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2021年快來(lái)了,投資者最大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與機(jī)遇是什么?

Matthew Heimer
2020-11-25

專(zhuān)家們最關(guān)心的問(wèn)題是,經(jīng)濟(jì)能否在2021年恢復(fù)至正常水平。

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《財(cái)富》投資者圓桌論壇于本月召開(kāi),在此期間,受利好商業(yè)的大選結(jié)果和新冠疫苗積極消息影響,股市連創(chuàng)新高。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)能在2021年恢復(fù)至正常水平,與會(huì)嘉賓也期望能幫助自己的客戶(hù)從經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇中獲益。

不過(guò)他們也并非沒(méi)有顧慮。在一場(chǎng)分裂的選舉之后,中美之間、政治對(duì)手之間、各州之間的緊張關(guān)系都讓不少與會(huì)嘉賓不敢過(guò)于樂(lè)觀(guān)。也有人擔(dān)心太過(guò)強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)會(huì)帶來(lái)副作用,比如經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)熱往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升,進(jìn)而影響股市的長(zhǎng)期表現(xiàn)。

與會(huì)嘉賓包括美銀美林美國(guó)股票與量化策略部門(mén)主管兼全球ESG研究主管薩維塔·蘇布拉馬尼安、Ritholtz財(cái)富管理公司首席執(zhí)行官喬?!げ祭?、美國(guó)基金界領(lǐng)軍公司T.Rowe Price全球股票基金的負(fù)責(zé)人大衛(wèi)·艾斯沃特、Causeway Capital首席執(zhí)行官兼基本面投資組合經(jīng)理薩拉·凱特勒、早期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司Operator Collective的創(chuàng)始人和普通合伙人馬倫·延。以下為對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容節(jié)選。

圖片來(lái)源:Fortune

《財(cái)富》:各位認(rèn)為未來(lái)一年最大的機(jī)會(huì)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別都是什么?

薩拉·凱特勒:許多企業(yè)在利用疫情帶來(lái)的機(jī)會(huì)削減成本、增加運(yùn)營(yíng)杠桿,其中可能會(huì)有不少企業(yè)獲得比疫情爆發(fā)前更高的利潤(rùn)率。但這背后的推動(dòng)因素不僅有疫苗、治療方案和核酸檢測(cè),更有各國(guó)央行向市場(chǎng)注入的10萬(wàn)億美元貨幣與財(cái)政支持。由于貨幣、財(cái)政政策對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響通常要滯后一兩年才會(huì)顯現(xiàn),所以現(xiàn)在我們尚未看到其全部影響。疫情后,預(yù)計(jì)材料、非必需消費(fèi)品、金融、工業(yè)類(lèi)股票將會(huì)大幅上漲。

我們現(xiàn)在最擔(dān)心的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)其實(shí)是中美關(guān)系。我們最近剛在上海開(kāi)設(shè)了辦事處,也希望確保兩邊的想法、知識(shí)能夠自由流通。我們可以從中國(guó)的私營(yíng)企業(yè)那里學(xué)到很多東西,反之亦然。如果中美真的走向脫鉤,國(guó)際環(huán)境只會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化。

大衛(wèi)·艾斯沃特:我們現(xiàn)在知道未來(lái)將有多款疫苗推向市場(chǎng),戰(zhàn)勝新冠疫情只是個(gè)時(shí)間問(wèn)題,12個(gè)月或者18個(gè)月。雖然道路曲折,但前途依然光明。我對(duì)此很有信心。所以,我們必須經(jīng)得住短期內(nèi)的痛楚,以便在未來(lái)兩三年獲得豐厚的回報(bào)。在我看來(lái),社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩是個(gè)很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我不太明白為什么美國(guó)會(huì)變成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子,也不太明白大家的想法,彼此之間的對(duì)立程度有多嚴(yán)重。這種分裂會(huì)讓我們變得脆弱。我還比較擔(dān)心利率。現(xiàn)在美國(guó)利率一直維持在零利率的水平。房產(chǎn)價(jià)格持續(xù)上漲,你知道最近30年期抵押貸款的利率是多少么?只有2.8%!等到利率回歸正常時(shí),所有資產(chǎn)的價(jià)格都會(huì)出現(xiàn)下跌。如果10年期國(guó)債的利率調(diào)整到3%,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)還能維持增長(zhǎng)嗎?這種情況勢(shì)必給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)陣痛。

“我們正處于市場(chǎng)周期的繁榮階段。之后會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么情況呢?”--薩拉·凱特勒,Causeway Capital。攝影:Robyn Twomey—Redux Pictures for Fortune

馬倫·延:今年9月,有110萬(wàn)工人退出了就業(yè)市場(chǎng),其中80%是女性。造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因有很多,比如我們?cè)?jīng)為上班族父母提供的支持現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在,其中就包括傳統(tǒng)的托兒所和學(xué)校。勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)在性別平等方面取得的成績(jī)來(lái)之不易,我們?nèi)绾尾拍艽_保這些成績(jī)不會(huì)付之東流?又該如何才能確保未來(lái)依然能夠誕生像索尼婭·辛加爾斯和麗莎·蘇斯了這樣杰出的職場(chǎng)女性呢?

對(duì)上班族父母、單身上班族母親而言,他們很難適應(yīng)那種必須通勤、朝八晚五的僵化企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。所以當(dāng)我看到人們?nèi)找媪?xí)慣以更靈活的方式開(kāi)展工作,不必在死板、傳統(tǒng)的公司里委屈求全時(shí),我真是備受鼓舞。

薩維塔·蘇布拉馬尼安:我們習(xí)慣于將標(biāo)普500指數(shù)看作是經(jīng)濟(jì)的晴雨表,但其價(jià)格波動(dòng)最近顯得頗為怪異,每隔一天就會(huì)發(fā)生一次八個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差事件,正常情況下,這種事件應(yīng)該一百年才會(huì)發(fā)生一次。出現(xiàn)這種情況一方面說(shuō)明了市場(chǎng)參與者能夠依照自己的心意做出決定,這當(dāng)然是好事,但這也意味著市場(chǎng)參與者能夠快速下注進(jìn)行投機(jī),這就會(huì)攪亂市場(chǎng)。

截止11月5日當(dāng)周,30年期固定抵押貸款平均利率為2.8%,創(chuàng)歷史新低。一些投資者擔(dān)心,未來(lái)利率如果出現(xiàn)上調(diào),股票和其他資產(chǎn)的價(jià)格將會(huì)暴跌。

但這也給交易者帶來(lái)了機(jī)遇。就標(biāo)普500指數(shù)而言,如果你是在市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行日內(nèi)交易,那么你賺錢(qián)的幾率可能只比50%稍高一點(diǎn)。但如果把時(shí)間拉長(zhǎng)到10年,那么你賠錢(qián)的概率將會(huì)降到5%以下。因此,如果放下激進(jìn)的交易策略,轉(zhuǎn)而采用老派的長(zhǎng)期持有的交易策略,那么現(xiàn)在可能是賺錢(qián)的良機(jī)。

喬?!げ祭剩?/strong>我想提一個(gè)很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。今年美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)做的事情可能很重要,但是也開(kāi)了個(gè)很壞的頭。通常情況下,如果碰到今年這么嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,那么很多企業(yè)都會(huì)淪落到破產(chǎn)倒閉的境地。但實(shí)際上,今年幾乎沒(méi)有企業(yè)破產(chǎn)。當(dāng)然,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)采取的一系列措施確實(shí)讓企業(yè)得以保住了自己?jiǎn)T工的崗位,也讓自己不至于關(guān)門(mén)大吉。但問(wèn)題是,今年有經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之名卻沒(méi)有經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之實(shí)。要想完全消除人們對(duì)衰退應(yīng)對(duì)措施的錯(cuò)誤理解可能還得一段時(shí)間。

問(wèn)題在于,未來(lái)我們還會(huì)碰到經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,可能是3年后,也可能是12年后,這個(gè)我就說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)了,到時(shí)候政策制定者就會(huì)面臨再次祭出經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施的壓力。人們會(huì)說(shuō),“上次你給每個(gè)人都發(fā)錢(qián)了,這次憑什么不給?”“上次是因?yàn)橐咔椤!薄昂玫模沁@次是因?yàn)橥庑侨巳肭?,我覺(jué)得問(wèn)題一樣嚴(yán)重,發(fā)錢(qián)吧?!边@太瘋狂了,惠而浦在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期賣(mài)出的浴缸比經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張期還多。通用汽車(chē)的收益也是大幅增長(zhǎng),簡(jiǎn)直不可思議。我們?cè)撊绾尾拍鼙苊獠扇⊥瑯拥拇胧┠???wèn)題在于,每推出一次經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃,美國(guó)就會(huì)積累更多的債務(wù)。我們一直都處在債務(wù)陷阱之中,只是現(xiàn)在陷得更深了。

喬?!げ祭?,RITHOLTZ財(cái)富管理公司

當(dāng)前,我們迎來(lái)了一個(gè)重大機(jī)遇,那就是直接指數(shù)行業(yè)化組合(購(gòu)買(mǎi)由多只個(gè)股構(gòu)成的多樣化投資組合、而不是指數(shù)基金或ETF)。這種投資方式將給整個(gè)行業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的根本性改變。我們也已開(kāi)始將只投資ETF的家庭轉(zhuǎn)向直接指數(shù)行業(yè)化組合。通過(guò)這種操作,我們?cè)谥T多方面都取得了無(wú)法用語(yǔ)言形容的成績(jī),比如客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意度、業(yè)績(jī)提升、稅損收獲,以及對(duì)不注重性別平等的企業(yè)、槍支制造商和不注重改善環(huán)境影響的石油企業(yè)予以了剔除,等等。

如今,美國(guó)的新富階層都出自硅谷,這些高凈值新貴的言談舉止、思維方式都與嬰兒潮一代截然不同。不過(guò)二者也有一些共同點(diǎn),那就是他們都會(huì)帶著1000萬(wàn)美元的凈資產(chǎn)來(lái)找我這樣的理財(cái)經(jīng)理處理財(cái)富管理事宜,然后他們的1000萬(wàn)美元資產(chǎn)中可能有800萬(wàn)在Facebook股票上。這時(shí)我就不能跟他說(shuō):“我們直接買(mǎi)(納斯達(dá)克ETF)吧,”因?yàn)檫@樣只會(huì)增加Facebook股票給其資產(chǎn)帶來(lái)的集中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。蘋(píng)果、Salesforce、谷歌、微軟也是如此。而直接指數(shù)行業(yè)化組合可以讓我們將資金投入到除Facebook或網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣告公司以外的納斯達(dá)克上市企業(yè)之上。

各大主要資產(chǎn)管理機(jī)構(gòu)都在用這種方式思考,因?yàn)樗麄冎?,作為一?xiàng)1990年代的科技,ETF在2020年代的世界中已經(jīng)有些過(guò)時(shí)了。

感謝各位與我們分享了這么多值得思考的問(wèn)題。

三個(gè)值得期待的投資動(dòng)向與三項(xiàng)需要注意的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素

值得期待的投資動(dòng)向

非美國(guó)股票

從市盈率角度看,新興市場(chǎng)和歐洲市場(chǎng)的股票價(jià)格比美股便宜20%至30%,待到經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇時(shí),這些股票的上漲空間更大。

傳統(tǒng)金融行業(yè)股票與新興金融行業(yè)股票

隨著新冠疫情日益趨緩,金融類(lèi)股票很可能迎來(lái)一波大漲,不過(guò)頗有諷刺意味的是,金融科技類(lèi)股票似乎也會(huì)迎來(lái)大漲,而且可能還會(huì)搶走更多的市場(chǎng)份額。

年輕投資者

年輕一代愿意投資社會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)的企業(yè),也愿意為之工作,這種局面正在改變企業(yè)對(duì)自己工作重點(diǎn)的設(shè)定,也會(huì)對(duì)股價(jià)產(chǎn)生影響。

需要注意的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素

利率

疫情期間,各國(guó)央行均將利率維持在了相當(dāng)?shù)偷乃?。如果在?jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇之際利率調(diào)整到正常水平,那么股票和房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格或?qū)⒊霈F(xiàn)暴跌。

中美關(guān)系

貿(mào)易與知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端或?qū)⑦M(jìn)一步升級(jí),進(jìn)而損害依賴(lài)全球供應(yīng)鏈的跨國(guó)公司。

上班族父母

學(xué)校和托兒所的關(guān)閉迫使數(shù)百萬(wàn)女性退出了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),這將造成不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文另一版本刊載于《財(cái)富》2020年12月/2021年1月刊,標(biāo)題為“投資者圓桌會(huì)談:聰明資金謀劃下一步行動(dòng)”。

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

《財(cái)富》投資者圓桌論壇于本月召開(kāi),在此期間,受利好商業(yè)的大選結(jié)果和新冠疫苗積極消息影響,股市連創(chuàng)新高。如果經(jīng)濟(jì)能在2021年恢復(fù)至正常水平,與會(huì)嘉賓也期望能幫助自己的客戶(hù)從經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇中獲益。

不過(guò)他們也并非沒(méi)有顧慮。在一場(chǎng)分裂的選舉之后,中美之間、政治對(duì)手之間、各州之間的緊張關(guān)系都讓不少與會(huì)嘉賓不敢過(guò)于樂(lè)觀(guān)。也有人擔(dān)心太過(guò)強(qiáng)勁的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)會(huì)帶來(lái)副作用,比如經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)熱往往會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升,進(jìn)而影響股市的長(zhǎng)期表現(xiàn)。

與會(huì)嘉賓包括美銀美林美國(guó)股票與量化策略部門(mén)主管兼全球ESG研究主管薩維塔·蘇布拉馬尼安、Ritholtz財(cái)富管理公司首席執(zhí)行官喬?!げ祭省⒚绹?guó)基金界領(lǐng)軍公司T.Rowe Price全球股票基金的負(fù)責(zé)人大衛(wèi)·艾斯沃特、Causeway Capital首席執(zhí)行官兼基本面投資組合經(jīng)理薩拉·凱特勒、早期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司Operator Collective的創(chuàng)始人和普通合伙人馬倫·延。以下為對(duì)話(huà)內(nèi)容節(jié)選。

《財(cái)富》:各位認(rèn)為未來(lái)一年最大的機(jī)會(huì)和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分別都是什么?

薩拉·凱特勒:許多企業(yè)在利用疫情帶來(lái)的機(jī)會(huì)削減成本、增加運(yùn)營(yíng)杠桿,其中可能會(huì)有不少企業(yè)獲得比疫情爆發(fā)前更高的利潤(rùn)率。但這背后的推動(dòng)因素不僅有疫苗、治療方案和核酸檢測(cè),更有各國(guó)央行向市場(chǎng)注入的10萬(wàn)億美元貨幣與財(cái)政支持。由于貨幣、財(cái)政政策對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響通常要滯后一兩年才會(huì)顯現(xiàn),所以現(xiàn)在我們尚未看到其全部影響。疫情后,預(yù)計(jì)材料、非必需消費(fèi)品、金融、工業(yè)類(lèi)股票將會(huì)大幅上漲。

我們現(xiàn)在最擔(dān)心的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)其實(shí)是中美關(guān)系。我們最近剛在上海開(kāi)設(shè)了辦事處,也希望確保兩邊的想法、知識(shí)能夠自由流通。我們可以從中國(guó)的私營(yíng)企業(yè)那里學(xué)到很多東西,反之亦然。如果中美真的走向脫鉤,國(guó)際環(huán)境只會(huì)進(jìn)一步惡化。

大衛(wèi)·艾斯沃特:我們現(xiàn)在知道未來(lái)將有多款疫苗推向市場(chǎng),戰(zhàn)勝新冠疫情只是個(gè)時(shí)間問(wèn)題,12個(gè)月或者18個(gè)月。雖然道路曲折,但前途依然光明。我對(duì)此很有信心。所以,我們必須經(jīng)得住短期內(nèi)的痛楚,以便在未來(lái)兩三年獲得豐厚的回報(bào)。在我看來(lái),社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩是個(gè)很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。我不太明白為什么美國(guó)會(huì)變成現(xiàn)在這個(gè)樣子,也不太明白大家的想法,彼此之間的對(duì)立程度有多嚴(yán)重。這種分裂會(huì)讓我們變得脆弱。我還比較擔(dān)心利率?,F(xiàn)在美國(guó)利率一直維持在零利率的水平。房產(chǎn)價(jià)格持續(xù)上漲,你知道最近30年期抵押貸款的利率是多少么?只有2.8%!等到利率回歸正常時(shí),所有資產(chǎn)的價(jià)格都會(huì)出現(xiàn)下跌。如果10年期國(guó)債的利率調(diào)整到3%,美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)還能維持增長(zhǎng)嗎?這種情況勢(shì)必給經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)陣痛。

馬倫·延:今年9月,有110萬(wàn)工人退出了就業(yè)市場(chǎng),其中80%是女性。造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因有很多,比如我們?cè)?jīng)為上班族父母提供的支持現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在,其中就包括傳統(tǒng)的托兒所和學(xué)校。勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng)在性別平等方面取得的成績(jī)來(lái)之不易,我們?nèi)绾尾拍艽_保這些成績(jī)不會(huì)付之東流?又該如何才能確保未來(lái)依然能夠誕生像索尼婭·辛加爾斯和麗莎·蘇斯了這樣杰出的職場(chǎng)女性呢?

對(duì)上班族父母、單身上班族母親而言,他們很難適應(yīng)那種必須通勤、朝八晚五的僵化企業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。所以當(dāng)我看到人們?nèi)找媪?xí)慣以更靈活的方式開(kāi)展工作,不必在死板、傳統(tǒng)的公司里委屈求全時(shí),我真是備受鼓舞。

薩維塔·蘇布拉馬尼安:我們習(xí)慣于將標(biāo)普500指數(shù)看作是經(jīng)濟(jì)的晴雨表,但其價(jià)格波動(dòng)最近顯得頗為怪異,每隔一天就會(huì)發(fā)生一次八個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差事件,正常情況下,這種事件應(yīng)該一百年才會(huì)發(fā)生一次。出現(xiàn)這種情況一方面說(shuō)明了市場(chǎng)參與者能夠依照自己的心意做出決定,這當(dāng)然是好事,但這也意味著市場(chǎng)參與者能夠快速下注進(jìn)行投機(jī),這就會(huì)攪亂市場(chǎng)。

截止11月5日當(dāng)周,30年期固定抵押貸款平均利率為2.8%,創(chuàng)歷史新低。一些投資者擔(dān)心,未來(lái)利率如果出現(xiàn)上調(diào),股票和其他資產(chǎn)的價(jià)格將會(huì)暴跌。

但這也給交易者帶來(lái)了機(jī)遇。就標(biāo)普500指數(shù)而言,如果你是在市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行日內(nèi)交易,那么你賺錢(qián)的幾率可能只比50%稍高一點(diǎn)。但如果把時(shí)間拉長(zhǎng)到10年,那么你賠錢(qián)的概率將會(huì)降到5%以下。因此,如果放下激進(jìn)的交易策略,轉(zhuǎn)而采用老派的長(zhǎng)期持有的交易策略,那么現(xiàn)在可能是賺錢(qián)的良機(jī)。

喬?!げ祭剩?/strong>我想提一個(gè)很大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。今年美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)做的事情可能很重要,但是也開(kāi)了個(gè)很壞的頭。通常情況下,如果碰到今年這么嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,那么很多企業(yè)都會(huì)淪落到破產(chǎn)倒閉的境地。但實(shí)際上,今年幾乎沒(méi)有企業(yè)破產(chǎn)。當(dāng)然,美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)采取的一系列措施確實(shí)讓企業(yè)得以保住了自己?jiǎn)T工的崗位,也讓自己不至于關(guān)門(mén)大吉。但問(wèn)題是,今年有經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之名卻沒(méi)有經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退之實(shí)。要想完全消除人們對(duì)衰退應(yīng)對(duì)措施的錯(cuò)誤理解可能還得一段時(shí)間。

問(wèn)題在于,未來(lái)我們還會(huì)碰到經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退,可能是3年后,也可能是12年后,這個(gè)我就說(shuō)不準(zhǔn)了,到時(shí)候政策制定者就會(huì)面臨再次祭出經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激措施的壓力。人們會(huì)說(shuō),“上次你給每個(gè)人都發(fā)錢(qián)了,這次憑什么不給?”“上次是因?yàn)橐咔??!薄昂玫?,那這次是因?yàn)橥庑侨巳肭郑矣X(jué)得問(wèn)題一樣嚴(yán)重,發(fā)錢(qián)吧?!边@太瘋狂了,惠而浦在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期賣(mài)出的浴缸比經(jīng)濟(jì)擴(kuò)張期還多。通用汽車(chē)的收益也是大幅增長(zhǎng),簡(jiǎn)直不可思議。我們?cè)撊绾尾拍鼙苊獠扇⊥瑯拥拇胧┠???wèn)題在于,每推出一次經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃,美國(guó)就會(huì)積累更多的債務(wù)。我們一直都處在債務(wù)陷阱之中,只是現(xiàn)在陷得更深了。

喬?!げ祭?,RITHOLTZ財(cái)富管理公司

當(dāng)前,我們迎來(lái)了一個(gè)重大機(jī)遇,那就是直接指數(shù)行業(yè)化組合(購(gòu)買(mǎi)由多只個(gè)股構(gòu)成的多樣化投資組合、而不是指數(shù)基金或ETF)。這種投資方式將給整個(gè)行業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的根本性改變。我們也已開(kāi)始將只投資ETF的家庭轉(zhuǎn)向直接指數(shù)行業(yè)化組合。通過(guò)這種操作,我們?cè)谥T多方面都取得了無(wú)法用語(yǔ)言形容的成績(jī),比如客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意度、業(yè)績(jī)提升、稅損收獲,以及對(duì)不注重性別平等的企業(yè)、槍支制造商和不注重改善環(huán)境影響的石油企業(yè)予以了剔除,等等。

如今,美國(guó)的新富階層都出自硅谷,這些高凈值新貴的言談舉止、思維方式都與嬰兒潮一代截然不同。不過(guò)二者也有一些共同點(diǎn),那就是他們都會(huì)帶著1000萬(wàn)美元的凈資產(chǎn)來(lái)找我這樣的理財(cái)經(jīng)理處理財(cái)富管理事宜,然后他們的1000萬(wàn)美元資產(chǎn)中可能有800萬(wàn)在Facebook股票上。這時(shí)我就不能跟他說(shuō):“我們直接買(mǎi)(納斯達(dá)克ETF)吧,”因?yàn)檫@樣只會(huì)增加Facebook股票給其資產(chǎn)帶來(lái)的集中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。蘋(píng)果、Salesforce、谷歌、微軟也是如此。而直接指數(shù)行業(yè)化組合可以讓我們將資金投入到除Facebook或網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣告公司以外的納斯達(dá)克上市企業(yè)之上。

各大主要資產(chǎn)管理機(jī)構(gòu)都在用這種方式思考,因?yàn)樗麄冎?,作為一?xiàng)1990年代的科技,ETF在2020年代的世界中已經(jīng)有些過(guò)時(shí)了。

感謝各位與我們分享了這么多值得思考的問(wèn)題。

三個(gè)值得期待的投資動(dòng)向與三項(xiàng)需要注意的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素

值得期待的投資動(dòng)向

非美國(guó)股票

從市盈率角度看,新興市場(chǎng)和歐洲市場(chǎng)的股票價(jià)格比美股便宜20%至30%,待到經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇時(shí),這些股票的上漲空間更大。

傳統(tǒng)金融行業(yè)股票與新興金融行業(yè)股票

隨著新冠疫情日益趨緩,金融類(lèi)股票很可能迎來(lái)一波大漲,不過(guò)頗有諷刺意味的是,金融科技類(lèi)股票似乎也會(huì)迎來(lái)大漲,而且可能還會(huì)搶走更多的市場(chǎng)份額。

年輕投資者

年輕一代愿意投資社會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)的企業(yè),也愿意為之工作,這種局面正在改變企業(yè)對(duì)自己工作重點(diǎn)的設(shè)定,也會(huì)對(duì)股價(jià)產(chǎn)生影響。

需要注意的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素

利率

疫情期間,各國(guó)央行均將利率維持在了相當(dāng)?shù)偷乃健H绻诮?jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇之際利率調(diào)整到正常水平,那么股票和房地產(chǎn)價(jià)格或?qū)⒊霈F(xiàn)暴跌。

中美關(guān)系

貿(mào)易與知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)爭(zhēng)端或?qū)⑦M(jìn)一步升級(jí),進(jìn)而損害依賴(lài)全球供應(yīng)鏈的跨國(guó)公司。

上班族父母

學(xué)校和托兒所的關(guān)閉迫使數(shù)百萬(wàn)女性退出了勞動(dòng)力市場(chǎng),這將造成不可預(yù)見(jiàn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)后果。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

本文另一版本刊載于《財(cái)富》2020年12月/2021年1月刊,標(biāo)題為“投資者圓桌會(huì)談:聰明資金謀劃下一步行動(dòng)”。

譯者:梁宇

審校:夏林

When Fortune’s Investor Roundtable met this month, business-friendly election results and positive news about potential COVID vaccines were driving stocks to new record highs. Our panelists are looking forward to helping their clients profit from an economy that might—with a little luck—be rounding back to normal in 2021.

But they aren’t without worries. Tensions between China and the U.S., and between political opponents, state-side, after a divisive election, have several members of the group feeling cautious. Others are concerned about the consequences of getting too much of a good thing: If a strong economy leads to rising interest rates (as it often does), that could hurt stock performance in the long run.

Joining us were Savita Subramanian, head of U.S. equity and quantitative strategy and head of global ESG research at Bank of America Merrill Lynch; Josh Brown, CEO of Ritholtz Wealth Management; David Eiswert, head of the top-performing T. Rowe Price Global Stock Fund; Sarah Ketterer, CEO and fundamental portfolio manager of Causeway Capital; and Mallun Yen, founder and general partner of early stage venture capital firm Operator Collective. The following is an edited excerpt from our conversation.

Fortune

Fortune: Where do you see the greatest opportunities and biggest risks in the year ahead?

Sarah Ketterer: So many companies have been using the pandemic to cut costs and increase operating leverage, and many of them will likely generate higher profit margins than they did pre-pandemic. But the catalyst behind all this is not just vaccines and therapies and testing. We’ve had $10 trillion, globally, of monetary and fiscal support from central banks. This typically hits economies with a one- to two-year lag, so we haven’t even seen the full impact yet. It’s the materials stocks, the consumer discretionary, the financials, industrials, that will come roaring out of this.

The risk that worries us the most is U.S.-China relations. We just opened a Shanghai office, and I want to make sure that there’s free movement of ideas, of knowledge. There’s so much we can learn from private sector companies in China and vice versa. If that’s cut off, and we balkanize, the world is worse for it.

David Eiswert: We now know there’s gonna be multiple vaccines. We’re gonna beat COVID. I feel pretty confident about that on a 12-month, 18-month basis. That’s the destination. But the path is rocky. You have to suffer on the path in the near term, so that you make money over the next two, three years. I think social unrest is a big risk. I don’t understand our country right now. I don’t understand beliefs that people have, and how opposed they are. I think it makes us vulnerable. And I worry about interest rates. Right now we live in zero-interest-rate land. Housing prices are off the hook—what was the 30-year mortgage, recently, 2.8%? When that goes away, all asset prices are going to go down. Do we have an economy that can sustain growth with a 10-year Treasury at 3%? Because that’s going to cause pain.

Mallun Yen: So, 1.1 million workers dropped out of the labor force in September, and 80% of those were women. And the reasons include the fact that a lot of the supports that we have in place for working parents, like traditional childcare and traditional school, went away. How do we make sure that the workforce that we’ve worked so hard to get onto equal footing is not wiped out, so that you can have the Sonia Syngals and Lisa Sus in the next generation?

It’s very hard for working parents, single working moms, to fit into the rigid corporate structure of having to commute in, having to work from eight to five. So I’m very encouraged that people have now gotten used to the fact that, hey, you don’t have to fit into that rigid, traditional corporate construct. We can work a little bit more flexibly.

Savita Subramanian: The S&P 500 in particular, which we all watch as a barometer, has started acting really weird in terms of price swings. We’re seeing eight-standard-deviation events happen every other day—these are supposed to happen every hundred years. And maybe this is because of the democratization of the market, which is good—but it also means you have the ability to express a bet very quickly, and roil the market.

2.8%

AVERAGE RATE ON A 30-YEAR FIXED MORTGAGE FOR THE WEEK ENDED NOV. 5–AN ALL-TIME LOW. SOME INVESTORS FEAR THAT STOCK AND OTHER ASSET PRICES WILL SLUMP IF INTEREST RATES EVENTUALLY RISE.

But there’s an opportunity there, too. For the S&P 500, if you’re buying and selling the market on a one-day basis, your chance of making money is a little bit better than a coin flip. But if you extend that time horizon to 10 years, your probability of losing money is less than 5%. So thinking about the market from an old-school buying-and-holding mentality, and not trading as aggressively, might be the biggest opportunity to make money.

Josh Brown: I’ll give you one very big risk. What the Fed did this year was probably essential. But it may have set a really bad precedent. Normally, in a recession of the magnitude that we’ve had, we would have already been in the midst of a wave of corporate bankruptcies. And in fact, there are almost no bankruptcies. And we did that, of course, so that companies would keep their workers and the wheels wouldn’t fall off. But we had a recession without having a recession. And I don’t think that we have fully mentally processed that.

And here’s the problem: We’ll have another recession. It might be in three years, it might be in 12 years, I don’t know. But the pressure on policymakers will be to simply repeat what we just did. And people will say, “Last time you just gave everybody money. Why wouldn’t you do it this time?” “Well, that was a pandemic.” “Oh, well, this time it’s an alien invasion. I feel like that’s just as bad. Pull the trigger.” It’s insanity, but Whirlpool just sold more bathtubs in a recession than in an expansion. Or look at GM’s earnings. It’s bananas. How are we going to avoid doing this again? And here’s the thing: Every time we do it, more debt goes up. We’ve always been in this trap. But now we’re really in it.

JOSH BROWN, RITHOLTZ WEALTH MANAGEMENT

Here’s an opportunity that’s profound. Direct indexing [buying diversified portfolios of many individual stocks, rather than index funds or ETFs] is going to change our industry in massive, fundamental ways. We began migrating ETF-only households over to direct indexing. And I cannot tell you the degree of client satisfaction, performance improvement, tax-loss harvesting, the ability to remove companies that aren’t highly ranked on gender equality, to remove gun manufacturers, pull out of oil companies that aren’t trying to improve their environmental impact, etc.

All of the new wealth in the United States is now being generated in Silicon Valley. The new people with high net worth, they look and feel and speak and act and think way differently than the boomer generation. But what they all have in common is they come to wealth managers like me with $10 million net worth, and $8 million of it is in Facebook stock. And I can’t say to that person, “Let’s buy [a Nasdaq ETF],” because all I’m doing is upping their concentration risk in Facebook stock. Ditto for Apple, Salesforce, Google, Microsoft. So direct indexing is allowing us to give them the Nasdaq minus Facebook, or minus web advertising companies.

Every major asset manager is thinking this way, because they know that the ETF is now a 1990s technology in the 2020s world.

Thank you all for giving us so much to think about.

Three things to get excited about, and three to worry about

Get excited about

Non-U.S. stocks

Stocks in emerging markets and Europe are 20% to 30% cheaper than U.S. stocks in relation to their earnings, giving them more upside when the economy improves.

Finance, old or new

Financial stocks look well positioned to soar as COVID-19 eases; ironically, so do the fintech stocks looking to steal their market share.

Younger investors

Their desire to invest in and work for socially responsible companies is changing corporate priorities—and influencing share prices.

Worry about

Interest rates

Central banks have kept rates low during the pandemic. If rates inch back toward normal as the economy improves, prices of stocks and real estate could tumble.

U. S.-China tension

Trade wars and fights over intellectual property could escalate, harming multinationals that depend on global supply chains.

Working parents

School and childcare closures have driven millions of women out of the workforce, with unforeseeable economic consequences.

A version of this article appears in the December 2020/January 2021 issue of Fortune with the headline "Investor Roundtable: The smart money plots its next move."

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