第一波新冠疫情奪走了里卡德?斯泰貝的幾位同事和朋友的生命。其中一位是知名DJ,有著很大的數(shù)字影響力和社會(huì)影響力。當(dāng)他被死者的伴侶問(wèn)及如何訪問(wèn)其愛(ài)人的谷歌相冊(cè)(Google Photos)時(shí),這位硅谷高管面對(duì)的是應(yīng)該如何處理用戶死后的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)的難題。
死者的家人和朋友可能不知道其愛(ài)人的所有重要網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)賬號(hào)。不僅僅是社交媒體賬號(hào)或照片服務(wù)賬號(hào),死者還可能會(huì)留下投資賬號(hào)或加密貨幣賬號(hào)。但不管是哪種賬號(hào),進(jìn)入訪問(wèn)都不會(huì)是易事。
“我有點(diǎn)陷入這樣一個(gè)難題:你死了以后,從Coinbase加密貨幣賬號(hào)到社交媒體賬號(hào),你的種種數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)應(yīng)該如何處理?!彼固┴愓f(shuō)。
不久之后,他創(chuàng)建了GoodTrust,這是一項(xiàng)旨在幫助親屬處理親人去世后留下的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)的服務(wù)。在世時(shí),用戶可以創(chuàng)建賬號(hào),在上面列出他們所使用的各項(xiàng)在線服務(wù),并寫(xiě)明他們希望在他們死后這些賬號(hào)要如何處理,以便他們的繼承人能夠找到這些賬號(hào)。這些信息的分享可以立即進(jìn)行,也能夠在用戶死后才進(jìn)行,由用戶自己決定。
“我們確切地知道這些公司所需要的信息和文件?!痹?jīng)在谷歌公司(Google)擔(dān)任全球營(yíng)銷(xiāo)總監(jiān)的斯泰貝說(shuō)。
新冠疫情已經(jīng)造成全球逾400萬(wàn)人死亡,在此期間,越來(lái)越多的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司創(chuàng)始人聚焦于死亡相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)。新冠疫情的出現(xiàn),揭示了人們對(duì)虛擬葬禮等服務(wù)以及數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)管理服務(wù)的需求。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),隨著嬰兒潮一代日漸衰老,死亡相關(guān)服務(wù)成了一項(xiàng)增長(zhǎng)型業(yè)務(wù)。在美國(guó),大約有7600萬(wàn)人出生于1946年至1964年,每天有1萬(wàn)人年滿65歲。在年長(zhǎng)的嬰兒潮一代總,越來(lái)越多的人面臨著生命末期的問(wèn)題,因而他們成了殯葬業(yè)最新的“主要市場(chǎng)”。
死亡科技并不是什么新鮮事物。自2012年以來(lái),F(xiàn)orever.com網(wǎng)站便向用戶提供在線存儲(chǔ)服務(wù),為他們提供存放照片的數(shù)字檔案。
但該行業(yè)正在越來(lái)越多地關(guān)注更廣泛的、與死亡和喪親有關(guān)的細(xì)分市場(chǎng)。例如,創(chuàng)業(yè)公司Eterneva致力于將人們的骨灰做成鉆石,讓他們的親人可以佩戴在珠寶上。與此同時(shí),Everdays提供一整套線上葬禮服務(wù),還提供短信通知服務(wù),即在某人去世后通過(guò)短信和電子郵件通知其朋友和家人。
卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)泰珀商學(xué)院(Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business)的運(yùn)營(yíng)管理教授斯里達(dá)爾?塔伊爾稱,得益于技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,死亡科技引起了更多的關(guān)注。例如,語(yǔ)音合成技術(shù)現(xiàn)在能夠模擬你已故祖母的聲音,通過(guò)這種方式來(lái)閱讀文本,而這在幾年前是不可能的。
人們?cè)絹?lái)越希望科技可以解決他們的問(wèn)題。既然有Instagram或YouTube,為什么還要用寶麗來(lái)(Polaroids)和笨重的實(shí)體相冊(cè)來(lái)捕捉轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活點(diǎn)滴呢?
不管怎么樣,一家名為Recompose的初創(chuàng)公司都因?yàn)樾鹿谝咔槎@得了很大的業(yè)務(wù)增長(zhǎng)。這家公司致力于通過(guò)微生物化學(xué)程序?qū)⑹w變成土壤。新冠疫情期間,它推出了虛擬的“入葬儀式”,讓家屬朋友能夠在線上觀看遺體入葬的過(guò)程。
新冠疫情期間,入葬儀式在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,地點(diǎn)是位于華盛頓州肯特郡的一處設(shè)施內(nèi)。該設(shè)施于2020年12月開(kāi)放。從那時(shí)起,它就開(kāi)始滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),接收了50多具遺體。其中一半已經(jīng)變成了土壤,這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程需要30天。之后,親屬們可以將遺體撒在植物或樹(shù)上,背后的寓意在于,將離去的生命轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)具有生命力的實(shí)物。
“一開(kāi)始,我對(duì)這整個(gè)事情的態(tài)度相當(dāng)消極。我覺(jué)得這不會(huì)有什么意義。但實(shí)際上人們有了非常美好且令人感動(dòng)的體驗(yàn)。”Recompose的外聯(lián)經(jīng)理安娜?斯文森說(shuō)道。
斯文森稱,新冠疫情所催生的虛擬儀式意義深遠(yuǎn)。她說(shuō):“主持儀式的喪葬承辦人可以帶領(lǐng)在場(chǎng)的所有人點(diǎn)燃蠟燭或集體讀經(jīng)?!盧ecompose正在考慮在新冠疫情結(jié)束后繼續(xù)舉行這種虛擬儀式。
不過(guò),位于伊利諾伊州的殯儀館咨詢公司Nixon Consulting的創(chuàng)始人大衛(wèi)?尼克松并不看好專注死亡科技的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)。他指出,殯葬行業(yè)的變革極其緩慢,而且許多殯儀館老板既不懂技術(shù),也沒(méi)有興趣學(xué)習(xí)新東西。
“過(guò)去15年甚至30年間,有很多這樣的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。但鮮少能夠做起來(lái)。”尼克松說(shuō)。
他也不太喜歡硅谷對(duì)待一些死亡科技初創(chuàng)公司的態(tài)度?!皬淖隹觳偷甑钠髽I(yè)家到華爾街的人,你想不到的各種各樣的人都突然冒出來(lái),加入到殯葬服務(wù)行業(yè)的大潮中來(lái)?!?/p>
尼克松承認(rèn)有必要使用死亡科技,但使用程度要拿捏好。
他說(shuō),殯葬行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的滿意度調(diào)查顯示,公眾認(rèn)為Recompose等公司提供的虛擬服務(wù)并沒(méi)有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)服務(wù)那么有意義。他還懷疑,是否有足夠多的市場(chǎng)需求讓像GoodTrust這樣的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)管理公司可以持續(xù)發(fā)展。
卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)的教授塔伊爾說(shuō),要想成功,死亡科技公司應(yīng)當(dāng)先專注于富有的客戶群。這樣做有利于創(chuàng)造潮流,因?yàn)橹挟a(chǎn)階級(jí)往往會(huì)效仿富人的做法。
火葬就是這樣的情況。20世紀(jì)初,在富人越來(lái)越多地選擇火葬后,低收入群體也開(kāi)始效仿。根據(jù)北美火葬協(xié)會(huì)(Cremation Association of North America)的數(shù)據(jù),到2023年,火化率預(yù)計(jì)將達(dá)到59.4%。
斯泰貝稱,總的來(lái)說(shuō),科技使業(yè)界能夠更容易以更低的價(jià)格為更多的人提供某些死亡相關(guān)服務(wù)。他的公司剛剛推出了一項(xiàng)服務(wù),讓任何人都可以在15分鐘內(nèi)免費(fèi)立下最后的遺囑。而按照傳統(tǒng)的方式的話,這種服務(wù)可能需要花費(fèi)數(shù)百或數(shù)千美元的律師費(fèi)。他說(shuō):“GoodTrust的這項(xiàng)新功能,將讓沒(méi)有立遺囑的1.4億多美國(guó)成年人現(xiàn)在就能夠立一份遺囑?!?/p>
斯泰貝指出,其公司的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)服務(wù)有著巨大的市場(chǎng)潛力。在Facebook的28.5億月活躍用戶中,每天有近3萬(wàn)人死亡。
斯泰貝透露,每月有數(shù)萬(wàn)名新用戶注冊(cè)使用GoodTrust。其基本服務(wù)是免費(fèi)的,高級(jí)服務(wù)主要針對(duì)擁有大量賬號(hào)和文件的用戶,月費(fèi)為6美元,或一次性支付499美元。
斯泰貝指出,人們不可避免地會(huì)更多使用科技來(lái)處理與死亡和喪親相關(guān)的事宜?!敖鹑?、保險(xiǎn)、法律等其他行業(yè)也在越來(lái)越多地使用科技。”他說(shuō)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:萬(wàn)志文
第一波新冠疫情奪走了里卡德?斯泰貝的幾位同事和朋友的生命。其中一位是知名DJ,有著很大的數(shù)字影響力和社會(huì)影響力。當(dāng)他被死者的伴侶問(wèn)及如何訪問(wèn)其愛(ài)人的谷歌相冊(cè)(Google Photos)時(shí),這位硅谷高管面對(duì)的是應(yīng)該如何處理用戶死后的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)的難題。
死者的家人和朋友可能不知道其愛(ài)人的所有重要網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)賬號(hào)。不僅僅是社交媒體賬號(hào)或照片服務(wù)賬號(hào),死者還可能會(huì)留下投資賬號(hào)或加密貨幣賬號(hào)。但不管是哪種賬號(hào),進(jìn)入訪問(wèn)都不會(huì)是易事。
“我有點(diǎn)陷入這樣一個(gè)難題:你死了以后,從Coinbase加密貨幣賬號(hào)到社交媒體賬號(hào),你的種種數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)應(yīng)該如何處理?!彼固┴愓f(shuō)。
不久之后,他創(chuàng)建了GoodTrust,這是一項(xiàng)旨在幫助親屬處理親人去世后留下的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)的服務(wù)。在世時(shí),用戶可以創(chuàng)建賬號(hào),在上面列出他們所使用的各項(xiàng)在線服務(wù),并寫(xiě)明他們希望在他們死后這些賬號(hào)要如何處理,以便他們的繼承人能夠找到這些賬號(hào)。這些信息的分享可以立即進(jìn)行,也能夠在用戶死后才進(jìn)行,由用戶自己決定。
“我們確切地知道這些公司所需要的信息和文件?!痹?jīng)在谷歌公司(Google)擔(dān)任全球營(yíng)銷(xiāo)總監(jiān)的斯泰貝說(shuō)。
新冠疫情已經(jīng)造成全球逾400萬(wàn)人死亡,在此期間,越來(lái)越多的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司創(chuàng)始人聚焦于死亡相關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)。新冠疫情的出現(xiàn),揭示了人們對(duì)虛擬葬禮等服務(wù)以及數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)管理服務(wù)的需求。
總的來(lái)說(shuō),隨著嬰兒潮一代日漸衰老,死亡相關(guān)服務(wù)成了一項(xiàng)增長(zhǎng)型業(yè)務(wù)。在美國(guó),大約有7600萬(wàn)人出生于1946年至1964年,每天有1萬(wàn)人年滿65歲。在年長(zhǎng)的嬰兒潮一代總,越來(lái)越多的人面臨著生命末期的問(wèn)題,因而他們成了殯葬業(yè)最新的“主要市場(chǎng)”。
死亡科技并不是什么新鮮事物。自2012年以來(lái),F(xiàn)orever.com網(wǎng)站便向用戶提供在線存儲(chǔ)服務(wù),為他們提供存放照片的數(shù)字檔案。
但該行業(yè)正在越來(lái)越多地關(guān)注更廣泛的、與死亡和喪親有關(guān)的細(xì)分市場(chǎng)。例如,創(chuàng)業(yè)公司Eterneva致力于將人們的骨灰做成鉆石,讓他們的親人可以佩戴在珠寶上。與此同時(shí),Everdays提供一整套線上葬禮服務(wù),還提供短信通知服務(wù),即在某人去世后通過(guò)短信和電子郵件通知其朋友和家人。
卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)泰珀商學(xué)院(Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business)的運(yùn)營(yíng)管理教授斯里達(dá)爾?塔伊爾稱,得益于技術(shù)的進(jìn)步,死亡科技引起了更多的關(guān)注。例如,語(yǔ)音合成技術(shù)現(xiàn)在能夠模擬你已故祖母的聲音,通過(guò)這種方式來(lái)閱讀文本,而這在幾年前是不可能的。
人們?cè)絹?lái)越希望科技可以解決他們的問(wèn)題。既然有Instagram或YouTube,為什么還要用寶麗來(lái)(Polaroids)和笨重的實(shí)體相冊(cè)來(lái)捕捉轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活點(diǎn)滴呢?
不管怎么樣,一家名為Recompose的初創(chuàng)公司都因?yàn)樾鹿谝咔槎@得了很大的業(yè)務(wù)增長(zhǎng)。這家公司致力于通過(guò)微生物化學(xué)程序?qū)⑹w變成土壤。新冠疫情期間,它推出了虛擬的“入葬儀式”,讓家屬朋友能夠在線上觀看遺體入葬的過(guò)程。
新冠疫情期間,入葬儀式在室內(nèi)進(jìn)行,地點(diǎn)是位于華盛頓州肯特郡的一處設(shè)施內(nèi)。該設(shè)施于2020年12月開(kāi)放。從那時(shí)起,它就開(kāi)始滿負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),接收了50多具遺體。其中一半已經(jīng)變成了土壤,這個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)變過(guò)程需要30天。之后,親屬們可以將遺體撒在植物或樹(shù)上,背后的寓意在于,將離去的生命轉(zhuǎn)到一個(gè)具有生命力的實(shí)物。
“一開(kāi)始,我對(duì)這整個(gè)事情的態(tài)度相當(dāng)消極。我覺(jué)得這不會(huì)有什么意義。但實(shí)際上人們有了非常美好且令人感動(dòng)的體驗(yàn)?!盧ecompose的外聯(lián)經(jīng)理安娜?斯文森說(shuō)道。
斯文森稱,新冠疫情所催生的虛擬儀式意義深遠(yuǎn)。她說(shuō):“主持儀式的喪葬承辦人可以帶領(lǐng)在場(chǎng)的所有人點(diǎn)燃蠟燭或集體讀經(jīng)?!盧ecompose正在考慮在新冠疫情結(jié)束后繼續(xù)舉行這種虛擬儀式。
不過(guò),位于伊利諾伊州的殯儀館咨詢公司Nixon Consulting的創(chuàng)始人大衛(wèi)?尼克松并不看好專注死亡科技的初創(chuàng)企業(yè)。他指出,殯葬行業(yè)的變革極其緩慢,而且許多殯儀館老板既不懂技術(shù),也沒(méi)有興趣學(xué)習(xí)新東西。
“過(guò)去15年甚至30年間,有很多這樣的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。但鮮少能夠做起來(lái)。”尼克松說(shuō)。
他也不太喜歡硅谷對(duì)待一些死亡科技初創(chuàng)公司的態(tài)度?!皬淖隹觳偷甑钠髽I(yè)家到華爾街的人,你想不到的各種各樣的人都突然冒出來(lái),加入到殯葬服務(wù)行業(yè)的大潮中來(lái)?!?/p>
尼克松承認(rèn)有必要使用死亡科技,但使用程度要拿捏好。
他說(shuō),殯葬行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)的滿意度調(diào)查顯示,公眾認(rèn)為Recompose等公司提供的虛擬服務(wù)并沒(méi)有現(xiàn)場(chǎng)服務(wù)那么有意義。他還懷疑,是否有足夠多的市場(chǎng)需求讓像GoodTrust這樣的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)管理公司可以持續(xù)發(fā)展。
卡內(nèi)基梅隆大學(xué)的教授塔伊爾說(shuō),要想成功,死亡科技公司應(yīng)當(dāng)先專注于富有的客戶群。這樣做有利于創(chuàng)造潮流,因?yàn)橹挟a(chǎn)階級(jí)往往會(huì)效仿富人的做法。
火葬就是這樣的情況。20世紀(jì)初,在富人越來(lái)越多地選擇火葬后,低收入群體也開(kāi)始效仿。根據(jù)北美火葬協(xié)會(huì)(Cremation Association of North America)的數(shù)據(jù),到2023年,火化率預(yù)計(jì)將達(dá)到59.4%。
斯泰貝稱,總的來(lái)說(shuō),科技使業(yè)界能夠更容易以更低的價(jià)格為更多的人提供某些死亡相關(guān)服務(wù)。他的公司剛剛推出了一項(xiàng)服務(wù),讓任何人都可以在15分鐘內(nèi)免費(fèi)立下最后的遺囑。而按照傳統(tǒng)的方式的話,這種服務(wù)可能需要花費(fèi)數(shù)百或數(shù)千美元的律師費(fèi)。他說(shuō):“GoodTrust的這項(xiàng)新功能,將讓沒(méi)有立遺囑的1.4億多美國(guó)成年人現(xiàn)在就能夠立一份遺囑?!?/p>
斯泰貝指出,其公司的數(shù)字遺產(chǎn)服務(wù)有著巨大的市場(chǎng)潛力。在Facebook的28.5億月活躍用戶中,每天有近3萬(wàn)人死亡。
斯泰貝透露,每月有數(shù)萬(wàn)名新用戶注冊(cè)使用GoodTrust。其基本服務(wù)是免費(fèi)的,高級(jí)服務(wù)主要針對(duì)擁有大量賬號(hào)和文件的用戶,月費(fèi)為6美元,或一次性支付499美元。
斯泰貝指出,人們不可避免地會(huì)更多使用科技來(lái)處理與死亡和喪親相關(guān)的事宜。“金融、保險(xiǎn)、法律等其他行業(yè)也在越來(lái)越多地使用科技?!彼f(shuō)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:萬(wàn)志文
The first wave of COVID-19 claimed the lives of several of Rikard Steiber’s colleagues and friends. One of them was a well-known DJ who had a big digital and public presence. When the partner of the deceased asked Steiber how to gain access to her loved one’s Google Photos, the Silicon Valley executive came face-to-face with the difficulty of navigating a post-mortem digital existence.
Families and friends of people who die may be unaware of all the important online accounts of their loved ones. It’s not just social media or photos. The dead may leave behind investment or cryptocurrency accounts. But no matter what kind of account, getting access to it may be difficult.
“So, I got kind of sucked into the question of what happens to your digital stuff when you die—from your Coinbase account for cryptocurrency to your social media photos,” says Steiber says.
Soon after, he created GoodTrust, a service that helps relatives deal with the digital legacy of loved ones who die. While alive, users set up accounts in which they list the online services they use and spell out what they want to happen after they die so that their heirs can locate the accounts. The sharing of the information can happen right away, or post-mortem—it’s up to the user.
“We know exactly the information and documentation these companies require,” says Steiber, who was previously a global marketing director at Google.
During the COVID pandemic, which has killed over 4 million people worldwide, a growing number of startup founders have focused their businesses on death. The pandemic exposed a need for services like virtual funerals and services that help people manage their digital legacies.
Overall, death is a growth business because of baby boomers. In the U.S., there are about 76 million people born between 1946 and 1964, with 10,000 turning 65 daily. Older baby boomers are increasingly faced with end-of-life issues, making them the funeral industry’s latest “key market”.
Death tech isn’t entirely new. Since 2012, Forever.com has offered online storage to its users and a digital archive of their photos.
But the industry is increasingly focusing on broader spectrum of niches associated with death and bereavement. The startup Eterneva, for instance, turns people’s ashes into diamonds that their loved ones can then wear in jewelry. Meanwhile, Everdays offers funeral package signups online and a service for notifying friends and family by text message and email after someone has died.
Sridhar Tayur, professor of operations management at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, says that people are turning to death tech because of improved technology. For instance, voice synthesizing technology can now read text while mimicking your dead grandmother’s voice, something impossible just a few years ago.
People increasingly expect technology to solve their problems. Why use Polaroids and bulky physical albums to capture fleeting reality when Instagram or YouTube are available?
Whatever the case, Recompose, a startup that takes dead bodies and turns them into soil through a microbial chemical procedure, got a big lift from the coronavirus. During the pandemic it introduced virtual “l(fā)aying-in ceremonies,” during which family and friends could tune in virtually to watch a body being interred.
The laying-in takes place indoors at a facility in Kent, Wash. that opened in December 2020, during the pandemic. Since then, it has operated at full capacity, accepting over 50 bodies. Half of them have been turned into soil, a process that takes 30 days. The remains are then ready for relatives to scatter on plants or a tree, the idea being to transform the individual into a physical manifestation that lives on.
“In the beginning, I was pretty negative about this whole thing. I thought it wouldn't be meaningful. But actually people had very beautiful experiences and were really moved,” says Anna Swenson, Recompose’s outreach manager.
Swenson describes their COVID-induced virtual ceremonies as profound. “The funeral director who is leading the service can lead everyone in attendance to light a candle or do a collective reading,” she says. Recompose is considering continuing the virtual ritual after the COVID pandemic ends.
But David Nixon, founder of Nixon Consulting, an Illinois-based funeral home consulting firm, is skeptical about death-focused tech startups. The funeral profession is extremely slow to change, he says, while many funeral home owners are neither tech-savvy nor interested in learning new things.
“There have been a number of these startups over the last 15 years, in some cases 30 years. Few have caught on,” Nixon says.
He’s also not so keen about the Silicon Valley attitude of some death tech startups. “People you wouldn't suspect, from fast food places entrepreneurs to Wall Street guys are coming out of the woodwork to jump on the death care industry bandwagon,” he says.
Nixon acknowledges that there is some need for death tech. It’s just a matter of degree.
Satisfaction surveys by the funeral director association, he says, show that the public doesn’t consider virtual services like those offered by Recompose to be as meaningful as live services. And he doubted that there is enough demand for digital legacy management companies like GoodTrust to make them viable businesses.
To succeed, Tayur, the Carnegie Mellon professor, says that death tech companies should focus on wealthy clients to start with. Doing so is one way to create a trend because the middle class tends to follow suit.
That’s what happened with cremation. After wealthy people increasingly adopted the practice in the early 20th century, people in lower income groups followed. By 2023, 59.4% of people are expected to be cremated, according to the Cremation Association of North America.
In general, tech makes it easier to provide cheaper and broader access to certain aspects of the death business, says Steiber. His company just introduced a service that lets anyone create their last will in 15 minutes for free, a type of service that could otherwise cost hundreds or thousands of dollars in lawyer fees. “This new feature from GoodTrust will empower over 140 million US adults who do not have a will today, to get one today,” he says.
Steiber points to a huge potential market for his company’s digital legacy service. Of Facebook’s 2.85 billion active monthly users, nearly 30,000 die every day.
For now, Steiber says that tens of thousands of new users are signing up monthly for GoodTrust. Its basic service is free while its premium service, for users with a large number of accounts and documents, costs $6 monthly or a one-time payment of $499.
Steiber says that the increased use of tech for death and bereavement is inevitable. “This is what happened to other industries like finance, insurance and legal,” he says.