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美國為什么對(duì)小微企業(yè)見死不救?

Orv Kimbrough
2020-10-12

黑人所有者小企業(yè)在新冠疫情期間受到的沖擊尤為嚴(yán)重,因此需要大量的貸款和救助。

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圖片來源:COURTESY OF KELLY LEE, MULBERRY TREE DESIGN STUDIO

我成長于圣路易斯北部地區(qū),在這一期間,我的母親一直含辛茹苦,為我們這個(gè)五人家庭的日常所需而操勞,有時(shí)候她還得去Lee’s Pawn Shop,通過借貸來購買家里為數(shù)不多的一點(diǎn)資產(chǎn),例如家里的自行車。利息是相當(dāng)高的,但與我們?cè)谀抢镉龅降闹苓叺貐^(qū)的眾多母親一樣,我的母親缺乏獲取貸款的渠道,而且也沒有條件進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

這是我對(duì)信貸的最初印象??赡茉诋?dāng)時(shí)我已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常,當(dāng)我需要一輛交通工具往返于密蘇里-哥倫比亞大學(xué)與工作地點(diǎn)之間時(shí),我毫不猶豫地接受了經(jīng)銷商提供的利息超過25%的貸款,并用其購買了一臺(tái)別克Le Sabre。直到我遇到我妻子這位注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師之后,經(jīng)她提點(diǎn),我才意識(shí)到我所在城區(qū)之外的人無需為貸款支付那么高的利息。

我最近也在思考上述經(jīng)歷,同時(shí)也在關(guān)注美國國會(huì)有關(guān)第二個(gè)全國性刺激方案難產(chǎn)的問題。這些決策者們難以在諸多細(xì)節(jié)方面達(dá)成一致意見,但卻在一個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)上達(dá)成了共識(shí):由于無法妥協(xié),聯(lián)邦政府無法在美國小微企業(yè)最需要幫助的時(shí)候滿足其需求。

作為中西部銀行中心(Midwest Bank Centre)這家有著115年歷史的圣路易斯地方銀行的董事長兼首席執(zhí)行官,我每天都能夠感受到該問題導(dǎo)致的不良后果,而且我亦是全美極少數(shù)黑人銀行首席執(zhí)行官之一。很多地方性小企業(yè),例如夫妻百貨店、鞋店,甚至是我的理發(fā)師,都處于舉步維艱的狀態(tài)或已經(jīng)破產(chǎn)倒閉,也讓當(dāng)?shù)厥兄行暮蜕探绯霈F(xiàn)了巨大的空洞。同時(shí),由于《冠狀病毒援助、救濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全法案》(Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act)對(duì)手續(xù)門檻要求很高,眾多小企業(yè)無法利用其獲取所需的貸款。

每當(dāng)我在社區(qū)看見另一個(gè)“倒閉告示”時(shí),我都不禁要想:為什么這個(gè)狀況沒有任何改觀?為什么心安理得地聽任美國小微企業(yè)倒閉?

我認(rèn)為,這是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人并不知道這些企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)中所代表的多元化業(yè)態(tài)及其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要性。很多人驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn),商業(yè)街的小企業(yè)竟然代表了99.9%的商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài),而且聘用了47%的從業(yè)人員。這些雇員中有超過半數(shù)都是“小微企業(yè)”,其雇員數(shù)量不超過4名。

其中大多數(shù)企業(yè)都是“非雇主型”公司,也就是聘用的是未填寫W-2報(bào)稅表的員工。美國人口統(tǒng)計(jì)局(Census Bureau)發(fā)現(xiàn),2018年這類員工的數(shù)量達(dá)到了2650萬。12家聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀行在全國開展的中小企業(yè)信貸調(diào)查顯示,在有潛力成為雇主的非雇主型企業(yè)中,青年企業(yè)家以及種族和少數(shù)族裔群體占到了大多數(shù)。

很多這類企業(yè)在運(yùn)營時(shí)都得不到傳統(tǒng)銀行系統(tǒng)的幫助,其成長類似于我家庭的遭遇。它們?cè)谝婚_始還沒有通過組建一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)體以及開設(shè)商業(yè)銀行賬戶來構(gòu)建其商業(yè)信譽(yù)。它們?cè)诔闪⒅鯖]有渠道獲取眾多大型企業(yè)可以用于緩沖低成本貸款。如果它們出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)金斷流的情況,它們就必須向利息遠(yuǎn)高于銀行的其他借貸方尋求幫助。當(dāng)受到新冠疫情這類危機(jī)的沖擊時(shí),其中的眾多企業(yè)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)經(jīng)營困難的情況,最終關(guān)門大吉。

黑人所有者企業(yè)受這類挑戰(zhàn)的沖擊尤為明顯。今年2至4月,美國有44萬家黑人所有者企業(yè)破產(chǎn)。全美經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)稱,這個(gè)數(shù)字占到了110萬黑人企業(yè)總數(shù)的41%。作為對(duì)比,在這一期間破產(chǎn)的白人所有者企業(yè)占到了其總數(shù)的17%。

很多企業(yè)可謂是借貸無門。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)發(fā)現(xiàn),黑人所有者企業(yè)銀行貸款獲批的可能性更低,有53.4%的申請(qǐng)?jiān)獾搅司芙^,而白人所有者的遭拒率為24.7%。另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,在獲得風(fēng)投支持的企業(yè)創(chuàng)始人中,僅有1%為黑人。

這些企業(yè)的消失將對(duì)眾多社區(qū)造成深遠(yuǎn)影響。對(duì)很多人來說,擁有一家成功的企業(yè),哪怕是成為一名個(gè)體戶,都是謀生、積累世代財(cái)富以及體驗(yàn)其積極影響(例如高品質(zhì)教育、固定的住所、低犯罪率以及健康的改善)的絕佳選擇。對(duì)于那些在普通工作中無法獲得公平薪酬的少數(shù)族裔群體來說,自己當(dāng)老板是一個(gè)很有吸引力的選擇。

企業(yè)破產(chǎn)之后,受傷的不僅僅是企業(yè)主,同時(shí)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致工作崗位的丟失,繼而引發(fā)犯罪率上升。今年年初美國圣路易斯以及其他地區(qū)爆發(fā)的民眾騷亂不僅僅反映了執(zhí)法人員對(duì)美國黑人的態(tài)度,同時(shí)也凸顯了黑人每天遭遇的經(jīng)濟(jì)不公平待遇。

那么面對(duì)這一情況我們?cè)撛趺崔k?如果我們想給這些社區(qū)帶來希望,那么我們需要做的就不僅僅是改革警局那么簡(jiǎn)單,而是要在當(dāng)前美國小微企業(yè)最需要幫助的時(shí)候?yàn)樗鼈兲峁┲С?。出臺(tái)一個(gè)真正有效的援助方案至關(guān)重要,而且此舉將產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的漣漪效應(yīng)。

同時(shí),我們還必須應(yīng)對(duì)會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)多元化商業(yè)群體帶來負(fù)面效應(yīng)的系統(tǒng)性撤資現(xiàn)象。我們應(yīng)該制定一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的策略,幫助其中更多的企業(yè)突破百萬美元營收大關(guān),很多美國小微企業(yè)將因此而受益。此舉意味著在一開始將更多的小微企業(yè)納入銀行系統(tǒng),并幫助它們建立信譽(yù)。

我們還需要重新審視很多政府和大型公司運(yùn)行的供應(yīng)商多元化方案。其中的大多數(shù)方案的宗旨并非是與那些極度缺乏資本、支持以及指導(dǎo)的企業(yè)家合作,而且這些方案也不知道如何幫助這些企業(yè)打造產(chǎn)能和可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力。反而,這些項(xiàng)目的主要目標(biāo)是把該花的“預(yù)算”花出去。我們需要對(duì)其宗旨進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以提供有意義的幫助。

當(dāng)前,我們?cè)谥С趾谌诵∥⑵髽I(yè)、幫助其成長方面面臨著一個(gè)難得的機(jī)遇,而且對(duì)眾多被剝奪權(quán)利的企業(yè)家來說,此舉將為他們賦能。只有通過接納這些企業(yè),我們才能夠打造每位美國民眾都應(yīng)該享有的可持續(xù)繁榮。

歐弗·金布羅是中西部銀行中心的董事長兼首席執(zhí)行官,也是國際青年總裁協(xié)會(huì)成員。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

我成長于圣路易斯北部地區(qū),在這一期間,我的母親一直含辛茹苦,為我們這個(gè)五人家庭的日常所需而操勞,有時(shí)候她還得去Lee’s Pawn Shop,通過借貸來購買家里為數(shù)不多的一點(diǎn)資產(chǎn),例如家里的自行車。利息是相當(dāng)高的,但與我們?cè)谀抢镉龅降闹苓叺貐^(qū)的眾多母親一樣,我的母親缺乏獲取貸款的渠道,而且也沒有條件進(jìn)行對(duì)比。

這是我對(duì)信貸的最初印象??赡茉诋?dāng)時(shí)我已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常,當(dāng)我需要一輛交通工具往返于密蘇里-哥倫比亞大學(xué)與工作地點(diǎn)之間時(shí),我毫不猶豫地接受了經(jīng)銷商提供的利息超過25%的貸款,并用其購買了一臺(tái)別克Le Sabre。直到我遇到我妻子這位注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師之后,經(jīng)她提點(diǎn),我才意識(shí)到我所在城區(qū)之外的人無需為貸款支付那么高的利息。

我最近也在思考上述經(jīng)歷,同時(shí)也在關(guān)注美國國會(huì)有關(guān)第二個(gè)全國性刺激方案難產(chǎn)的問題。這些決策者們難以在諸多細(xì)節(jié)方面達(dá)成一致意見,但卻在一個(gè)關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)上達(dá)成了共識(shí):由于無法妥協(xié),聯(lián)邦政府無法在美國小微企業(yè)最需要幫助的時(shí)候滿足其需求。

作為中西部銀行中心(Midwest Bank Centre)這家有著115年歷史的圣路易斯地方銀行的董事長兼首席執(zhí)行官,我每天都能夠感受到該問題導(dǎo)致的不良后果,而且我亦是全美極少數(shù)黑人銀行首席執(zhí)行官之一。很多地方性小企業(yè),例如夫妻百貨店、鞋店,甚至是我的理發(fā)師,都處于舉步維艱的狀態(tài)或已經(jīng)破產(chǎn)倒閉,也讓當(dāng)?shù)厥兄行暮蜕探绯霈F(xiàn)了巨大的空洞。同時(shí),由于《冠狀病毒援助、救濟(jì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)安全法案》(Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act)對(duì)手續(xù)門檻要求很高,眾多小企業(yè)無法利用其獲取所需的貸款。

每當(dāng)我在社區(qū)看見另一個(gè)“倒閉告示”時(shí),我都不禁要想:為什么這個(gè)狀況沒有任何改觀?為什么心安理得地聽任美國小微企業(yè)倒閉?

我認(rèn)為,這是因?yàn)榇蠖鄶?shù)人并不知道這些企業(yè)在經(jīng)濟(jì)中所代表的多元化業(yè)態(tài)及其對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的重要性。很多人驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn),商業(yè)街的小企業(yè)竟然代表了99.9%的商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài),而且聘用了47%的從業(yè)人員。這些雇員中有超過半數(shù)都是“小微企業(yè)”,其雇員數(shù)量不超過4名。

其中大多數(shù)企業(yè)都是“非雇主型”公司,也就是聘用的是未填寫W-2報(bào)稅表的員工。美國人口統(tǒng)計(jì)局(Census Bureau)發(fā)現(xiàn),2018年這類員工的數(shù)量達(dá)到了2650萬。12家聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備銀行在全國開展的中小企業(yè)信貸調(diào)查顯示,在有潛力成為雇主的非雇主型企業(yè)中,青年企業(yè)家以及種族和少數(shù)族裔群體占到了大多數(shù)。

很多這類企業(yè)在運(yùn)營時(shí)都得不到傳統(tǒng)銀行系統(tǒng)的幫助,其成長類似于我家庭的遭遇。它們?cè)谝婚_始還沒有通過組建一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)實(shí)體以及開設(shè)商業(yè)銀行賬戶來構(gòu)建其商業(yè)信譽(yù)。它們?cè)诔闪⒅鯖]有渠道獲取眾多大型企業(yè)可以用于緩沖低成本貸款。如果它們出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)金斷流的情況,它們就必須向利息遠(yuǎn)高于銀行的其他借貸方尋求幫助。當(dāng)受到新冠疫情這類危機(jī)的沖擊時(shí),其中的眾多企業(yè)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)經(jīng)營困難的情況,最終關(guān)門大吉。

黑人所有者企業(yè)受這類挑戰(zhàn)的沖擊尤為明顯。今年2至4月,美國有44萬家黑人所有者企業(yè)破產(chǎn)。全美經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)稱,這個(gè)數(shù)字占到了110萬黑人企業(yè)總數(shù)的41%。作為對(duì)比,在這一期間破產(chǎn)的白人所有者企業(yè)占到了其總數(shù)的17%。

很多企業(yè)可謂是借貸無門。美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)發(fā)現(xiàn),黑人所有者企業(yè)銀行貸款獲批的可能性更低,有53.4%的申請(qǐng)?jiān)獾搅司芙^,而白人所有者的遭拒率為24.7%。另一項(xiàng)調(diào)查顯示,在獲得風(fēng)投支持的企業(yè)創(chuàng)始人中,僅有1%為黑人。

這些企業(yè)的消失將對(duì)眾多社區(qū)造成深遠(yuǎn)影響。對(duì)很多人來說,擁有一家成功的企業(yè),哪怕是成為一名個(gè)體戶,都是謀生、積累世代財(cái)富以及體驗(yàn)其積極影響(例如高品質(zhì)教育、固定的住所、低犯罪率以及健康的改善)的絕佳選擇。對(duì)于那些在普通工作中無法獲得公平薪酬的少數(shù)族裔群體來說,自己當(dāng)老板是一個(gè)很有吸引力的選擇。

企業(yè)破產(chǎn)之后,受傷的不僅僅是企業(yè)主,同時(shí)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致工作崗位的丟失,繼而引發(fā)犯罪率上升。今年年初美國圣路易斯以及其他地區(qū)爆發(fā)的民眾騷亂不僅僅反映了執(zhí)法人員對(duì)美國黑人的態(tài)度,同時(shí)也凸顯了黑人每天遭遇的經(jīng)濟(jì)不公平待遇。

那么面對(duì)這一情況我們?cè)撛趺崔k?如果我們想給這些社區(qū)帶來希望,那么我們需要做的就不僅僅是改革警局那么簡(jiǎn)單,而是要在當(dāng)前美國小微企業(yè)最需要幫助的時(shí)候?yàn)樗鼈兲峁┲С?。出臺(tái)一個(gè)真正有效的援助方案至關(guān)重要,而且此舉將產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的漣漪效應(yīng)。

同時(shí),我們還必須應(yīng)對(duì)會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)多元化商業(yè)群體帶來負(fù)面效應(yīng)的系統(tǒng)性撤資現(xiàn)象。我們應(yīng)該制定一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的策略,幫助其中更多的企業(yè)突破百萬美元營收大關(guān),很多美國小微企業(yè)將因此而受益。此舉意味著在一開始將更多的小微企業(yè)納入銀行系統(tǒng),并幫助它們建立信譽(yù)。

我們還需要重新審視很多政府和大型公司運(yùn)行的供應(yīng)商多元化方案。其中的大多數(shù)方案的宗旨并非是與那些極度缺乏資本、支持以及指導(dǎo)的企業(yè)家合作,而且這些方案也不知道如何幫助這些企業(yè)打造產(chǎn)能和可持續(xù)發(fā)展能力。反而,這些項(xiàng)目的主要目標(biāo)是把該花的“預(yù)算”花出去。我們需要對(duì)其宗旨進(jìn)行調(diào)整,以提供有意義的幫助。

當(dāng)前,我們?cè)谥С趾谌诵∥⑵髽I(yè)、幫助其成長方面面臨著一個(gè)難得的機(jī)遇,而且對(duì)眾多被剝奪權(quán)利的企業(yè)家來說,此舉將為他們賦能。只有通過接納這些企業(yè),我們才能夠打造每位美國民眾都應(yīng)該享有的可持續(xù)繁榮。

歐弗·金布羅是中西部銀行中心的董事長兼首席執(zhí)行官,也是國際青年總裁協(xié)會(huì)成員。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

When I was growing up in North St. Louis, my mother, struggling to buy groceries for our family of five, would sometimes make trips to Lee’s Pawn Shop to borrow against the few assets we had, like our family’s bicycle. The interest rates were high, but like many of the neighborhood moms we ran into there, she lacked access to credit and didn’t have the option to shop around.

That was my first experience with credit. Perhaps, then, it shouldn’t be a surprise that when I needed a way to get to and from my classes at the University of Missouri-Columbia and work, I gladly took out the loan the dealership offered at more than 25% interest so I could buy my Buick Le Sabre. I didn’t realize that people outside of our urban community weren’t paying interest rates that high until I met my wife, a CPA, who pointed it out.

I’ve thought of these experiences lately, as I’ve followed news about Congress’s inability to find a compromise on a second national stimulus package. The lawmakers disagree on many details, but there’s no debate about one key point: By not finding a compromise, the federal government isn’t meeting the needs of America’s smallest businesses at a time they need help the most.

I see the fallout every day as chairman and CEO of Midwest Bank Centre, a 115-year-old community bank in St. Louis, where I am one of only a handful of Black bank CEOs in the country. Many local small businesses—the mom-and-pop grocer, the shoe store, even my barber—have struggled or gone under, leaving gaping holes in the fabric of our local downtown and business community. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act, with its steep paperwork requirements, closed many of them out from getting the loans needed.

Every time I see another “going out of business sign” in our community, I have to wonder: Why is this still going on? Why is it acceptable to let America’s smallest businesses die?

I think it is because most people don’t know how diverse and important this group of businesses is to our economy and local communities. Many people are surprised to find out that small businesses on Main Street represent 99.9% of all businesses, and employ 47% of all workers. More than half of those with employees are tiny “microbusinesses” with four employees or fewer.

And most are “nonemployer” firms—those with no W-2 employees. There were 26.5 million of them in 2018, the Census Bureau found. Young entrepreneurs and racial and ethnic minorities are overrepresented among nonemployer firms that have the potential to become employers, according to the Small Business Credit Survey, which is produced by the 12 Federal Reserve banks across the country.

Many of these businesses operate outside of the traditional banking system, the way my family did growing up. They haven’t started building business credit by forming a business entity and setting up a business bank account. They don’t have access to the low-cost loans that cushion many larger businesses when life happens. If they experience a cash crunch, they must turn to alternative lenders, who charge a lot more than a bank would. When a crisis like the coronavirus hits, it’s no wonder that many of them struggle and eventually shut their doors.

The impact of challenges like these is especially pronounced among Black-owned businesses. Between February and April of this year, 440,000 Black-owned businesses in the U.S. closed. They made up 41% of the total of 1.1 million, according to the National Bureau of Economic Research. In comparison, 17% of white-owned businesses closed in the same time frame.

Many had nowhere to turn for help. Black-owned businesses are less likely to be approved for bank loans, with 53.4% of those who apply turned down, compared to 24.7% of white-owned firms, the Federal Reserve found. Only 1% of venture-backed founders are Black, according to another study.

The loss of these businesses will have a profound effect on many communities. Owning a successful business—even a one-person operation—is a great way for many people to make a living, build generational wealth, and experience positive byproducts such as quality education, stable housing, reduced crime, and improved health. For people in minority groups that have not had access to equal pay in a traditional job, business ownership is an appealing alternative.

When businesses close, it doesn’t only hurt the owners. It also leads to a loss of jobs, which causes crime rates to rise. The civil unrest that broke out in St. Louis and other cities across America earlier this year reflected not only how Black Americans are treated by law enforcement but also the lack of economic equity they experience every day.

So where do we go from here? If we want to inject hope into these communities, we need to do more than reform police departments. We need to support America’s smallest businesses right now, at a time they need help the most. Passing an aid package that truly helps them is essential and will have a powerful ripple effect.

But we also have to address systemic disinvestment that holds back this diverse group of businesses. Many of America’s smallest businesses would benefit from a concerted strategy to grow more of them to $1 million in revenue and beyond. That starts with bringing more of them into the banking system and helping them build credit.

We also need to take a fresh look at the supplier diversity programs that many governments and larger companies run. Most aren’t designed to work with entrepreneurs who’ve been starved of capital, support, and mentorship and don’t know how to help these entrepreneurs build capacity and sustainability. Instead, the programs mainly aim to hit a target “spend.” We need to change their focus to providing meaningful help.

We have an incredible opportunity right now to support America’s smallest businesses and help them grow—and, in doing so, to empower many disenfranchised entrepreneurs. Only by embracing these businesses will we be able to build the kind of sustainable prosperity that every American deserves.

Orv Kimbrough is chairman and CEO of Midwest Bank Centre and a YPO member.

財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)所刊載內(nèi)容之知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為財(cái)富媒體知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)有限公司及/或相關(guān)權(quán)利人專屬所有或持有。未經(jīng)許可,禁止進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)載、摘編、復(fù)制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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