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特斯拉要賺多少錢,才能配得上現(xiàn)在的身價(jià)?

Shawn Tully
2021-08-03

即便第二季度利潤大,特斯拉仍然是美國估值最高的股票。

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特斯拉第二季度創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的收益水平讓其擁躉們看到:這家電動(dòng)汽車制造商的盈利能力已邁入新的高度,并將不斷提升。在他們看來,雖然特斯拉估值看似高得難以置信,但實(shí)際上仍算便宜,7月26日發(fā)布的令人鼓舞的數(shù)據(jù)就是很好的證明。

不過,特斯拉真正的信徒可能也會(huì)注意到,即便結(jié)合強(qiáng)勁的第二季度利潤來衡量,特斯拉仍然是美國估值最貴的超高市值股,而且還是遙遙領(lǐng)先那種。即使第二季度業(yè)績標(biāo)志著特斯拉站上一個(gè)更高的起點(diǎn),但為了證明其估值的合理性,特斯拉需要在2028年年中之前達(dá)到一個(gè)僅有寥寥數(shù)家科技巨頭有過的高利潤水平??上攵瑢?duì)一家汽車制造公司而言,達(dá)成這個(gè)目標(biāo)是何其艱難。更何況特斯拉能以這一超高速發(fā)展的可能性很小。

特斯拉與其他超高市值股的估值比較

特斯拉在第二季度盈利突破十億大關(guān),按照美國通用會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則(GAAP)計(jì)算,其凈利潤高達(dá)11.42億美元,為前四個(gè)季度平均值的兩倍還多。假設(shè)特斯拉進(jìn)入“新常態(tài)”,公司將繼續(xù)保持第二季度的利潤水平,其年利潤將達(dá)到46億美元。那么在標(biāo)普500指數(shù)中,市盈率從低到高,特斯拉將身處何處?

我們按照特斯拉7月26日(第二季度業(yè)績公告日)當(dāng)天6,330億美元的市值,以年利潤46億美元的基準(zhǔn)計(jì)算,其市盈率為139倍。(順便提一下,如果采用較為傳統(tǒng)的方法,以之前四個(gè)季度的實(shí)際利潤為分母計(jì)算,特斯拉的市盈率為333倍。相比之下,139倍的市盈率倍數(shù)要低得多)為便于與標(biāo)普500指數(shù)成分股進(jìn)行比較,《財(cái)富》采用了與特斯拉相同的“經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率”,即假定這些公司在接下來的三個(gè)季度里會(huì)重復(fù)最近一個(gè)季度的盈利表現(xiàn),從而獲得其利潤數(shù)據(jù),并以此為依據(jù)最終計(jì)算出各成分股的市盈率。

在市值超過1,500億美元的52家公司中,NextEra Energy(美國最大的電力公用事業(yè)公司,市值1,510億美元)“經(jīng)調(diào)整”市盈率為147倍,是唯一一家超過特斯拉的公司,這可能會(huì)讓習(xí)慣一騎絕塵的埃隆?馬斯克有點(diǎn)不適應(yīng)。由于會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則變更以及一家核電廠退役的相關(guān)成本,導(dǎo)致NextEra Energy盈利下降了80%左右。顯然,與特斯拉不同,NextEra的高市盈率并非高估值所致,而是因?yàn)槠湟欢阮H受追捧。

除了NextEra以外,在市值超過1,000億美元的86家公司中,只有ServiceNow(市值為1,150億美元)“經(jīng)調(diào)整”市盈率高于特斯拉。ServiceNow是一家?guī)椭髽I(yè)管理數(shù)字工作流的云計(jì)算供應(yīng)商。雖然按照美國通用會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則其季度利潤仍然極低,但投資者認(rèn)為其未來前景光明。受此影響,ServiceNow“經(jīng)調(diào)整”市盈率高達(dá)352倍。在市值超過1,500億美元的企業(yè)中,Salesforce(市值為1,470億美元)經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率為122倍,是另一家除NextEra和特斯拉之外經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率超過100倍的公司。至于其他巨頭公司,Netflix經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率為42倍,亞馬遜為58倍,英偉達(dá)(NVIDIA)為63倍,而貝寶(PayPal)為82倍。

進(jìn)入新階段后,特斯拉需要多久才能回報(bào)投資者?

特斯拉目前市值是Salesforce 4.5倍、是ServiceNow的近6倍。投資者正指望這些明星企業(yè)在未來創(chuàng)造巨大的利潤。他們盼望特斯拉呈現(xiàn)類似的快速增長。但不同之處在于,為了給股東帶來豐厚回報(bào),特斯拉需要達(dá)成一個(gè)看似不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。

我們假設(shè)奇跡會(huì)出現(xiàn),那么特斯拉需要在未來七年里實(shí)現(xiàn)至少10%的年度回報(bào)率。同樣,我們假設(shè)特斯拉不會(huì)派息,以便所有紅利都會(huì)計(jì)入資本利得。為創(chuàng)造奇跡,特斯拉的市值需要從目前的6,330億美元翻番至1.266萬億美元,這相當(dāng)于亞馬遜和Alphabet當(dāng)前市值的2/3。按25倍的高市盈率計(jì)算,特斯拉將需要實(shí)現(xiàn)510億美元的年度凈利潤。從46億美元到510億美元,利潤年增長率需要達(dá)到41%。目前,年度利潤在500億美元左右的美國公司只有蘋果、微軟、Alphabet、伯克希爾?哈撒韋(Berkshire Hathaway)和摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)。

值得注意的是,特斯拉第二季度收益因出售碳積分(這一類別將在今后快速下降)所獲的3.54億美元以及異常低的公司稅率而被夸大。通過更為準(zhǔn)確的衡量方法得出的可重復(fù)利潤可能為8億美元,比官方數(shù)字低30%。特斯拉的年化自由現(xiàn)金流也低于其報(bào)告的24.8億美元。

不過,特斯拉依然是一家超高市值公司,無論在何種情況下,投資者為當(dāng)前每一分收益的付出都比其他公司要高得多。雖然特斯拉的表現(xiàn)已堪稱卓越,奈何華爾街給這家偉大的公司設(shè)定了高不可攀的目標(biāo),以至其無法逾越。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

特斯拉第二季度創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的收益水平讓其擁躉們看到:這家電動(dòng)汽車制造商的盈利能力已邁入新的高度,并將不斷提升。在他們看來,雖然特斯拉估值看似高得難以置信,但實(shí)際上仍算便宜,7月26日發(fā)布的令人鼓舞的數(shù)據(jù)就是很好的證明。

不過,特斯拉真正的信徒可能也會(huì)注意到,即便結(jié)合強(qiáng)勁的第二季度利潤來衡量,特斯拉仍然是美國估值最貴的超高市值股,而且還是遙遙領(lǐng)先那種。即使第二季度業(yè)績標(biāo)志著特斯拉站上一個(gè)更高的起點(diǎn),但為了證明其估值的合理性,特斯拉需要在2028年年中之前達(dá)到一個(gè)僅有寥寥數(shù)家科技巨頭有過的高利潤水平。可想而知,對(duì)一家汽車制造公司而言,達(dá)成這個(gè)目標(biāo)是何其艱難。更何況特斯拉能以這一超高速發(fā)展的可能性很小。

特斯拉與其他超高市值股的估值比較

特斯拉在第二季度盈利突破十億大關(guān),按照美國通用會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則(GAAP)計(jì)算,其凈利潤高達(dá)11.42億美元,為前四個(gè)季度平均值的兩倍還多。假設(shè)特斯拉進(jìn)入“新常態(tài)”,公司將繼續(xù)保持第二季度的利潤水平,其年利潤將達(dá)到46億美元。那么在標(biāo)普500指數(shù)中,市盈率從低到高,特斯拉將身處何處?

我們按照特斯拉7月26日(第二季度業(yè)績公告日)當(dāng)天6,330億美元的市值,以年利潤46億美元的基準(zhǔn)計(jì)算,其市盈率為139倍。(順便提一下,如果采用較為傳統(tǒng)的方法,以之前四個(gè)季度的實(shí)際利潤為分母計(jì)算,特斯拉的市盈率為333倍。相比之下,139倍的市盈率倍數(shù)要低得多)為便于與標(biāo)普500指數(shù)成分股進(jìn)行比較,《財(cái)富》采用了與特斯拉相同的“經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率”,即假定這些公司在接下來的三個(gè)季度里會(huì)重復(fù)最近一個(gè)季度的盈利表現(xiàn),從而獲得其利潤數(shù)據(jù),并以此為依據(jù)最終計(jì)算出各成分股的市盈率。

在市值超過1,500億美元的52家公司中,NextEra Energy(美國最大的電力公用事業(yè)公司,市值1,510億美元)“經(jīng)調(diào)整”市盈率為147倍,是唯一一家超過特斯拉的公司,這可能會(huì)讓習(xí)慣一騎絕塵的埃隆?馬斯克有點(diǎn)不適應(yīng)。由于會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則變更以及一家核電廠退役的相關(guān)成本,導(dǎo)致NextEra Energy盈利下降了80%左右。顯然,與特斯拉不同,NextEra的高市盈率并非高估值所致,而是因?yàn)槠湟欢阮H受追捧。

除了NextEra以外,在市值超過1,000億美元的86家公司中,只有ServiceNow(市值為1,150億美元)“經(jīng)調(diào)整”市盈率高于特斯拉。ServiceNow是一家?guī)椭髽I(yè)管理數(shù)字工作流的云計(jì)算供應(yīng)商。雖然按照美國通用會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則其季度利潤仍然極低,但投資者認(rèn)為其未來前景光明。受此影響,ServiceNow“經(jīng)調(diào)整”市盈率高達(dá)352倍。在市值超過1,500億美元的企業(yè)中,Salesforce(市值為1,470億美元)經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率為122倍,是另一家除NextEra和特斯拉之外經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率超過100倍的公司。至于其他巨頭公司,Netflix經(jīng)調(diào)整市盈率為42倍,亞馬遜為58倍,英偉達(dá)(NVIDIA)為63倍,而貝寶(PayPal)為82倍。

進(jìn)入新階段后,特斯拉需要多久才能回報(bào)投資者?

特斯拉目前市值是Salesforce 4.5倍、是ServiceNow的近6倍。投資者正指望這些明星企業(yè)在未來創(chuàng)造巨大的利潤。他們盼望特斯拉呈現(xiàn)類似的快速增長。但不同之處在于,為了給股東帶來豐厚回報(bào),特斯拉需要達(dá)成一個(gè)看似不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)。

我們假設(shè)奇跡會(huì)出現(xiàn),那么特斯拉需要在未來七年里實(shí)現(xiàn)至少10%的年度回報(bào)率。同樣,我們假設(shè)特斯拉不會(huì)派息,以便所有紅利都會(huì)計(jì)入資本利得。為創(chuàng)造奇跡,特斯拉的市值需要從目前的6,330億美元翻番至1.266萬億美元,這相當(dāng)于亞馬遜和Alphabet當(dāng)前市值的2/3。按25倍的高市盈率計(jì)算,特斯拉將需要實(shí)現(xiàn)510億美元的年度凈利潤。從46億美元到510億美元,利潤年增長率需要達(dá)到41%。目前,年度利潤在500億美元左右的美國公司只有蘋果、微軟、Alphabet、伯克希爾?哈撒韋(Berkshire Hathaway)和摩根大通(JPMorgan Chase)。

值得注意的是,特斯拉第二季度收益因出售碳積分(這一類別將在今后快速下降)所獲的3.54億美元以及異常低的公司稅率而被夸大。通過更為準(zhǔn)確的衡量方法得出的可重復(fù)利潤可能為8億美元,比官方數(shù)字低30%。特斯拉的年化自由現(xiàn)金流也低于其報(bào)告的24.8億美元。

不過,特斯拉依然是一家超高市值公司,無論在何種情況下,投資者為當(dāng)前每一分收益的付出都比其他公司要高得多。雖然特斯拉的表現(xiàn)已堪稱卓越,奈何華爾街給這家偉大的公司設(shè)定了高不可攀的目標(biāo),以至其無法逾越。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:馮豐

審校:夏林

For Tesla fans, its record earnings for Q2 signal that the EV-maker's profitability just reached a new gear and will keep accelerating. In their view, the encouraging numbers released on July 26 strengthen the bull case that what looks like an incredibly rich valuation is really a bargain.

Tesla true believers, however, might note that by one measure incorporating its strong Q2 profits, it remains America's priciest mega-cap stock by a wide margin. Even if its second quarter results mark a new, far-higher starting point, to justify its valuation Tesla's profits would need to reach levels by mid-2028 that only a few tech titans, let alone a car company, have ever achieved. The odds Tesla can race at those super-swift speeds are long.

Tesla's valuation versus other mega-caps

For Q2, Tesla broke the billion barrier, posting GAAP net income of $1.142 billion, more than triple the average for the previous four quarters. Let's assume that Tesla's hit a "new normal," so that its profits are now running at the Q2 pace, or $4.6 billion a year. Where does that put its price-to-earnings multiple on the spectrum from ultra-low to super-elevated in the S&P 500?

At Tesla's market cap of $633 billion on July 26, the day of its Q2 announcement, its PE stood at 139, based on our benchmark of $4.6 billion in annual earnings. (By the way, that's vastly cheaper than using the more traditional denominator of actual profits over the trailing four quarters. By that metric, Tesla's PE is 333.) For comparison, Fortune calculated a profit number––what we'll call our "adjusted PE"––for all S&P 500 companies using the metric applied to Tesla: projecting that they repeat earnings in the most recent quarter for the following three quarters.

Of the 52 companies whose valuations exceed $150 billion, only one had a "adjusted" PE higher than Tesla's 139, and it was the antithesis of a go-go sensation like Elon Musk's speedster. NextEra Energy ($151 billion), America's largest electric utility, recorded a PE of 147. The reason: An almost 80% fall in earnings owing to a change in accounting standards and costs in de-commissioning a nuclear plant. Clearly, NextEra posted a giant multiple not because it is richly valued like Tesla, but due to a a big one-time hit.

Besides NextEra, only one company of the 86 with a market caps of over $100 billion had a higher "adjusted" PE than Tesla's. ServiceNow ($115 billion) is a provider of cloud computing platforms that help companies manage their digital workflows. Though its GAAP quarterly earnings are still extremely slim, investors see great times ahead. They've awarded ServiceNow a multiple based on Q2 profits of 352. Excluding NextEra, only a single enterprise besides Tesla valued at over $150 billion had an adjusted PE of over 100. That was Salesforce.com ($147 billion) at 122. As for other high-flyers, Netflix registered 42, Amazon 58, NVIDIA 63, and PayPal 82.

From this new plateau, how fast must Tesla race to reward investors?

Tesla needs to build on a market cap that's four-and-a-half times the size Salesforce's valuation, and dwarfs ServiceNow's almost six-to-one. Investors are counting on those shooting stars to deliver gigantic earnings growth going forward. They're expecting a similarly rapid ascent from Tesla. The difference is that to enrich shareholders, Tesla would need to achieve an absolute number so gigantic it looks virtually impossible.

Let's assume that as the riskiest of risky plays, Tesla will need to deliver annual returns of at least 10% over the next seven years. We'll also assume it doesn't pay dividends, so that all the bounty will come in capital gains. Getting there would require doubling its market cap from today's $633 billion to $1.266 trillion, two thirds today's valuation for Amazon and Alphabet. At a lofty PE of 25, Tesla would need to achieve net profits of $51 billion a year. Getting from our $4.6 billion to $51 billion would demand profit growth of 41% a year. Today, the only U.S. companies earning in the $50 billion range and over are Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Berkshire Hathaway, and JPMorgan Chase.

It's worth noting that Tesla's Q1 earnings were inflated by $354 million in sales of environmental credits to rival automakers, a category that will decline rapidly going forward, as well as an unusually low corporate tax rate. A more accurate measure of repeatable profits might be $800 million, 30% below the official number. Tesla's free cash flow is also lower than its reported earnings at an annualized $2.48 billion.

Tesla remains the megacap where investors pay more for every dollar in current earnings than any other, in almost all cases a lot more. Tesla's an Olympic-quality performer. But Wall Street's set a bar too high for this great athlete to clear.

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