蘭多附近吉斯米的科琳娜?庫克上周剛剛收到其第一份失業(yè)救助金,她4月中旬就已下崗。28歲的庫克于9月搬到了這個地區(qū),擔任沃爾特迪士尼的3-D模型師,合約期限18個月。該工作涉及雕刻角色原型,然后用3-D打印機打印。她在迪士尼樂園關閉后便失去了工作。

她收到了來自于佛羅里達州的最低州失業(yè)救助金,一周125美元,因為該州沒有她此前在新澤西州收入的記錄,但她說自己已經從那家公司上載、郵寄和傳真了自己的文件。如果她此前的收入信息能夠得到有效采信,那么她的救助金將增加一倍多。不過,她很感激額外獲得的600美元聯邦失業(yè)救助金,她可以用這些錢來支付一些賬單。

她說,應對州政府的官僚主義“令人倍感壓力”。

牛津經濟研究所的達科稱,他依然預計即將于7月初發(fā)布的6月工作報告會再次出現招聘人數的上升,但這些數據十分難以預測。他說,每個月都有上千萬人失去工作或找到工作,也讓工作市場走向的預測工作變得更加困難。

5月的工作報告顯示,經濟損失可能已經觸底反彈。失業(yè)率從14.7%下滑至依然較高的13.3%

即便如此,近2100萬民眾已被官方認定為失業(yè)人群,其中包括那些政府稱在5月被錯誤地劃分為在崗人群的數量,以及失去工作但并未尋找新工作的人。經濟學家估計,有3250萬人失去了工作。

報告顯示,另有76萬人上周通過一個針對個體戶和零工的新計劃,申請了失業(yè)救助金,也讓這些人第一次獲得了領取救助金的機會。這些數字并未根據季節(jié)性變化進行調整,因此政府并未將他們納入官方統(tǒng)計的數字中。

最近其他一些數據更為鼓舞人心,它們顯示,關停令的放松已經點燃了消費者的需求。盡管大多數經濟指標依然遠低于疫情前水平,但一些分析師質問,最近獲得的進步是否可以持續(xù),尤其是在病毒回歸的今天。

政府上周二稱,上個月的零售與餐廳銷售額躍升了近18%,同時也提到了前兩個月一些創(chuàng)紀錄的跌幅。然而,零售購買額與往年的差距依然達到了可觀的6%。

消費支出出現一定程度反彈的一個重要原因在于政府的救助計劃,例如一次性的1200美元刺激性救助金以及一周600美元的聯邦補充失業(yè)救助金,這些都幫助抵消了被裁美國員工的收入損失。然而,幾乎所有的刺激性錢款都已經發(fā)放完畢,而且聯邦補充失業(yè)救助金也將于7月31日到期。

美聯儲主席杰羅姆?鮑威爾周二在向參議院委員會所做的證詞中稱:“最近,一些指標顯示經濟活動正趨于穩(wěn)定,而且在某些領域出現了溫和反彈?!比欢?,“在公眾堅信疾病得到控制之前,經濟難以得到全面的恢復?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W)

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

Three months after the viral outbreak shut down businesses across the country, U.S. employers are still shedding jobs at a heavy rate, a trend that points to a slow and prolonged recovery from the recession.

The number of laid-off workers seeking unemployment benefits barely fell last week to 1.5 million, the government said Thursday. That was down from a peak of nearly 7 million in March, and it marked an 11th straight weekly drop. But the number is still more than twice the record high that existed before the pandemic. And the total number of people receiving jobless aid remains a lofty 20.5 million.

The figures surprised and disappointed analysts who had expected far fewer people to seek unemployment aid as states increasingly reopen their economies and businesses recall some laid-off people back to work. The data also raised concerns that some recent layoffs may reflect permanent losses as companies restructure their businesses, rather than temporary cuts in response to government-ordered closures.

The report is “telling us that the scars from the job losses in the recession will be longer-lasting than we expected,” said Gregory Daco, chief U.S. economist at Oxford Economics.

At the same time, Thursday's figures may have raised as many questions about the state of the job market as they answered. Jobless claims generally tracks the pace of layoffs. But they provide little information about how much hiring is occurring that would offset those losses. In May, for example, employers added 2.5 million jobs — an increase that caught analysts off-guard because the number of applications for unemployment aid was still so high.

Some likely factors help explain why applications for jobless benefits remain so high even as businesses increasingly reopen and rehire some laid-off workers. For one thing, many businesses that deal face-to-face with customers — from restaurants and movie theaters to gyms and casinos — remain strictly limited to less-than-full capacity. Some of those establishments are still cutting jobs as a result.

Casinos in Louisiana, for example, can open at half-capacity. But Boyd Gaming Corp., which operates five casinos in the state, has informed 1,500 of its workers that with financial losses mounting, they could be laid off by early July.

And in some especially hard-hit sectors, like the hotel and travel industries, corporations are now slashing white-collar workers because their business remains far below pre-pandemic levels. This week, Hilton Hotels said it would cut 22% of its corporate global workforce — about 2,100 jobs.

Although consumer spending, the primary driver of the U.S. economy, is recovering from its low in mid-April, it remains far below its pre-pandemic level, according to data compiled by Opportunity Insights. That trend may be forcing changes at some companies that managed to withstand the initial shutdowns. AT&T, for instance, said this week that it plans to cut 3,400 technical and clerical workers over the next few weeks. It also plans to permanently close 250 of its Mobility and Cricket Wireless stores.

“We’re starting to see more job losses among higher-skilled positions that are harder to recall," said Brad Hershbein, a senior economist at the Upjohn Institute.

And some states may still be clearing backlogs of applications from weeks or months ago.

Corinne Cook, who lives in Kissimmee, near Orlando, just received her first unemployment payment last week, after being laid-off from her job in mid-April. Cook, 28, moved to the area in September for an 18-month contract position as a 3-D modeler for Walt Disney, a job involving sculpting character prototypes that were printed on 3-D printers. She lost her job when the parks closed down.

She's receiving the minimum state unemployment benefit from Florida, $125 a week, because the state has no record of her prior earnings in New Jersey, even though she said she has uploaded, mailed and faxed her documents from her job there. If her previous earnings were properly credited, her state benefits would more than double. She is grateful, though, for the extra $600 in federal unemployment benefits, which have allowed her to pay some bills.

Dealing with the state's bureaucracy "was very stressful,” she said.

Daco of Oxford Economics said he still expects the June jobs report, to be released in early July, to show another hiring gain. But these figures will be particularly hard to forecast. Tens of millions of people may be flowing in and out of work each month, he noted, making it much more difficult to forecast where the job market is headed.

The jobs report for May had suggested that the damage might have bottomed out. The unemployment rate declined from 14.7% to a still-high 13.3%.

Even so, nearly 21 million people are officially classified as unemployed. And including people the government said had been erroneously categorized as employed in May and those who lost jobs but didn’t look for new ones, 32.5 million people are out of work, economists estimate.

Thursday’s report showed that an additional 760,000 people applied for jobless benefits last week under a new program for self-employed and gig workers that made them eligible for aid for the first time. These figures aren’t adjusted for seasonal variations, so the government doesn’t include them in the official count.

Other recent data have been more encouraging and suggest that the lifting of shutdown orders has sparked some pent-up demand from consumers. Most economic gauges remain far below their pre-pandemic levels, though, and some analysts question whether the recent gains can be sustained, especially if the virus were to surge back.

Last month, retail and restaurant sales jumped nearly 18%, the government said Tuesday, retracing some of the record plunges of the previous two months. Still, retail purchases remain a sizable 6% below their year-ago levels.

One key reason why consumer spending has somewhat rebounded is that government aid programs, from one-time $1,200 stimulus checks to $600-a-week in supplemental federal unemployment aid, have helped offset the loss of income for laid-off Americans. Yet nearly all the stimulus checks have been issued. And the supplemental federal jobless aid is set to expire July 31.

“Recently, some indicators have pointed to a stabilization, and in some areas a modest rebound, in economic activity,” Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell said Tuesday in testimony to a Senate committee. Yet “until the public is confident that the disease is contained, a full recovery is unlikely.”

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