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假如股市24小時都能交易,會發(fā)生什么?

Delcan Harty
2021-10-12

延長美股交易時間的行動曾進展緩慢,而且遭到許多華爾街人士的指摘,但近年來此項舉措獲得了新的動力。

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華爾街就要掛上“晚間營業(yè)”的牌子了。

幾十年來,美國股市的主要交易時間一直是工作日開市的那六個半小時。

在開盤和收盤鐘聲之間,紐約證券交易所和納斯達克市場的交易日總是很瘋狂。價值高達數(shù)萬億美元的數(shù)十億股股票在個人和機構(gòu)之間換手,而且這些交易通常都會在零點幾秒之內(nèi)完成。然后,到了美國東部時間下午四點,整個市場就會停頓下來。接下來的幾個小時里還會有一些交易,但對全世界的投資者和交易者來說,收盤鐘聲確實會讓他們按下暫停鍵,在當(dāng)天剩下的時間里不再進行美股的多空爭奪。

直到現(xiàn)在情況一直如此。

就像餐館意識到芝士漢堡和薯條在凌晨一點的誘惑力一樣,美國股市在一定程度上也開始進行全天交易了。

完成beta測試后,證券公司Blue Ocean Technologies的新另類交易系統(tǒng)BOATS9月28日正式投入使用。需要進行零星股票交易的投資者現(xiàn)在可以通過在BOATS上注冊的券商在晚間買賣某些美股。BOATS的交易時間為美國東部時間晚上8點到凌晨4點,每周交易五天,從而填補了美股市后交易結(jié)束到第二天盤前交易開始之間的空白時段。Blue Ocean Technologies總裁兼首席運營官布萊恩·海因德曼表示,在全面推動美股實現(xiàn)全天交易的背景下,BOATS是率先投入使用的系統(tǒng)之一,而且他希望這樣的交易能順利實施。

在此前逾十年時間里,海因德曼一直在納斯達克擔(dān)任高管。他對《財富》雜志表示:“在當(dāng)今這個時代,我們沒有理由不賦予投資者一天24小時都能管理風(fēng)險的能力?!?

延長美股交易時間的行動曾進展緩慢,而且遭到許多華爾街人士的指摘,但近年來此項舉措獲得了新的動力。E*Trade和TD Ameritrade幾年前就開始允許客戶24小時交易某幾只股票。Blue Ocean Technologies也希望這樣做,而且規(guī)模要大得多。海因德曼說,BOATS的券商客戶同時面向散戶和機構(gòu)投資者,他們目前可以交易一批股票,而且這些股票的數(shù)量正在不斷增多。Blue Ocean Technologies計劃在短時間內(nèi)將標(biāo)普500指數(shù)等主要股指的成分股納入此項業(yè)務(wù)。

呼吁美股實現(xiàn)不間斷交易的不只是Blue Ocean Technologies一家。

無獨有偶,目前提供外匯和加密貨幣交易服務(wù)的24 Exchange也在9月28日發(fā)布公告稱,該交易所已開始向美國監(jiān)管部門申請全國證券交易所牌照。24 Exchange的總部設(shè)在百慕大,負責(zé)人德米特里·加里諾夫長期在電子交易機構(gòu)擔(dān)任高管。該交易所希望一年365天提供股票交易服務(wù),包括節(jié)假日。在它看來,對已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于隨心所欲地買賣加密貨幣等資產(chǎn)的個人投資者來說,這樣的遠大目標(biāo)會特別有吸引力。24 Exchange預(yù)計將在今后幾周完成向美國證券交易委員會的申請,隨之而來的將是為期幾個月的審核,這個階段或許會在2022年延續(xù)很長一段時間。

但晚間交易有一個非常大的隱患,那就是缺乏流動性。

24小時交易當(dāng)然會吸引國外投資者的注意,但半夜或凌晨開展交易的人肯定較少。這可能會讓晚間交易和投資者經(jīng)歷的日間市場出現(xiàn)巨大差異。E*Trade和TD Ameritrade的晚間交易服務(wù)都詳細披露了相關(guān)風(fēng)險,包括股價振幅可能較大,流動性可能較低以及買盤賣盤價差較大。

設(shè)在巴爾的摩的大型投資機構(gòu)T. Rowe Price全球系統(tǒng)性交易和市場結(jié)構(gòu)負責(zé)人梅米特·基納克對《財富》雜志表示,即使是在下午四點收盤后立即開始的市后交易中,股票買賣“也缺乏效率,當(dāng)然也無秩序可言。我沒法想象周末凌晨兩點的市場會是什么樣的?!?/p>

考慮到開盤和收盤之際交易的集中程度,基納克甚至曾建議將美股現(xiàn)行交易時間縮短半小時。反過來講,在他看來,市場在某幾個小時開盤的根本原因是為了聚集流動性,產(chǎn)生連續(xù)競價,從而形成更合理的價格,推動全天交易則和這些理由完全相悖。

基納克說:“把交易時間延長到全天、周末和節(jié)假日,那就會把股市變成賭場?!?/p>

與上午11點的市場相比,24 Exchange負責(zé)人加里諾夫和Blue Ocean Technologies總裁海因德曼似乎都沒有想過為什么要在凌晨三點,而不是上午11點買賣股票。

就Blue Ocean Technologies而言,海因德曼說該公司對BOATS上交易證券的數(shù)量加以限制,以便集中流動性。同時,這個另類交易系統(tǒng)還在和做市商以及流動性提供商聯(lián)手構(gòu)建雙向市場。Blue Ocean Technologies的客戶中已經(jīng)包括Virtu Financial和Jane Street。對加里諾夫來說,在必要時為投資者提供交易渠道的需要對恰當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險管理來說至關(guān)重要,無論交易的起因是特斯拉首席執(zhí)行官埃隆·馬斯克周六發(fā)了推特,還是美國上市公司在亞洲、也就是美國入夜之際崩了盤。即使這確實意味著交易環(huán)境可能變差。

華爾街越發(fā)認(rèn)識到金融市場已經(jīng)變得比以往任何時候都更高效和更全球化,這凸顯了上述兩家公司所付出努力的重要性。加密貨幣等持續(xù)交易型資產(chǎn)的崛起也迫使銀行、券商和交易所終于要回答許多人多年前就提出的問題,那就是如何運營全天開放的交易業(yè)務(wù),進而有可能讓這些機構(gòu)在迎接美股將要出現(xiàn)的新事物時處于有利位置。

彭博行業(yè)研究(Bloomberg Intelligence)不間斷交易部門市場結(jié)構(gòu)研究負責(zé)人拉里·塔布說:“人們的興趣正在增大。這個世界正越來越多地變成一個更為全球化的交易市場。不管我們是否喜歡,今后一定會有人在凌晨兩點的時候進行交易?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W(wǎng))

譯者:Charlie

華爾街就要掛上“晚間營業(yè)”的牌子了。

幾十年來,美國股市的主要交易時間一直是工作日開市的那六個半小時。

在開盤和收盤鐘聲之間,紐約證券交易所和納斯達克市場的交易日總是很瘋狂。價值高達數(shù)萬億美元的數(shù)十億股股票在個人和機構(gòu)之間換手,而且這些交易通常都會在零點幾秒之內(nèi)完成。然后,到了美國東部時間下午四點,整個市場就會停頓下來。接下來的幾個小時里還會有一些交易,但對全世界的投資者和交易者來說,收盤鐘聲確實會讓他們按下暫停鍵,在當(dāng)天剩下的時間里不再進行美股的多空爭奪。

直到現(xiàn)在情況一直如此。

就像餐館意識到芝士漢堡和薯條在凌晨一點的誘惑力一樣,美國股市在一定程度上也開始進行全天交易了。

完成beta測試后,證券公司Blue Ocean Technologies的新另類交易系統(tǒng)BOATS9月28日正式投入使用。需要進行零星股票交易的投資者現(xiàn)在可以通過在BOATS上注冊的券商在晚間買賣某些美股。BOATS的交易時間為美國東部時間晚上8點到凌晨4點,每周交易五天,從而填補了美股市后交易結(jié)束到第二天盤前交易開始之間的空白時段。Blue Ocean Technologies總裁兼首席運營官布萊恩·海因德曼表示,在全面推動美股實現(xiàn)全天交易的背景下,BOATS是率先投入使用的系統(tǒng)之一,而且他希望這樣的交易能順利實施。

在此前逾十年時間里,海因德曼一直在納斯達克擔(dān)任高管。他對《財富》雜志表示:“在當(dāng)今這個時代,我們沒有理由不賦予投資者一天24小時都能管理風(fēng)險的能力。”

延長美股交易時間的行動曾進展緩慢,而且遭到許多華爾街人士的指摘,但近年來此項舉措獲得了新的動力。E*Trade和TD Ameritrade幾年前就開始允許客戶24小時交易某幾只股票。Blue Ocean Technologies也希望這樣做,而且規(guī)模要大得多。海因德曼說,BOATS的券商客戶同時面向散戶和機構(gòu)投資者,他們目前可以交易一批股票,而且這些股票的數(shù)量正在不斷增多。Blue Ocean Technologies計劃在短時間內(nèi)將標(biāo)普500指數(shù)等主要股指的成分股納入此項業(yè)務(wù)。

呼吁美股實現(xiàn)不間斷交易的不只是Blue Ocean Technologies一家。

無獨有偶,目前提供外匯和加密貨幣交易服務(wù)的24 Exchange也在9月28日發(fā)布公告稱,該交易所已開始向美國監(jiān)管部門申請全國證券交易所牌照。24 Exchange的總部設(shè)在百慕大,負責(zé)人德米特里·加里諾夫長期在電子交易機構(gòu)擔(dān)任高管。該交易所希望一年365天提供股票交易服務(wù),包括節(jié)假日。在它看來,對已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于隨心所欲地買賣加密貨幣等資產(chǎn)的個人投資者來說,這樣的遠大目標(biāo)會特別有吸引力。24 Exchange預(yù)計將在今后幾周完成向美國證券交易委員會的申請,隨之而來的將是為期幾個月的審核,這個階段或許會在2022年延續(xù)很長一段時間。

但晚間交易有一個非常大的隱患,那就是缺乏流動性。

24小時交易當(dāng)然會吸引國外投資者的注意,但半夜或凌晨開展交易的人肯定較少。這可能會讓晚間交易和投資者經(jīng)歷的日間市場出現(xiàn)巨大差異。E*Trade和TD Ameritrade的晚間交易服務(wù)都詳細披露了相關(guān)風(fēng)險,包括股價振幅可能較大,流動性可能較低以及買盤賣盤價差較大。

設(shè)在巴爾的摩的大型投資機構(gòu)T. Rowe Price全球系統(tǒng)性交易和市場結(jié)構(gòu)負責(zé)人梅米特·基納克對《財富》雜志表示,即使是在下午四點收盤后立即開始的市后交易中,股票買賣“也缺乏效率,當(dāng)然也無秩序可言。我沒法想象周末凌晨兩點的市場會是什么樣的?!?/p>

考慮到開盤和收盤之際交易的集中程度,基納克甚至曾建議將美股現(xiàn)行交易時間縮短半小時。反過來講,在他看來,市場在某幾個小時開盤的根本原因是為了聚集流動性,產(chǎn)生連續(xù)競價,從而形成更合理的價格,推動全天交易則和這些理由完全相悖。

基納克說:“把交易時間延長到全天、周末和節(jié)假日,那就會把股市變成賭場。”

與上午11點的市場相比,24 Exchange負責(zé)人加里諾夫和Blue Ocean Technologies總裁海因德曼似乎都沒有想過為什么要在凌晨三點,而不是上午11點買賣股票。

就Blue Ocean Technologies而言,海因德曼說該公司對BOATS上交易證券的數(shù)量加以限制,以便集中流動性。同時,這個另類交易系統(tǒng)還在和做市商以及流動性提供商聯(lián)手構(gòu)建雙向市場。Blue Ocean Technologies的客戶中已經(jīng)包括Virtu Financial和Jane Street。對加里諾夫來說,在必要時為投資者提供交易渠道的需要對恰當(dāng)?shù)娘L(fēng)險管理來說至關(guān)重要,無論交易的起因是特斯拉首席執(zhí)行官埃隆·馬斯克周六發(fā)了推特,還是美國上市公司在亞洲、也就是美國入夜之際崩了盤。即使這確實意味著交易環(huán)境可能變差。

華爾街越發(fā)認(rèn)識到金融市場已經(jīng)變得比以往任何時候都更高效和更全球化,這凸顯了上述兩家公司所付出努力的重要性。加密貨幣等持續(xù)交易型資產(chǎn)的崛起也迫使銀行、券商和交易所終于要回答許多人多年前就提出的問題,那就是如何運營全天開放的交易業(yè)務(wù),進而有可能讓這些機構(gòu)在迎接美股將要出現(xiàn)的新事物時處于有利位置。

彭博行業(yè)研究(Bloomberg Intelligence)不間斷交易部門市場結(jié)構(gòu)研究負責(zé)人拉里·塔布說:“人們的興趣正在增大。這個世界正越來越多地變成一個更為全球化的交易市場。不管我們是否喜歡,今后一定會有人在凌晨兩點的時候進行交易。”(財富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Charlie

Wall Street is turning on the “open late” sign.

Stocks have for decades primarily traded in the U.S. within the six and a half hours that the market is open each day during the week.

Bookended by the opening and closing bells of the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, the trading day is often frenetic. Individuals and institutions swap billions of shares worth trillions of dollars with one another at speeds often measured in fractions of seconds. And then, at 4 p.m. Eastern Time, it all essentially comes to a standstill. Some trading occurs in the hours immediately after, but, in effect, the closing bell forces investors and traders around the world to press pause on their bets and hedges on U.S. equities for the remainder of the day.

Until now, that is.

The stock market—just like a restaurant that recognizes the allure of a cheeseburger and fries at 1 a.m.—has partly opened for trading 24 hours a day.

Investors with a case of the stock-trading munchies can now buy and sell certain U.S. equities overnight through broker-dealers subscribed to a new alternative trading system that officially launched out of beta on Tuesday. Open from 8 p.m. to 4 a.m. ET, five days a week, Blue Ocean Technologies’ ATS (alternative trading system), known as BOATS, allows trading in what had previously been an hours-long void that existed between the end of the stock market’s after-hours session and the beginning of the next day’s premarket one—a move that president and COO Brian Hyndman sees as one of the first in a broader push to allow U.S. stocks to trade at any time of day, hopefully with ease.

“There’s no reason, in this day and age, that we shouldn’t give investors the ability to manage their risks 24 hours a day,” Hyndman, who previously spent more than a decade as a Nasdaq executive, tells Fortune.

Once a slow-rolling movement rebuked by many on Wall Street, the campaign to extend the market’s hours of operation has caught new wind in recent years. E*Trade and TD Ameritrade have offered customers the ability to trade a handful of equities 24 hours a day for several years now. Blue Ocean hopes to do the same, but on a far greater scale. Currently, the ATS allows its broker-dealer clients, who cater to both retail and institutional investors, to trade a growing but select menu of equities, says Hyndman. Blue Ocean plans to offer trading to the member stocks of the S&P 500 and other major indexes soon, he says.

And it’s not just Blue Ocean that is behind the calls for a never-ending trading day.

In a coincidentally timed announcement on Tuesday, 24 Exchange, which currently deals in the foreign-exchange and cryptocurrency markets, revealed that it has begun applying for a national securities exchange license with U.S. regulators. Led by longtime electronic-trading executive Dmitri Galinov, the Bermuda-based exchange wants to offer stock trading 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year—including holidays—an ambition it thinks will be particularly appealing to individual investors who have become accustomed to trading assets such as crypto whenever they please: 24 Exchange expects to complete its application with the Securities and Exchange Commission in the coming weeks, which would kick off a months-long review period that may last well into 2022.

There’s one very big downside of overnight trading, though: the lack of liquidity.

While 24-hour trading will surely attract the attention of international investors, the market is still bound to see a smaller pool of people trading in the latest hours of the night or the earliest parts of the morning. That is likely to make trading vastly different from what investors experience during the day. E*Trade and TD Ameritrade warn as much in the details of their overnight-trading offerings, saying that greater price volatility, lower levels of liquidity, and wider bid-ask spreads are all possible.

Even in the after-hours sessions that come right after the 4 p.m. close, trading is “not efficient, and it’s certainly not orderly,” Mehmet Kinak, who is the global head of systematic trading and market structure at Baltimore-based investment giant T. Rowe Price, tells Fortune. “I can’t imagine what it would look like on a weekend at 2 a.m.”

Kinak has even called for 30 minutes to be carved out of the U.S. stock market’s current hours, considering how much activity is consolidated around the open and close. In contrast, the push for 24-hours-a-day stock trading, in Kinak’s eyes, represents a direct conflict with the very reasons why the market is open for certain hours: to aggregate liquidity, create order-by-order competition, and to lead to better prices.

“When you take it to 24 hours, weekends, holidays—essentially, it’s a casino at that point,” Kinak says.

Neither 24 Exchange’s Galinov nor Blue Ocean’s Hyndman seems to have any illusions about how a stock would trade at, say, 3 a.m., versus 11 a.m.

Blue Ocean, for its part, is limiting the number of securities trading on BOATS to try to concentrate liquidity, Hyndman says. The ATS is also working with market makers and liquidity providers to create a two-sided market. Blue Ocean already names Virtu Financial and Jane Street as some of its clients. And for Galinov, the need to provide investors with a way to trade when they need to—whether it be in response to a Saturday tweet from Tesla CEO Elon Musk or a U.S.-listed company imploding in Asia late in the evening U.S. time—is paramount to proper risk management. Even if that does mean potentially worse trading conditions.

Underscoring the efforts from both companies is the growing realization on Wall Street that financial markets are more efficient and global than ever before. The rise of asset classes like cryptocurrencies that trade on a continual basis has forced banks, broker-dealers, and trading shops to finally address the question many had years ago of how to operate a trading desk 24 hours a day, which, in turn, has potentially positioned them well for what’s to come in U.S. equities.

“The appetite is growing,” says Larry Tabb, head of market structure research at Bloomberg Intelligence, of nonstop trading. “Increasingly, the world’s becoming a more global trading place. And whether we like it or not, there’s going to be people at two o’clock in the morning trading.”

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