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21世紀00年代中期的大蕭條(Great Recession)給我們留下的創(chuàng)傷還未完全愈合,尤其是在房地產領域。據估計,2006年至2014年間,美國大約有1000萬人因為喪失抵押品贖回權而失去了他們的房屋。在那之前的一段時間,寬松的信貸政策助長了瘋狂的投機性購房行為。如今美國的房地產市場再次一飛沖天,全國房價較去年上漲了近19%,人們似乎有理由擔心另一個房地產泡沫正在醞釀當中。
如果要判斷目前的房地產市場是否存在泡沫,就首先要了解什么是房地產泡沫。當一種資產價格上漲的速度超過基本面的支撐能力時,泡沫就會出現,這種上漲往往是由過度樂觀的投機行為或寬松的融資環(huán)境所驅動的。另外,泡沫也需要一個崩盤期,此時資產價格暴跌的速度超過了基本面。如果只是價格上漲,則不是泡沫產生的跡象。
與上一次的房地產熱潮不同,有些人會覺得自新冠疫情開始以來的這波漲價是有道理可循的。首先美國的人口結構足以支撐房地產市場的增長,其次隨著人們的積蓄越來越多,居家時間越來越長,他們擁有房產的愿望也就更加強烈。新冠疫情改變了生活方式,進而導致許多美國人重新評估自己的生活安排,一些租房族開始找房買房,而一些原本就有房子的人也選擇出售舊宅,入住更大的房子。
由于各種原因,包括對新冠疫情的恐懼,美國現有住房的供應量迅速下降,而購房需求又正好躍升。另外,房屋建筑商在上一個周期后變得更加謹慎,它們投放進市場的房屋數量比較保守,所以新房的供應同樣吃緊。
在供不應求的情況下,房價便節(jié)節(jié)攀升,但漲幅也只是冰山一角。美國的標準普爾500指數(S&P 500)較去年上漲了31%,房產凈值也增加了近20%,一些美國人在這一年中變得相當富有。另外也有一部分人因為遠程辦公而搬家,而且通常是從高成本地區(qū)搬到低成本地區(qū),所以也相對富裕了起來。
當然,房價上漲的最大推手還是抵押貸款利率。從2002年到2005年的房地產高峰期,30年期固定抵押貸款利率平均為6%。相比之下,從2020年4月到現在的抵押貸款利率平均只有3%。
從歷史上來看,在鼓起膽量投入房地產泡沫之前,可以先看看房價與收入的比例。雖然房價看起來是比收入高,但這并沒有把利率考慮在內。住房支付與收入的比例是衡量負擔能力的一個重要指標,我們能夠看到其水平低于上一個周期,這體現了廉價融資的威力。
此外,政府自大蕭條以來便采取了措施,預防房地產市場再次出現類似的崩盤?,F在可以獲得的抵押貸款比21世紀00年代中期要緊得多,而且風險更大的可調利率抵押貸款占購買和再融資貸款的比例不到5%,上一個周期的峰值可是超過了35%。
然而,房地產市場還是有一些不健康的跡象。作為上個周期的主力軍,投資者這次又回來了。全現金銷售是追蹤投資者活動的一個常見措施,其占到總交易量的23%。這一數據雖然超過去年的15%,但與2011年的35%相比還是存在一定差距。購房者正感受到投資者活躍在市場上的影響,尤其是在最低價位上。
不管是以前還是現在,都有人害怕“過了這個村沒這個店”,所以便草率地做出決定。他們擔心現在不買房的話,以后可能再也買不到了。這一想法引發(fā)了競價戰(zhàn),而定價的壓力也在上升,首次購房者和低收入購房者于是發(fā)現自己被擠出了市場。其他人則覺得現在房價炒得太熱,一些有經濟能力的人甚至也已經到了臨界點,對價格望而卻步。
在前進的道路上,令人感到欣慰的是許多抵押貸款防護措施到位,信用度很高,市場上基本沒有投機性貸款。雖然現在的價格還算合理,但明智的人不會覺得只升不降。
房地產市場的最大風險是抵押貸款利率上升,明年很有可能會出現這種情況,從而導致價格下降。此外,經濟、金融和信心方面的挑戰(zhàn)也可能導致房價下跌或持平,即便買家群體依然堅實。但是房價無論是下跌還是持平,與我們在大蕭條期間遇到的崩盤相比都不值一提。(財富中文網)
阿里·沃爾夫是Zonda公司的首席經濟學家。
譯者:秦維奇
21世紀00年代中期的大蕭條(Great Recession)給我們留下的創(chuàng)傷還未完全愈合,尤其是在房地產領域。據估計,2006年至2014年間,美國大約有1000萬人因為喪失抵押品贖回權而失去了他們的房屋。在那之前的一段時間,寬松的信貸政策助長了瘋狂的投機性購房行為。如今美國的房地產市場再次一飛沖天,全國房價較去年上漲了近19%,人們似乎有理由擔心另一個房地產泡沫正在醞釀當中。
如果要判斷目前的房地產市場是否存在泡沫,就首先要了解什么是房地產泡沫。當一種資產價格上漲的速度超過基本面的支撐能力時,泡沫就會出現,這種上漲往往是由過度樂觀的投機行為或寬松的融資環(huán)境所驅動的。另外,泡沫也需要一個崩盤期,此時資產價格暴跌的速度超過了基本面。如果只是價格上漲,則不是泡沫產生的跡象。
與上一次的房地產熱潮不同,有些人會覺得自新冠疫情開始以來的這波漲價是有道理可循的。首先美國的人口結構足以支撐房地產市場的增長,其次隨著人們的積蓄越來越多,居家時間越來越長,他們擁有房產的愿望也就更加強烈。新冠疫情改變了生活方式,進而導致許多美國人重新評估自己的生活安排,一些租房族開始找房買房,而一些原本就有房子的人也選擇出售舊宅,入住更大的房子。
由于各種原因,包括對新冠疫情的恐懼,美國現有住房的供應量迅速下降,而購房需求又正好躍升。另外,房屋建筑商在上一個周期后變得更加謹慎,它們投放進市場的房屋數量比較保守,所以新房的供應同樣吃緊。
在供不應求的情況下,房價便節(jié)節(jié)攀升,但漲幅也只是冰山一角。美國的標準普爾500指數(S&P 500)較去年上漲了31%,房產凈值也增加了近20%,一些美國人在這一年中變得相當富有。另外也有一部分人因為遠程辦公而搬家,而且通常是從高成本地區(qū)搬到低成本地區(qū),所以也相對富裕了起來。
當然,房價上漲的最大推手還是抵押貸款利率。從2002年到2005年的房地產高峰期,30年期固定抵押貸款利率平均為6%。相比之下,從2020年4月到現在的抵押貸款利率平均只有3%。
從歷史上來看,在鼓起膽量投入房地產泡沫之前,可以先看看房價與收入的比例。雖然房價看起來是比收入高,但這并沒有把利率考慮在內。住房支付與收入的比例是衡量負擔能力的一個重要指標,我們能夠看到其水平低于上一個周期,這體現了廉價融資的威力。
此外,政府自大蕭條以來便采取了措施,預防房地產市場再次出現類似的崩盤?,F在可以獲得的抵押貸款比21世紀00年代中期要緊得多,而且風險更大的可調利率抵押貸款占購買和再融資貸款的比例不到5%,上一個周期的峰值可是超過了35%。
然而,房地產市場還是有一些不健康的跡象。作為上個周期的主力軍,投資者這次又回來了。全現金銷售是追蹤投資者活動的一個常見措施,其占到總交易量的23%。這一數據雖然超過去年的15%,但與2011年的35%相比還是存在一定差距。購房者正感受到投資者活躍在市場上的影響,尤其是在最低價位上。
不管是以前還是現在,都有人害怕“過了這個村沒這個店”,所以便草率地做出決定。他們擔心現在不買房的話,以后可能再也買不到了。這一想法引發(fā)了競價戰(zhàn),而定價的壓力也在上升,首次購房者和低收入購房者于是發(fā)現自己被擠出了市場。其他人則覺得現在房價炒得太熱,一些有經濟能力的人甚至也已經到了臨界點,對價格望而卻步。
在前進的道路上,令人感到欣慰的是許多抵押貸款防護措施到位,信用度很高,市場上基本沒有投機性貸款。雖然現在的價格還算合理,但明智的人不會覺得只升不降。
房地產市場的最大風險是抵押貸款利率上升,明年很有可能會出現這種情況,從而導致價格下降。此外,經濟、金融和信心方面的挑戰(zhàn)也可能導致房價下跌或持平,即便買家群體依然堅實。但是房價無論是下跌還是持平,與我們在大蕭條期間遇到的崩盤相比都不值一提。(財富中文網)
阿里·沃爾夫是Zonda公司的首席經濟學家。
譯者:秦維奇
The wounds from the Great Recession of the mid-2000s are still healing, especially when it comes to housing. An estimated 10 million people lost their homes to foreclosure from 2006 to 2014, following a period of frenzied and speculative homebuying fueled by easy credit. The housing market is yet again on a tear with home prices up nearly 19% nationally compared with last year, and that has people rightfully worried that another housing bubble is brewing.
In order to determine if the current housing market is in a bubble, one needs to ask what constitutes a housing bubble. A bubble is present when the price of an asset is rising faster than the fundamentals can justify, often driven by overly optimistic speculation or loose financing. Moreover, a bubble requires conditions that would permit a crash—that is, a period of asset prices falling faster than fundamentals. Rising prices alone, however, are not a sign of a bubble.
Unlike the last housing boom, one could argue that home price growth since the start of the pandemic was justifiable. The demographics of the U.S. were already supporting housing growth and the desire to own only increased as people saved more and spent more time at home. The lifestyle change brought on by the pandemic caused many Americans to reassess their living arrangements, including some renters that turned into house hunters and some existing homeowners that sold to move into a larger home.
The jump in homebuying demand hit right as existing housing supply declined rapidly for a variety of reasons, including fear of COVID-19. Homebuilders, most of whom became more prudent following the last cycle, were cautious with how many homes they were bringing to the market, resulting in equally tight new home inventory.
The supply and demand mismatch pushed prices upward, but that was just the tip of the iceberg for rising home values. Some Americans became much wealthier over the past year following a 31% run-up in the S&P 500 and a nearly 20% jump in home equity. Others became wealthier on a relative basis as remote work led to increased migration, often from higher cost areas to lower cost ones.
Of the contributors to rising prices, none have been more powerful than mortgage interest rates. The interest rate on a 30-year fixed mortgage averaged 6% from 2002 to housing’s peak in 2005. For comparison, the average mortgage rate from April 2020 through today is just 3%.
Historically, a gut check of a housing bubble is the home-price-to-income ratio. While home prices appear high compared with incomes, this does not account for interest rates. When we look at the home-payment-to-income ratio, an important measure of affordability, levels are below last cycle, showing the power of cheap financing.
Further, safety measures have been put in place since the Great Recession to help prevent a similar housing collapse. Mortgage credit availability is starkly tighter than in the mid-2000s and the often more risky adjustable rate mortgages represent less than 5% of total purchase and refinanced loans compared with over 35% at the peak of the last cycle.
However, there are unhealthy signs in housing as well. Investors, a staple of the last cycle, are back. One common measure of tracking investor activity is all-cash sales, which represent 23% of total transactions. While all-cash sales are up from 16% last year, they are still down from a high of 35% in 2011. Home shoppers are feeling the impact of investors active in today’s market, especially at the lowest price points.
The fear-of-missing-out mentality has also returned, which has resulted in some making rash decisions. People are fearful that if they don’t buy today, they may miss their chance at homeownership forever. This thought process is leading to bidding wars and further upward pressure on pricing, which is resulting in first-time buyers and lower-income home shoppers finding themselves priced out of the market. Others believe that the frenzy has gone too far, and even some that are financially able to buy a home have reached a tipping point and are balking at prices.
As we move forward, we can take comfort that many of the mortgage guardrails in place are working, with creditworthiness strong and speculative lending largely absent from the market. While today’s prices can be justified, it is unwise to believe they can only go up.
The single biggest risk to housing—rising mortgage rates—is a real possibility in the next year, and that could bring prices down. Further, other economic, financial, and confidence challenges could also result in a drop or flattening of home prices, even with solid buyers in place. But a drop or flattening in home prices is a far cry from the crash we saw during the Great Recession.
Ali Wolf is chief economist at Zonda.