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Pfizer Inc. plans to request U.S. emergency authorization in August for a third booster dose of its COVID-19 vaccine, based on early data showing that it can sharply increase immune protection against the coronavirus.

The company has received initial data from an early human study showing that a third dose of its existing coronavirus vaccine is safe and can raise neutralizing antibody levels by 5 to 10 fold compared with the original vaccine, Pfizer research head Mikael Dolsten said in an interview.

Once more data is in hand, Pfizer plans to ask the FDA to authorize a booster shot that could be given six to eight months after the original two doses, Dolsten said. The drugmaker is also talking with regulators in other countries and the European Union about the new results, he said. Pfizer produces the vaccine in partnership with BioNTech SE.

Dolsten said the company is going public with its plans because the early data looks convincing and because of increasing concern about mutations of the virus, including the ultra-transmissible Delta variant that is spreading in numerous countries.

“There is a lot of fear and concern” about variants, Dolsten said. “We are confident that such a boost will be highly effective against the Delta variant.”

While the antibody results are based on a small initial cohort of roughly 10 to 20 people who received the booster, Dolsten said that the “the data set is so clear we have complete confidence that the full study will reproduce this.”

Breakthrough cases in Israel

Messenger RNA vaccines provide powerful protection against severe COVID-19, including cases caused by the Delta strain, but there have been signs of breakthrough cases. A British study in May, for example, found the Pfizer shot was 88% effective in preventing symptomatic disease from the Delta variant after the second dose.

More recent data released by Israel this month found that Pfizer’s efficacy had dropped to 64% since the Delta variant took over there, even as it was 93% effective at keeping people out of the hospital.

Dolsten said Pfizer interprets the Israel finding as a sign that blood-antibody levels have faded somewhat since people in Israel started being vaccinated in January and February. In the presence of a highly transmissible strain, that may allow mild cases to slip through even though people remain protected against severe disease, he said.

Even when front-line antibodies have faded slightly, the vaccine still produces a variety of memory responses that can stave off severe disease, Dolsten said.

“When you have low blood levels of an antibody, viruses that are highly contagious may reinfect and cause mild disease,” Dolsten said.

A booster against the Delta variant

Separately, Pfizer plans to begin human trials of a new booster customized against the Delta strain. But Dolsten said it was unlikely that this customized vaccine will be needed, as the existing vaccine does a good job of producing antibodies against the variant.

Even preventing mild cases can be useful because it will help slow infections that can lead to new variants, and will prevent cases of long Covid that can occur even after mild infections, Dolsten said.

In the past, Pfizer Chief Executive Officer Albert Bourla has suggested that Covid booster shots may be needed for most people within 12 months, and annual boosters might be needed after that. But medical experts have cautioned that it isn’t clear whether and when boosters will be needed.

With only a small portion of the world vaccinated so far and variants emerging like wildfire, booster shots may be an important way to keep vaccinated parts of the world from having to continually going back to disruptive social distancing measures, Dolsten said.

“For the next few years, it is better to be prepared for what seems like a sober reality than to hold for miracles,” he said.

The Pfizer shot is one of the leading Covid vaccines globally. As of July 1, Pfizer said it had shipped more than 860 million doses of its vaccine around the world, including over 330 million doses to the EU and over 200 million doses to the U.S.

In the U.S., over 184 million doses of the Pfizer vaccine have been administered so far, outpacing 135 million doses of Moderna Inc.’s vaccine that have been used in the country, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.