如果美國(guó)人最近查看過(guò)自己的信用評(píng)分,會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果十分驚訝,且不是一個(gè)人。雖然信用評(píng)分經(jīng)常因?yàn)橄M(fèi)記錄、債務(wù)水平等因素出現(xiàn)波動(dòng),但新冠肺炎疫情產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響,加上近期消費(fèi)支出的上漲,放大了許多人的信用評(píng)分波動(dòng)。
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)逐漸復(fù)蘇,消費(fèi)者在餐飲、旅游以及婚禮等重大活動(dòng)上的支出大幅增加。這和疫情期間的情況形成了鮮明對(duì)比,當(dāng)時(shí)的消費(fèi)主要向網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物、家居裝修項(xiàng)目和流媒體服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移。
SoFi財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃高級(jí)經(jīng)理布萊恩?沃爾什表示,盡管消費(fèi)模式出現(xiàn)變化在意料之中,但消費(fèi)者仍應(yīng)保持謹(jǐn)慎。他強(qiáng)調(diào),要先減少居家隔離時(shí)期的各類支出,再增加重新開(kāi)放后新增的消費(fèi)項(xiàng)目,確保防止超支,避免信用卡債務(wù)高筑。
滑坡謬誤
T. Rowe Price近期報(bào)告顯示,由于疫情引發(fā)的財(cái)務(wù)壓力,背負(fù)信用卡債務(wù)的家庭比例有所上升,從2020年的43%上升到2021年的57%。這或許也是一些家庭信用評(píng)分下降的原因。
報(bào)告還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管疫情加劇了種族貧富差距,但不同種族之間信用卡債務(wù)的增加并沒(méi)有顯著差異:30%的黑人家庭、38%的西班牙裔家庭、31%的亞裔家庭和35%白人家庭的信用卡債務(wù)都有所增加。
沃爾什指出,部分人因?yàn)橄M(fèi)支出增加,信用利用率(信用額度被使用的比率)也在上升。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),你的信用額度利用率過(guò)高時(shí),信用分?jǐn)?shù)也會(huì)下降。
沃爾什說(shuō):“信用利用率,或者說(shuō)你的信用余額除以信用額度的比值,是影響你信用評(píng)分的一個(gè)主要因素,而且變化很快。”每月的信用利用率即使出現(xiàn)了很小幅度的上漲,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致信用分?jǐn)?shù)下跌。與此同時(shí),超支和逾期付款,再加上高昂的利息費(fèi)用,如果不保持警惕,可能很快就會(huì)因此陷入麻煩。
“隨著國(guó)家重新開(kāi)放,我們看到許多會(huì)員的行為習(xí)慣發(fā)生了改變,開(kāi)始提前計(jì)劃旅行和其他活動(dòng)。”沃爾什說(shuō),“這些活動(dòng)大多情況下都需要提前付款,雖然他們實(shí)際要等到今年更晚的時(shí)候才會(huì)出行。在被關(guān)了一年多之后,想要外出旅行是天經(jīng)地義的事,但在做預(yù)算時(shí)要深思熟慮,要把這些開(kāi)支列為預(yù)算的優(yōu)先項(xiàng)?!?/p>
但并不是說(shuō)當(dāng)前的消費(fèi)趨勢(shì)一定會(huì)持續(xù)。由于新冠病毒變異毒株的持續(xù)傳播,如確診病例突然激增或持續(xù)增多,或?qū)⒋偈谷藗兓謴?fù)嚴(yán)格的社交距離,導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)行為和支出習(xí)慣再次發(fā)生大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)變。
莫尼塔(Moneta)的注冊(cè)理財(cái)規(guī)劃師、高級(jí)顧問(wèn)詹姆斯?查默斯也強(qiáng)調(diào),要保持頭腦清醒,清楚知道欠下的債務(wù)。他說(shuō),“數(shù)字一代”必須警惕一個(gè)新趨勢(shì)——“先買后付”(BNPL)類的消費(fèi)服務(wù)唾手可得,消費(fèi)者幾乎可以采用分期付款的方式買下網(wǎng)上的每一樣商品。AfterPay就是其中之一, Square本周早些時(shí)候宣布計(jì)劃以290億美元收購(gòu)該公司。
“對(duì)于一個(gè)有條理、知道自己在做什么的人來(lái)說(shuō),能從這種服務(wù)中受益?!辈槟乖谡劦紹NPL服務(wù)時(shí)說(shuō),“但我看到很多人有大量貸款和信用卡債務(wù),又缺乏條理,因此陷入了麻煩?!?/p>
查爾默斯強(qiáng)調(diào),這類消費(fèi)支出很容易積少成多,他還指出,因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)前文化中,對(duì)即使?jié)M足感的渴望盛行,更加劇了混亂,形成了一種消極的反饋循環(huán)。
“這真的要說(shuō)回行為金融學(xué)。人們受情緒推動(dòng)做出花錢的決定,而且如果說(shuō),‘我只需要多花20美元就能買下這個(gè)100美元的東西’,做出決定更加輕而易舉?!辈槟拐f(shuō),“通過(guò)應(yīng)用程序下單、一鍵購(gòu)買、把所有支付渠道都和信用卡或銀行賬戶綁定,種種看不見(jiàn)摸不著的消費(fèi)方式都讓花錢更容易?!?/p>
信用卡經(jīng)常用于過(guò)度消費(fèi)。然而,對(duì)于那些計(jì)劃及時(shí)還款的人來(lái)說(shuō),較高的信用利用率或分期還款不見(jiàn)得是個(gè)大問(wèn)題。沃爾什說(shuō),關(guān)鍵是要在消費(fèi)和可用現(xiàn)金流之間取得平衡,才能避免出現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題。
其他影響因素
支出和債務(wù)增加不是造成信用評(píng)分波動(dòng)的唯一原因。The Points Guy的首席執(zhí)行官和創(chuàng)始人布萊恩?凱利指出,現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人稱他們的信用報(bào)告中出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤,“本就已經(jīng)很棘手的情況因此雪上加霜,因?yàn)檫@些錯(cuò)誤會(huì)對(duì)信用評(píng)分產(chǎn)生影響。”
事實(shí)上,消費(fèi)者金融保護(hù)局(Consumer Financial Protection Bureau)的在線投訴數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)顯示,2020年的信用報(bào)告投訴數(shù)量比2019年增加了一倍多,而且每個(gè)月都在刷新記錄。
其中一些錯(cuò)誤可以直接歸咎于疫情及相關(guān)的聯(lián)邦救濟(jì)計(jì)劃。該計(jì)劃延長(zhǎng)了一些貸款的償還期限,但投訴稱,延期沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)確反映在借款人的信用報(bào)告中,導(dǎo)致貸款看上去已經(jīng)逾期,造成信用分下降。
其他常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤包括“信息屬于他人”,這類投訴中,超過(guò)五分之一的投訴內(nèi)容包括“身份盜竊”。
凱利說(shuō):“數(shù)據(jù)顯示,這個(gè)問(wèn)題早在疫情之前就已存在,但在去年更嚴(yán)重了?!?/p>
報(bào)告錯(cuò)誤增加的部分原因可能還在于,通常情況下,信用報(bào)告機(jī)構(gòu)要求在30至45天內(nèi)處理投訴,但政府在疫情早期放寬了時(shí)限,相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的回應(yīng)速度因此更加靈活。
目前,因?yàn)橹匦麻_(kāi)放引發(fā)的需求激增已經(jīng)造成了一段時(shí)間的通貨膨脹(不過(guò)根據(jù)美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的說(shuō)法,這是暫時(shí)的)。因?yàn)橥ㄘ浥蛎浲ǔR馕吨叩膬r(jià)格,也就意味著信貸需求的增加。這種時(shí)候,提高對(duì)過(guò)度消費(fèi)的警惕性尤為重要。
凱利補(bǔ)充說(shuō),今后,隨著人們繼續(xù)在度假、婚禮和住房等大筆開(kāi)支上花更多錢,信用評(píng)分預(yù)計(jì)將出現(xiàn)更多波動(dòng),但他也說(shuō),信用評(píng)分不完美并不意味著世界末日。
凱利說(shuō):“你可以用自己不怎么好看的信用評(píng)分,從貸款人和信用卡發(fā)行商那里獲得最好的折扣?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:Agatha
如果美國(guó)人最近查看過(guò)自己的信用評(píng)分,會(huì)對(duì)結(jié)果十分驚訝,且不是一個(gè)人。雖然信用評(píng)分經(jīng)常因?yàn)橄M(fèi)記錄、債務(wù)水平等因素出現(xiàn)波動(dòng),但新冠肺炎疫情產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響,加上近期消費(fèi)支出的上漲,放大了許多人的信用評(píng)分波動(dòng)。
隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)逐漸復(fù)蘇,消費(fèi)者在餐飲、旅游以及婚禮等重大活動(dòng)上的支出大幅增加。這和疫情期間的情況形成了鮮明對(duì)比,當(dāng)時(shí)的消費(fèi)主要向網(wǎng)上購(gòu)物、家居裝修項(xiàng)目和流媒體服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移。
SoFi財(cái)務(wù)規(guī)劃高級(jí)經(jīng)理布萊恩?沃爾什表示,盡管消費(fèi)模式出現(xiàn)變化在意料之中,但消費(fèi)者仍應(yīng)保持謹(jǐn)慎。他強(qiáng)調(diào),要先減少居家隔離時(shí)期的各類支出,再增加重新開(kāi)放后新增的消費(fèi)項(xiàng)目,確保防止超支,避免信用卡債務(wù)高筑。
滑坡謬誤
T. Rowe Price近期報(bào)告顯示,由于疫情引發(fā)的財(cái)務(wù)壓力,背負(fù)信用卡債務(wù)的家庭比例有所上升,從2020年的43%上升到2021年的57%。這或許也是一些家庭信用評(píng)分下降的原因。
報(bào)告還發(fā)現(xiàn),盡管疫情加劇了種族貧富差距,但不同種族之間信用卡債務(wù)的增加并沒(méi)有顯著差異:30%的黑人家庭、38%的西班牙裔家庭、31%的亞裔家庭和35%白人家庭的信用卡債務(wù)都有所增加。
沃爾什指出,部分人因?yàn)橄M(fèi)支出增加,信用利用率(信用額度被使用的比率)也在上升。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn),你的信用額度利用率過(guò)高時(shí),信用分?jǐn)?shù)也會(huì)下降。
沃爾什說(shuō):“信用利用率,或者說(shuō)你的信用余額除以信用額度的比值,是影響你信用評(píng)分的一個(gè)主要因素,而且變化很快?!泵吭碌男庞美寐始词钩霈F(xiàn)了很小幅度的上漲,也會(huì)導(dǎo)致信用分?jǐn)?shù)下跌。與此同時(shí),超支和逾期付款,再加上高昂的利息費(fèi)用,如果不保持警惕,可能很快就會(huì)因此陷入麻煩。
“隨著國(guó)家重新開(kāi)放,我們看到許多會(huì)員的行為習(xí)慣發(fā)生了改變,開(kāi)始提前計(jì)劃旅行和其他活動(dòng)。”沃爾什說(shuō),“這些活動(dòng)大多情況下都需要提前付款,雖然他們實(shí)際要等到今年更晚的時(shí)候才會(huì)出行。在被關(guān)了一年多之后,想要外出旅行是天經(jīng)地義的事,但在做預(yù)算時(shí)要深思熟慮,要把這些開(kāi)支列為預(yù)算的優(yōu)先項(xiàng)?!?/p>
但并不是說(shuō)當(dāng)前的消費(fèi)趨勢(shì)一定會(huì)持續(xù)。由于新冠病毒變異毒株的持續(xù)傳播,如確診病例突然激增或持續(xù)增多,或?qū)⒋偈谷藗兓謴?fù)嚴(yán)格的社交距離,導(dǎo)致消費(fèi)行為和支出習(xí)慣再次發(fā)生大規(guī)模轉(zhuǎn)變。
莫尼塔(Moneta)的注冊(cè)理財(cái)規(guī)劃師、高級(jí)顧問(wèn)詹姆斯?查默斯也強(qiáng)調(diào),要保持頭腦清醒,清楚知道欠下的債務(wù)。他說(shuō),“數(shù)字一代”必須警惕一個(gè)新趨勢(shì)——“先買后付”(BNPL)類的消費(fèi)服務(wù)唾手可得,消費(fèi)者幾乎可以采用分期付款的方式買下網(wǎng)上的每一樣商品。AfterPay就是其中之一, Square本周早些時(shí)候宣布計(jì)劃以290億美元收購(gòu)該公司。
“對(duì)于一個(gè)有條理、知道自己在做什么的人來(lái)說(shuō),能從這種服務(wù)中受益?!辈槟乖谡劦紹NPL服務(wù)時(shí)說(shuō),“但我看到很多人有大量貸款和信用卡債務(wù),又缺乏條理,因此陷入了麻煩?!?/p>
查爾默斯強(qiáng)調(diào),這類消費(fèi)支出很容易積少成多,他還指出,因?yàn)樵诋?dāng)前文化中,對(duì)即使?jié)M足感的渴望盛行,更加劇了混亂,形成了一種消極的反饋循環(huán)。
“這真的要說(shuō)回行為金融學(xué)。人們受情緒推動(dòng)做出花錢的決定,而且如果說(shuō),‘我只需要多花20美元就能買下這個(gè)100美元的東西’,做出決定更加輕而易舉。”查默斯說(shuō),“通過(guò)應(yīng)用程序下單、一鍵購(gòu)買、把所有支付渠道都和信用卡或銀行賬戶綁定,種種看不見(jiàn)摸不著的消費(fèi)方式都讓花錢更容易。”
信用卡經(jīng)常用于過(guò)度消費(fèi)。然而,對(duì)于那些計(jì)劃及時(shí)還款的人來(lái)說(shuō),較高的信用利用率或分期還款不見(jiàn)得是個(gè)大問(wèn)題。沃爾什說(shuō),關(guān)鍵是要在消費(fèi)和可用現(xiàn)金流之間取得平衡,才能避免出現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題。
其他影響因素
支出和債務(wù)增加不是造成信用評(píng)分波動(dòng)的唯一原因。The Points Guy的首席執(zhí)行官和創(chuàng)始人布萊恩?凱利指出,現(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的人稱他們的信用報(bào)告中出現(xiàn)了錯(cuò)誤,“本就已經(jīng)很棘手的情況因此雪上加霜,因?yàn)檫@些錯(cuò)誤會(huì)對(duì)信用評(píng)分產(chǎn)生影響。”
事實(shí)上,消費(fèi)者金融保護(hù)局(Consumer Financial Protection Bureau)的在線投訴數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)顯示,2020年的信用報(bào)告投訴數(shù)量比2019年增加了一倍多,而且每個(gè)月都在刷新記錄。
其中一些錯(cuò)誤可以直接歸咎于疫情及相關(guān)的聯(lián)邦救濟(jì)計(jì)劃。該計(jì)劃延長(zhǎng)了一些貸款的償還期限,但投訴稱,延期沒(méi)有準(zhǔn)確反映在借款人的信用報(bào)告中,導(dǎo)致貸款看上去已經(jīng)逾期,造成信用分下降。
其他常見(jiàn)錯(cuò)誤包括“信息屬于他人”,這類投訴中,超過(guò)五分之一的投訴內(nèi)容包括“身份盜竊”。
凱利說(shuō):“數(shù)據(jù)顯示,這個(gè)問(wèn)題早在疫情之前就已存在,但在去年更嚴(yán)重了?!?/p>
報(bào)告錯(cuò)誤增加的部分原因可能還在于,通常情況下,信用報(bào)告機(jī)構(gòu)要求在30至45天內(nèi)處理投訴,但政府在疫情早期放寬了時(shí)限,相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的回應(yīng)速度因此更加靈活。
目前,因?yàn)橹匦麻_(kāi)放引發(fā)的需求激增已經(jīng)造成了一段時(shí)間的通貨膨脹(不過(guò)根據(jù)美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的說(shuō)法,這是暫時(shí)的)。因?yàn)橥ㄘ浥蛎浲ǔR馕吨叩膬r(jià)格,也就意味著信貸需求的增加。這種時(shí)候,提高對(duì)過(guò)度消費(fèi)的警惕性尤為重要。
凱利補(bǔ)充說(shuō),今后,隨著人們繼續(xù)在度假、婚禮和住房等大筆開(kāi)支上花更多錢,信用評(píng)分預(yù)計(jì)將出現(xiàn)更多波動(dòng),但他也說(shuō),信用評(píng)分不完美并不意味著世界末日。
凱利說(shuō):“你可以用自己不怎么好看的信用評(píng)分,從貸款人和信用卡發(fā)行商那里獲得最好的折扣?!保ㄘ?cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:Agatha
If you’ve checked your credit score recently and were surprised by what you saw, know that you aren’t alone. Although credit score fluctuations normally occur as a result of factors such as payment history and debt level, the economic ramifications of COVID-19, combined with recent increases in consumer spending, have amplified these fluctuations for many.
As the economy has bounced back, consumers are spending significantly more on dining, travel, and major events like weddings. That's in contrast to the shift in spending during the pandemic, largely toward online shopping, home improvement projects, and streaming services.
Brian Walsh, senior manager of financial planning at SoFi, says that although changing spending patterns are to be expected, consumers should remain cautious. He underscores the importance of reducing quarantine expenses before adding reopening expenses to prevent overspending and potentially racking up credit card debt.
A slippery slope
According to a recent report by T. Rowe Price, the percentage of families carrying credit card debt has increased due to pandemic-induced financial strain. Families reporting credit card debt have risen from 43% in 2020 to 57% in 2021, which may explain why credit scores have fallen for some.
The report also found that although the pandemic exacerbated the racial wealth gap, increases in credit card debt do not vary meaningfully between racial groups: 30% of Black, 38% of Hispanic, 31% of Asian, and 35% of white families reported increased credit card debt.
Walsh points out that credit utilization, or how much of a consumer's available credit they are using, is increasing for some as they spend more. The rule of thumb is that when your credit utilization is too high, your score goes down.
“Credit utilization, or your balances divided by your limits, is a major factor in your credit score and can change quickly," Walsh says. Even small percentage increases in monthly utilization can lead to a decline in score. Meanwhile, overspending and late payments, combined with costly interest fees, can catch up quickly with those who are less vigilant.
“As the country reopened, we saw many members change their current behavior and plan ahead for trips and events," Walsh says. "Many times, this meant paying up front, even though they were not traveling until later in the year. It is natural to travel and go out after being cooped up inside for more than a year, but it’s important to do so with a thoughtful budget that helps prioritize these expenses.”
All of this isn't to say that current spending trends are sure to last. Given the continued spread of variant strains of the coronavirus, another surge or further increase in breakthrough cases could prompt a return to strict social distancing and cause consumer behavior and spending to pivot on a large scale once again.
James Chalmers, certified financial planner and senior advisor at Moneta, also emphasizes the importance of staying organized and aware of what you owe. He points to a new trend that he says the “digital generation” must watch out for, which is the accessibility of buy now, pay later (BNPL) tools that allow consumers to pay off almost any online product in monthly increments. One example is AfterPay, which Square earlier this week announced plans to acquire for $29 billion.
“That can be great for a person who’s organized and knows what they’re doing," Chalmers says of BNPL services, "but where I’m seeing folks get into trouble is when they have lots of loans and credit cards and also are disorganized."
Chalmers highlights how easily these expenses can add up and notes that the desire for immediate gratification that’s become prevalent in our culture exacerbates disorganization, acting as a negative feedback loop of sorts.
“It’s really back to behavioral finance. People make money decisions out of emotion, and it’s so much easier to say, ‘I’m going to bite this $100 purchase off in $20 increments,’” Chalmers says. “The ease that we’ve made things in the form of apps and one-clicks and everything being tied to a credit card or your bank account, that out-of-sight, out-of-mind makes it a lot easier to spend.”
Credit cards are often used for excess spending. However, for those who plan to pay off their credit cards in a timely manner, having a higher credit utilization or splitting up payments over time isn’t necessarily a huge concern. Walsh says that the key is to balance your activities with your available cash flow, so as not to put yourself in a vulnerable financial position.
Other factors at play
Credit scores aren’t fluctuating only as a result of increased spending and debt. Brian Kelly, CEO and founder of The Points Guy, notes that right now, more people than ever are reporting errors on their credit reports, “which makes an already difficult situation even more so, because these errors are affecting credit scores.”
In fact, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau's online complaint database, the number of credit reporting complaints more than doubled in 2020 compared to 2019, setting new records for each month of the year.
Some errors can be directly attributed to the pandemic and its associated federal relief program. This program granted an extension for the repayment of some loans, which, according to complaints, was not accurately reflected on borrowers' credit reports, making the loans appear past due and bringing scores down as a result.
Other common errors were tagged as "information belongs to someone else,” and among issues with this tag, more than one in five included the phrase “identity theft.”
“Data tells us that this problem existed long before the pandemic, but has worsened over the last year,” Kelly says.
The rise in reporting errors might also be owed in part to the fact that normally, credit reporting agencies are required to address complaints within 30 to 45 days, but the government extended this window early on in the pandemic, granting agencies more flexibility in their response time.
The current spike in reopening-induced demand has led to a (temporary, according to the Fed) period of inflation. Because inflation typically is associated with higher prices, it often leads to an increase in the demand for credit. At times like these, vigilance in spending is all the more crucial.
Kelly adds that moving forward, he expects to see more fluctuations in credit scores as people continue to spend more on big purchases such as vacations, weddings, and homes, but notes that not having a perfect credit score isn’t the end of the world.
“You can set yourself up to receive the best deals from lenders and credit card issuers with a credit score that is nowhere close to perfect,” Kelly says.