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碳排凈零已經(jīng)不夠了,如今需要“凈負(fù)”

Noah Deich
2021-10-01

僅僅停止碳排放已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。

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位于冰島的赫利舍迪地?zé)犭娬?,可以?shí)現(xiàn)在地下儲(chǔ)存二氧化碳的技術(shù)艙。 圖片來(lái)源:BLOOMBERG - GETTY IMAGES

今年夏天,加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的利頓鎮(zhèn)最高溫度達(dá)到了121華氏度(49.4攝氏度),打破了加拿大的歷史紀(jì)錄。第二天,利頓被野火燒毀了。

利頓的悲劇充分證實(shí)了氣候變化的真實(shí)存在。這個(gè)悲劇告訴我們,停止碳排放迫在眉睫,不然世界各地的氣象災(zāi)難將越來(lái)越頻繁,也越來(lái)越極端。

這個(gè)悲劇還告訴我們,僅僅停止碳排放已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。碳污染已經(jīng)在大氣中存在了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。我們必須要開(kāi)始清理以前工業(yè)活動(dòng)遺留下來(lái)的碳污染,否則我們就會(huì)讓自己和子孫后代——甚至包括那些生活在零排放社會(huì)的后代——承受氣候變化的嚴(yán)重后果。

因此,我們必須從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始部署清除積碳的策略,直接從大氣中捕獲和儲(chǔ)存二氧化碳。盡管有很多有潛力的解決方案,比如植樹(shù)、農(nóng)田土壤固碳、建造直接空氣捕捉機(jī)等,但迄今為止的氣候行動(dòng)都忽視了清除積炭的重要性。因此,目前技術(shù)潛力最大的碳去除路徑的成本是傳統(tǒng)碳補(bǔ)償方式的10倍至100倍,而且當(dāng)前僅限于示范用途。林業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目則一直忙于應(yīng)付會(huì)計(jì)和監(jiān)督問(wèn)題,確保它們實(shí)際去除的碳和聲稱的一樣多。

為了確保碳去除方案落到實(shí)處,我們可以借鑒當(dāng)初推動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能和電動(dòng)汽車等技術(shù)從昂貴的小眾市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)的方案策略。從20世紀(jì)70年代末起,政府通過(guò)資助技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、推出經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)政策(包括聯(lián)邦稅收抵免以及州一級(jí)的監(jiān)管指令),使第一代可再生能源初創(chuàng)企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上站穩(wěn)腳跟,最終僅僅用價(jià)格就擊敗了原來(lái)那些污染嚴(yán)重的企業(yè)。

碳去除能夠如法炮制,通過(guò)注入新資金來(lái)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新、加快部署。在等式的這一端,對(duì)創(chuàng)新的支持已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)充滿希望的開(kāi)始,這方面的國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算最近從零增加到了每年9000多萬(wàn)美元,還涌現(xiàn)出相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資和慈善項(xiàng)目,例如價(jià)值1億美元的XPRIZE。國(guó)會(huì)也有機(jī)會(huì)通過(guò)預(yù)算調(diào)整和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一攬子計(jì)劃改善等式中的需求面,比如通過(guò)提升45Q條款中對(duì)直接空氣捕獲的稅收抵免,在美國(guó)各地投資碳儲(chǔ)存中心等。

然而,光靠清潔能源的老一套可能還不夠。清潔能源技術(shù)爭(zhēng)奪的是電力和交通領(lǐng)域價(jià)值數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的全球市場(chǎng),碳去除需要一個(gè)愿意為凈化大氣買單的買家——而沒(méi)有比美國(guó)政府更好的客戶了。

聯(lián)邦政府可以在采購(gòu)中鼓勵(lì)碳去除。首先,政府能夠通過(guò)“購(gòu)買清潔產(chǎn)品”來(lái)提振碳去除領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新。例如,政府在采購(gòu)中選擇使用由減碳技術(shù)制成的產(chǎn)品(比如由捕獲的碳制成的混凝土或商業(yè)地毯)的承包商,可以鼓勵(lì)重工業(yè)部門的減排,推動(dòng)對(duì)直接空氣捕捉等碳去除技術(shù)的需求進(jìn)一步上升到供應(yīng)鏈上游。這就是循環(huán)碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的概念,將對(duì)各國(guó)政府和大公司的氣候承諾產(chǎn)生影響。

但是,利用廢棄碳創(chuàng)造循環(huán)碳經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)該是碳去除采購(gòu)活動(dòng)的起點(diǎn),而不是唯一的重點(diǎn)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)凈負(fù)排放,各國(guó)政府和企業(yè)都需要將碳去除作為廢物管理的一部分,直接支付費(fèi)用,作為針對(duì)其遺留的二氧化碳排放的補(bǔ)救措施。

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有少數(shù)公司開(kāi)始購(gòu)買碳去除服務(wù)了,通過(guò)追尋它們的腳步,政府能夠從一開(kāi)始就為碳清除行業(yè)確立嚴(yán)格的碳核算和環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。政府還可以傾聽(tīng)來(lái)自環(huán)境正義和勞工組織的聲音,制定能夠保障工人和社區(qū)平等的碳去除基本政策。公民社會(huì)有理由擔(dān)心會(huì)有不老實(shí)的企業(yè)以碳去除為借口拖延減排,但如果施策得當(dāng),政府的直接采購(gòu)就可以確保碳去除主要用于清除遺留的碳排放。

俗話說(shuō):“種一棵樹(shù)最好的時(shí)間是20年前,第二好的時(shí)間是今天?!睔夂蜃兓驮谘矍?。但是,如果我們今天就開(kāi)始行動(dòng),一起來(lái)植樹(shù),生產(chǎn)直接進(jìn)行空氣捕捉的機(jī)器,探索一切有望清除幾個(gè)世紀(jì)來(lái)遺留下來(lái)的碳排放的解決方案,利頓遭受的氣候?yàn)?zāi)難就并不一定會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)持續(xù)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

諾亞·戴奇是Carbon180的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人和總裁,這是一個(gè)致力于加速發(fā)展碳去除解決方案的新型非營(yíng)利組織。

譯者:Agatha

今年夏天,加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞省的利頓鎮(zhèn)最高溫度達(dá)到了121華氏度(49.4攝氏度),打破了加拿大的歷史紀(jì)錄。第二天,利頓被野火燒毀了。

利頓的悲劇充分證實(shí)了氣候變化的真實(shí)存在。這個(gè)悲劇告訴我們,停止碳排放迫在眉睫,不然世界各地的氣象災(zāi)難將越來(lái)越頻繁,也越來(lái)越極端。

這個(gè)悲劇還告訴我們,僅僅停止碳排放已經(jīng)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不足以應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。碳污染已經(jīng)在大氣中存在了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)。我們必須要開(kāi)始清理以前工業(yè)活動(dòng)遺留下來(lái)的碳污染,否則我們就會(huì)讓自己和子孫后代——甚至包括那些生活在零排放社會(huì)的后代——承受氣候變化的嚴(yán)重后果。

因此,我們必須從現(xiàn)在開(kāi)始部署清除積碳的策略,直接從大氣中捕獲和儲(chǔ)存二氧化碳。盡管有很多有潛力的解決方案,比如植樹(shù)、農(nóng)田土壤固碳、建造直接空氣捕捉機(jī)等,但迄今為止的氣候行動(dòng)都忽視了清除積炭的重要性。因此,目前技術(shù)潛力最大的碳去除路徑的成本是傳統(tǒng)碳補(bǔ)償方式的10倍至100倍,而且當(dāng)前僅限于示范用途。林業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)項(xiàng)目則一直忙于應(yīng)付會(huì)計(jì)和監(jiān)督問(wèn)題,確保它們實(shí)際去除的碳和聲稱的一樣多。

為了確保碳去除方案落到實(shí)處,我們可以借鑒當(dāng)初推動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能和電動(dòng)汽車等技術(shù)從昂貴的小眾市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入主流市場(chǎng)的方案策略。從20世紀(jì)70年代末起,政府通過(guò)資助技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、推出經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)政策(包括聯(lián)邦稅收抵免以及州一級(jí)的監(jiān)管指令),使第一代可再生能源初創(chuàng)企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上站穩(wěn)腳跟,最終僅僅用價(jià)格就擊敗了原來(lái)那些污染嚴(yán)重的企業(yè)。

碳去除能夠如法炮制,通過(guò)注入新資金來(lái)鼓勵(lì)創(chuàng)新、加快部署。在等式的這一端,對(duì)創(chuàng)新的支持已經(jīng)有了一個(gè)充滿希望的開(kāi)始,這方面的國(guó)會(huì)預(yù)算最近從零增加到了每年9000多萬(wàn)美元,還涌現(xiàn)出相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資和慈善項(xiàng)目,例如價(jià)值1億美元的XPRIZE。國(guó)會(huì)也有機(jī)會(huì)通過(guò)預(yù)算調(diào)整和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施一攬子計(jì)劃改善等式中的需求面,比如通過(guò)提升45Q條款中對(duì)直接空氣捕獲的稅收抵免,在美國(guó)各地投資碳儲(chǔ)存中心等。

然而,光靠清潔能源的老一套可能還不夠。清潔能源技術(shù)爭(zhēng)奪的是電力和交通領(lǐng)域價(jià)值數(shù)萬(wàn)億美元的全球市場(chǎng),碳去除需要一個(gè)愿意為凈化大氣買單的買家——而沒(méi)有比美國(guó)政府更好的客戶了。

聯(lián)邦政府可以在采購(gòu)中鼓勵(lì)碳去除。首先,政府能夠通過(guò)“購(gòu)買清潔產(chǎn)品”來(lái)提振碳去除領(lǐng)域的創(chuàng)新。例如,政府在采購(gòu)中選擇使用由減碳技術(shù)制成的產(chǎn)品(比如由捕獲的碳制成的混凝土或商業(yè)地毯)的承包商,可以鼓勵(lì)重工業(yè)部門的減排,推動(dòng)對(duì)直接空氣捕捉等碳去除技術(shù)的需求進(jìn)一步上升到供應(yīng)鏈上游。這就是循環(huán)碳經(jīng)濟(jì)的概念,將對(duì)各國(guó)政府和大公司的氣候承諾產(chǎn)生影響。

但是,利用廢棄碳創(chuàng)造循環(huán)碳經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)該是碳去除采購(gòu)活動(dòng)的起點(diǎn),而不是唯一的重點(diǎn)。要實(shí)現(xiàn)凈負(fù)排放,各國(guó)政府和企業(yè)都需要將碳去除作為廢物管理的一部分,直接支付費(fèi)用,作為針對(duì)其遺留的二氧化碳排放的補(bǔ)救措施。

現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有少數(shù)公司開(kāi)始購(gòu)買碳去除服務(wù)了,通過(guò)追尋它們的腳步,政府能夠從一開(kāi)始就為碳清除行業(yè)確立嚴(yán)格的碳核算和環(huán)境保護(hù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。政府還可以傾聽(tīng)來(lái)自環(huán)境正義和勞工組織的聲音,制定能夠保障工人和社區(qū)平等的碳去除基本政策。公民社會(huì)有理由擔(dān)心會(huì)有不老實(shí)的企業(yè)以碳去除為借口拖延減排,但如果施策得當(dāng),政府的直接采購(gòu)就可以確保碳去除主要用于清除遺留的碳排放。

俗話說(shuō):“種一棵樹(shù)最好的時(shí)間是20年前,第二好的時(shí)間是今天?!睔夂蜃兓驮谘矍?。但是,如果我們今天就開(kāi)始行動(dòng),一起來(lái)植樹(shù),生產(chǎn)直接進(jìn)行空氣捕捉的機(jī)器,探索一切有望清除幾個(gè)世紀(jì)來(lái)遺留下來(lái)的碳排放的解決方案,利頓遭受的氣候?yàn)?zāi)難就并不一定會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)持續(xù)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

諾亞·戴奇是Carbon180的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人和總裁,這是一個(gè)致力于加速發(fā)展碳去除解決方案的新型非營(yíng)利組織。

譯者:Agatha

This summer, the town of Lytton, BC reached 121°F, setting the all-time temperature record in Canada. The next day, Lytton burned down in a wildfire.

The tragedy in Lytton is a vivid example that climate change is here. It shows just how urgent stopping carbon emissions is today, as failing to do so will lead to increasingly frequent and extreme disasters around the world.

It also shows that stopping emissions alone is a grossly insufficient response to climate change. Carbon pollution remains in the atmosphere for centuries. Unless we begin to clean up legacy carbon emissions from past industrial activity, we are sentencing current and future generations–even those living in a zero-emission society–to the grave impacts of climate change.

Accordingly, it is now essential to support carbon removal strategies for capturing and storing CO2 directly from the atmosphere. While a number of solutions hold promise–including planting trees, sequestering carbon in agricultural soils, and building direct air capture machines– climate initiatives have neglected carbon removal to date. As a result, nascent carbon removal pathways with the largest technical potential currently cost 10 to 100 times more than traditional offsets, and have only been deployed at demonstration scale. Projects in forestry and agriculture have struggled with accounting and oversight to ensure the carbon that they actually remove is as claimed.

To get carbon removal solutions off the ground, we would be wise to borrow elements from the playbook that propelled technologies like solar energy and electric vehicles from expensive and niche into the mainstream. Starting in the late 1970s, a combination of government funding for innovation and economic incentives (including federal tax credits and state-level regulatory mandates) enabled the first generation of renewable energy startups to gain an initial foothold in the market and eventually out-compete their pollution-heavy incumbents on price alone.

Carbon removal can follow this path with an injection of new funding to catalyze innovation and deployment. The innovation side of this equation is already off to a promising start, as Congressional funding recently increased from zero to over $90 million annually, and venture capital and philanthropic efforts like the $100 million XPRIZE have emerged. Congress has an opportunity to boost the demand side of this equation in the budget reconciliation and infrastructure package by increasing the value of the 45Q tax credit for direct air capture and seeding investment in carbon storage hubs across the US.

The clean energy playbook alone, however, is likely insufficient. Whereas other clean energy technologies are competing for trillion-dollar global markets for electricity and transportation, carbon removal needs a buyer willing to pay for cleaning up the atmosphere–and there’s no better customer than the US government.

Federal procurement can catalyze carbon removal. To start, the government can kickstart innovation in carbon removal by “buying clean.” By selecting contractors that use carbontech products, like concrete or commercial carpeting made from captured carbon, government purchasers can encourage emissions reductions in heavy industrial sectors and drive demand for carbon removal technologies like direct air capture further up the supply chain. That’s the concept of circular carbon economy, set to influence international climate pledges from governments and large companies.

However, creating a circular carbon economy focused on utilizing waste carbon alone should be the starting point for carbon removal procurement efforts, not the sole focus. Achieving net-negative emissions will require governments and companies alike to remediate their legacy CO2 emissions by paying for carbon removal directly as a waste management service.

By following in the footsteps of the small cadre of companies purchasing carbon removal today, governments can ensure strong standards for carbon accounting and environmental protection are embedded in legacy carbon clean-up efforts from the beginning. Governments can also ensure that voices from environmental justice and labor organizations co-create foundational carbon removal policies that advance equity for workers and communities. Civil society is right to worry about disingenuous actors promising carbon removal as an excuse for delaying emissions reductions, but done right, direct government procurement efforts can ensure carbon removal is used primarily for legacy emissions.

As the proverb goes: “the best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, and the second-best time is today.” Climate change is here. But if we unite today to start planting trees, building direct air capture machines, and exploring everything in between that holds promise for cleaning up legacy emissions from centuries past, climate disasters like the one in Lytton don’t have to be forever.

Noah Deich is cofounder and president of Carbon180, a new breed of non-profit dedicated to accelerating the development of carbon removal solutions.

財(cái)富中文網(wǎng)所刊載內(nèi)容之知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)為財(cái)富媒體知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)有限公司及/或相關(guān)權(quán)利人專屬所有或持有。未經(jīng)許可,禁止進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)載、摘編、復(fù)制及建立鏡像等任何使用。
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