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雜志訂閱

什么是新興銀行?了解一下它的收費(fèi)、特權(quán)和前景

Megan Leonhardt
2021-11-08

一份報(bào)告顯示,有大約30%的美國(guó)人使用某類專注在線業(yè)務(wù)的銀行。

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當(dāng)您要存錢時(shí),您是更傾向新興銀行還是傳統(tǒng)銀行?是否可以說(shuō),“金融權(quán)力屬于多數(shù)人,而不是少數(shù)人”?消費(fèi)者在考慮放棄自己的銀行轉(zhuǎn)向所謂的新興銀行或“專注金融科技與創(chuàng)新”的挑戰(zhàn)者銀行時(shí)面臨許多挑戰(zhàn),而如何區(qū)分不同的廣告營(yíng)銷(更不用說(shuō)費(fèi)用、開(kāi)支、隱性成本和便利性)只是這些挑戰(zhàn)的一部分。

許多熱門的金融科技銀行應(yīng)用程序在市場(chǎng)推廣時(shí),宣揚(yáng)自己是民主化的金融,提供無(wú)壓力的注冊(cè)、透明的定價(jià),以及用戶在需要資金時(shí)能夠方便取出。而美國(guó)人正在慢慢開(kāi)始買賬。Plaid的《2021年金融科技報(bào)告》(2021 Fintech Report)顯示,大約30%的美國(guó)人使用某類專注在線業(yè)務(wù)的銀行。大約67%的美國(guó)客戶使用純數(shù)字化銀行業(yè)務(wù)和傳統(tǒng)銀行的在線或移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序。

Aite-Novarica是一家技術(shù)、金融服務(wù)和保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)的咨詢公司,其零售銀行和支付業(yè)務(wù)主管大衛(wèi)·阿爾貝塔齊稱:"一般來(lái)說(shuō),[金融科技公司]在定價(jià)和功能方面對(duì)消費(fèi)者更加透明。”在全面審查50家金融科技公司的過(guò)程中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)許多公司在其網(wǎng)站上明確列出了費(fèi)用和定價(jià),不過(guò)通常標(biāo)在常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題和法律披露中較為隱密的地方。而其他隱性費(fèi)用標(biāo)注的地方就只有最精明的消費(fèi)者才能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)了。消費(fèi)者在放棄傳統(tǒng)銀行前可以考慮以下因素。

費(fèi)用

透明度是好事,但這并不總是意味著不收費(fèi)。在《財(cái)富》雜志審查的金融科技公司中,約有一半收取典型的銀行費(fèi)用,包括每月賬戶會(huì)員費(fèi)或訂閱費(fèi)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)外自動(dòng)取款費(fèi)用,以及與現(xiàn)金存款相關(guān)的費(fèi)用。

例如,Digit和Tend的入門級(jí)銀行賬戶每月收費(fèi)約10美元,而Revolut的精英訂閱計(jì)劃收費(fèi)16.99美元(但是,Revolut確實(shí)提供一個(gè)免費(fèi)的選項(xiàng),并且剛剛改進(jìn)了其免費(fèi)服務(wù))。另外,Dave每月收取會(huì)員費(fèi)1美元,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外ATM費(fèi)用,同時(shí)對(duì)所有的蘋(píng)果支付(Apple Pay)、谷歌支付(Google Pay),以及借記卡轉(zhuǎn)賬所發(fā)生的金額收取1%的手續(xù)費(fèi)。

Bankrate的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,傳統(tǒng)銀行的計(jì)息支票賬戶的平均月費(fèi)是16.35美元。無(wú)息賬戶的平均月費(fèi)為5.08美元??偠灾?,許多新興銀行和金融科技公司的收費(fèi)機(jī)制與傳統(tǒng)銀行相比,變化并不太大。

傳統(tǒng)銀行收取費(fèi)用的平均成本。資料來(lái)源:BANKRATE’S 2021 CHECKING ACCOUNT AND ATM FEE STUDY

新興銀行的客戶也會(huì)累積外部費(fèi)用。雖然應(yīng)用程序可能不會(huì)收取ATM費(fèi)用,但終端運(yùn)營(yíng)商就不一定了。同樣,對(duì)于要將現(xiàn)金存入金融科技銀行賬戶的消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō),特別是那些在酒店和餐館等現(xiàn)金密集型行業(yè)工作的客戶,也是如此。比如,Current允許客戶在全國(guó)6萬(wàn)多家商店將現(xiàn)金存入他們的賬戶,這一過(guò)程相當(dāng)容易,但每筆交易收取3.5美元的費(fèi)用。

不同的手機(jī)銀行應(yīng)用程序?qū)映霾桓F,許多確實(shí)提供了實(shí)體銀行沒(méi)有的服務(wù),例如提前獲得直接存款、可觀的現(xiàn)金返還獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),有些服務(wù)甚至與他們目標(biāo)服務(wù)的社區(qū)直接相關(guān)。

比如,Majority于2019年推出,自稱是一個(gè)“針對(duì)移民的一體化移動(dòng)銀行應(yīng)用程序”,每月收取5美元的訂閱費(fèi)??蛻艨梢悦赓M(fèi)向超過(guò)35個(gè)國(guó)家的朋友和家人發(fā)送電話信貸,這些國(guó)家包括古巴、墨西哥、尼日利亞和哥倫比亞。

“我們只是想解決你跨境生活中的問(wèn)題?!笔紫瘓?zhí)行官馬格努斯·拉松在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)說(shuō)道,“如今,如果你是一名在美國(guó)的移民,你的支出大多為服務(wù)費(fèi)。所以,比起花10美元打電話,10美元匯款,10美元辦理銀行業(yè)務(wù),用戶通過(guò)我們的服務(wù)能夠節(jié)省很多?!币虼耍绻褂肕ajority的所有額外服務(wù),客戶可以少花錢——如果不使用,我們可能有更便宜的替代品。

據(jù)《財(cái)富》雜志分析,除了提供更多服務(wù)外,只有少數(shù)提供移動(dòng)銀行服務(wù)的金融科技公司披露了透支費(fèi)。這些服務(wù)可能會(huì)增加客戶的費(fèi)用。Bankrate的數(shù)據(jù)表明,去年,透支費(fèi)平均每次達(dá)到33.58美元。而Doxo的數(shù)據(jù)則表明,大約33%的家庭支付過(guò)透支費(fèi)。

發(fā)展中新興銀行業(yè)務(wù)

據(jù)Morning Consult公司對(duì)4400名消費(fèi)者的調(diào)查,只有約三分之一的美國(guó)人信任金融科技公司,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于銀行和信用社,而大約43%的人說(shuō)他們沒(méi)有想法。這也許也在情理之中,畢竟新興銀行出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間并不長(zhǎng),大多數(shù)都開(kāi)在近10年。

雖然金融科技銀行仍然是新生事物,但該領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)多的爭(zhēng)議。Chime銀行多次中斷,導(dǎo)致客戶無(wú)法訪問(wèn)賬戶,小企業(yè)抱怨去年Square銀行扣留了他們多達(dá)30%的付款,德國(guó)的Wirecard也在欺詐和丑聞中倒閉了。一些金融科技應(yīng)用程序還遇到了安全問(wèn)題。2020年7月,Dave被黑客攻擊,至少有750萬(wàn)客戶的個(gè)人信息遭泄露。

超過(guò)四分之一的消費(fèi)者仍然不信任金融科技(數(shù)據(jù)基于2021年4月對(duì)4400名美國(guó)消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行的實(shí)地調(diào)查)資料來(lái)源:MORNING CONSULT

而訂閱這些服務(wù)的人也不是完全得不到充分服務(wù)。盡管銀行應(yīng)用程序和金融技術(shù)公司吹噓,他們能夠減少?zèng)]有銀行賬戶的美國(guó)人的數(shù)量(這一數(shù)字在2019年約為710萬(wàn)戶),但Morning Consult發(fā)現(xiàn),低收入、農(nóng)村和黑人消費(fèi)者——通常沒(méi)有銀行賬戶的一類人——屬于對(duì)這些產(chǎn)品最不感興趣的人。

“許多美國(guó)人不信任傳統(tǒng)的銀行系統(tǒng),因?yàn)榇筱y行和大公司在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的權(quán)力太大了?!泵绹?guó)俄亥俄州民主黨參議員謝羅德·布朗說(shuō)道,“人們被收費(fèi)和二次機(jī)會(huì)賬戶弄得焦頭爛額,所以不得不轉(zhuǎn)向所謂的金融技術(shù)公司,這些公司聲稱有更容易、更便宜的銀行業(yè)務(wù)。但是這些產(chǎn)品幾乎沒(méi)有任何保障和監(jiān)管,而且隨著他們的發(fā)展,大多數(shù)似乎是復(fù)制——而不是改變——華爾街的模式。”

當(dāng)金融科技公司開(kāi)始提供銀行服務(wù)時(shí),他們通常與銀行合作。像Coastal Community Bank、MetaBank、Nbkc bank和Sutton Bank這樣鮮為人知的銀行負(fù)責(zé)應(yīng)對(duì)監(jiān)管,并提供美國(guó)聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司(FDIC)的存款保險(xiǎn),而金融科技公司則提供界面和消費(fèi)者數(shù)據(jù)。因此,通常是銀行受到更嚴(yán)格的審查,且審查方式與傳統(tǒng)銀行賬戶有所不同。

根據(jù)圣路易斯聯(lián)儲(chǔ)(St. Louis Federal Reserve)3月的分析,如果消費(fèi)者用Venmo或PayPal支付一筆余額給一個(gè)朋友,該交易可能不受《電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬法案》(Electronic Funds Transfer Act)保障。

“在保護(hù)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益方面,我們已經(jīng)看到像Square和Chime等公司的不端行為。必需追究這些公司的責(zé)任,否則所謂的金融技術(shù)公司便可以通過(guò)這些漏洞,用與銀行和信用社不同的規(guī)則行事,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng),將消費(fèi)者的資金置于危險(xiǎn)之中。"

布朗和其他立法者呼吁對(duì)該行業(yè)進(jìn)行更多的監(jiān)管,并支持“無(wú)收費(fèi)賬戶”立法,要求銀行提供免費(fèi)的數(shù)字銀行賬戶。但到目前為止,美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府層面制定的規(guī)則還很少。

Aite-Novarica公司的戰(zhàn)略顧問(wèn)大衛(wèi)·馬太說(shuō):“新興銀行很好地證明了政府要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間去適應(yīng)不斷變化的技術(shù)。我認(rèn)為政府和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)真的不知道應(yīng)該如何處理它們?!?/p>

產(chǎn)品爆炸性增長(zhǎng)

無(wú)論監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和立法機(jī)關(guān)是否為該行業(yè)進(jìn)行額外的指導(dǎo),該行業(yè)已經(jīng)在不斷發(fā)展和壯大。據(jù)彭博社(Bloomberg)報(bào)道,目前全球有300多家金融科技公司在運(yùn)營(yíng)。大多數(shù)公司不僅提供借記消費(fèi)卡、支票和儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶,而且還提供投資、退休儲(chǔ)蓄,甚至是加密貨幣業(yè)務(wù)。

這吸引了大筆資金。根據(jù)畢馬威(KPMG)的數(shù)據(jù),2021年上半年,全球風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司在金融科技領(lǐng)域的資金達(dá)到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的523億美元,是2020年下半年融資水平的兩倍多。

馬太指出:“新興銀行和其他科技創(chuàng)業(yè)公司一樣,會(huì)不斷成長(zhǎng)?!彼麄冋跀U(kuò)大規(guī)模,迫切地要在市場(chǎng)上攫取重要份額。雖然新興銀行的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與傳統(tǒng)銀行非常不同,在短期內(nèi)有一定回旋余地,但長(zhǎng)期盈利能力還是大頭。

阿爾貝塔齊表示:“盈利能力肯定是審查的一部分,而這樣看來(lái),他們已經(jīng)沒(méi)有時(shí)間盈利了?!比绻巴久烀?,就可能會(huì)讓人懷疑新興銀行是否能夠繼續(xù)提供其低成本的服務(wù)。

一些新興銀行開(kāi)始關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)銀行一直以來(lái)的正確做法,在某些情況下,它們從銀行伙伴關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)向成為(或購(gòu)買)成熟的銀行,以削減成本,擴(kuò)大機(jī)會(huì),追求更多的收入渠道。阿爾貝塔齊指出,無(wú)論是在監(jiān)管方面還是在盈利方面,銀行合作模式不太能夠長(zhǎng)期有效?!霸谖铱磥?lái),那些可以生存下來(lái)的[新興銀行],要么有銀行執(zhí)照,要么能夠拿到銀行執(zhí)照。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,他們不能依靠第三方?!?/p>

一些新興銀行已經(jīng)在展望未來(lái)。譬如,Varo銀行是第一個(gè)被授予國(guó)家銀行執(zhí)照的消費(fèi)金融科技公司。其首席執(zhí)行官及創(chuàng)始人科林·沃爾什稱:“我們選擇銀行特許經(jīng)營(yíng),這樣我們可以提供非常豐富的系列產(chǎn)品,它消除了中間商的成本,為我們實(shí)現(xiàn)貨幣化提供了不同方式。”

他還表示,依賴一家中介銀行會(huì)使Vero權(quán)限受限,像消費(fèi)者數(shù)據(jù)、信貸核保,甚至直接訪問(wèn)支付系統(tǒng)等方面的限制。沃爾什說(shuō):“如今,我們像銀行一樣開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù),每次有人用卡進(jìn)行交易時(shí),我們不需要付費(fèi);有人通過(guò)ACH轉(zhuǎn)移資金或存入支票時(shí),我們也不需要支付費(fèi)用,但在以前這些我們都是要付費(fèi)的。”

他還補(bǔ)充道:“經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和它所產(chǎn)生利潤(rùn)率,以及你為客戶實(shí)際創(chuàng)造更多價(jià)值的能力以及產(chǎn)生更好的單位經(jīng)濟(jì)性等方面是非常有意義的。”值得注意的是,Varo在9月的最新一輪融資中籌集了5.1億美元,現(xiàn)在的估值為25億美元。

自從Varo獲得銀行執(zhí)照后,Square獲得了工業(yè)銀行執(zhí)照的批準(zhǔn),而SoFi獲得了初步批準(zhǔn)。Revolut也在走特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的道路。Revolut的首席執(zhí)行官羅納德·奧利維拉說(shuō):“除了存款,這還使我們能夠獨(dú)立運(yùn)營(yíng),不依賴于贊助銀行?!盧evolut已經(jīng)在美國(guó)以及英國(guó)、澳大利亞和新加坡申請(qǐng)了銀行執(zhí)照,而在東歐已經(jīng)擁有了一張銀行執(zhí)照。

其他公司則希望通過(guò)收購(gòu)來(lái)鋪平道路。M1金融公司的首席執(zhí)行官最近收購(gòu)了First National Bank of Buhl,以擴(kuò)大M1的銀行業(yè)務(wù)能力,推動(dòng)提供個(gè)人貸款、汽車貸款和抵押貸款。首席執(zhí)行官布萊恩·巴恩斯向《財(cái)富》雜志表示,M1在未來(lái)會(huì)成為一家銀行,并得到相應(yīng)監(jiān)管。

但是,新興銀行在擴(kuò)大規(guī)模,尋求特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)時(shí)能否保持獨(dú)立,還有待觀察。阿爾貝塔齊認(rèn)為,至少有一些新興銀行會(huì)被經(jīng)營(yíng)許久的美國(guó)大型金融機(jī)構(gòu)所收購(gòu),比如像西班牙對(duì)外銀行(BBVA)對(duì)Simple Bank的收購(gòu)。

阿爾貝塔齊說(shuō):“雖然現(xiàn)在收購(gòu)很多,但并不表示收購(gòu)的銀行能夠盈利;而我們要問(wèn)自己的一個(gè)大問(wèn)題就是:這些新興銀行或挑戰(zhàn)者銀行未來(lái)能否獨(dú)立擴(kuò)大規(guī)模?關(guān)鍵是能否建立一個(gè)盈利的銀行業(yè)務(wù)?”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Transn

當(dāng)您要存錢時(shí),您是更傾向新興銀行還是傳統(tǒng)銀行?是否可以說(shuō),“金融權(quán)力屬于多數(shù)人,而不是少數(shù)人”?消費(fèi)者在考慮放棄自己的銀行轉(zhuǎn)向所謂的新興銀行或“專注金融科技與創(chuàng)新”的挑戰(zhàn)者銀行時(shí)面臨許多挑戰(zhàn),而如何區(qū)分不同的廣告營(yíng)銷(更不用說(shuō)費(fèi)用、開(kāi)支、隱性成本和便利性)只是這些挑戰(zhàn)的一部分。

許多熱門的金融科技銀行應(yīng)用程序在市場(chǎng)推廣時(shí),宣揚(yáng)自己是民主化的金融,提供無(wú)壓力的注冊(cè)、透明的定價(jià),以及用戶在需要資金時(shí)能夠方便取出。而美國(guó)人正在慢慢開(kāi)始買賬。Plaid的《2021年金融科技報(bào)告》(2021 Fintech Report)顯示,大約30%的美國(guó)人使用某類專注在線業(yè)務(wù)的銀行。大約67%的美國(guó)客戶使用純數(shù)字化銀行業(yè)務(wù)和傳統(tǒng)銀行的在線或移動(dòng)應(yīng)用程序。

Aite-Novarica是一家技術(shù)、金融服務(wù)和保險(xiǎn)行業(yè)的咨詢公司,其零售銀行和支付業(yè)務(wù)主管大衛(wèi)·阿爾貝塔齊稱:"一般來(lái)說(shuō),[金融科技公司]在定價(jià)和功能方面對(duì)消費(fèi)者更加透明?!痹谌鎸彶?0家金融科技公司的過(guò)程中,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)許多公司在其網(wǎng)站上明確列出了費(fèi)用和定價(jià),不過(guò)通常標(biāo)在常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題和法律披露中較為隱密的地方。而其他隱性費(fèi)用標(biāo)注的地方就只有最精明的消費(fèi)者才能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)了。消費(fèi)者在放棄傳統(tǒng)銀行前可以考慮以下因素。

費(fèi)用

透明度是好事,但這并不總是意味著不收費(fèi)。在《財(cái)富》雜志審查的金融科技公司中,約有一半收取典型的銀行費(fèi)用,包括每月賬戶會(huì)員費(fèi)或訂閱費(fèi)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)外自動(dòng)取款費(fèi)用,以及與現(xiàn)金存款相關(guān)的費(fèi)用。

例如,Digit和Tend的入門級(jí)銀行賬戶每月收費(fèi)約10美元,而Revolut的精英訂閱計(jì)劃收費(fèi)16.99美元(但是,Revolut確實(shí)提供一個(gè)免費(fèi)的選項(xiàng),并且剛剛改進(jìn)了其免費(fèi)服務(wù))。另外,Dave每月收取會(huì)員費(fèi)1美元,網(wǎng)絡(luò)外ATM費(fèi)用,同時(shí)對(duì)所有的蘋(píng)果支付(Apple Pay)、谷歌支付(Google Pay),以及借記卡轉(zhuǎn)賬所發(fā)生的金額收取1%的手續(xù)費(fèi)。

Bankrate的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,傳統(tǒng)銀行的計(jì)息支票賬戶的平均月費(fèi)是16.35美元。無(wú)息賬戶的平均月費(fèi)為5.08美元。總而言之,許多新興銀行和金融科技公司的收費(fèi)機(jī)制與傳統(tǒng)銀行相比,變化并不太大。

新興銀行的客戶也會(huì)累積外部費(fèi)用。雖然應(yīng)用程序可能不會(huì)收取ATM費(fèi)用,但終端運(yùn)營(yíng)商就不一定了。同樣,對(duì)于要將現(xiàn)金存入金融科技銀行賬戶的消費(fèi)者來(lái)說(shuō),特別是那些在酒店和餐館等現(xiàn)金密集型行業(yè)工作的客戶,也是如此。比如,Current允許客戶在全國(guó)6萬(wàn)多家商店將現(xiàn)金存入他們的賬戶,這一過(guò)程相當(dāng)容易,但每筆交易收取3.5美元的費(fèi)用。

不同的手機(jī)銀行應(yīng)用程序?qū)映霾桓F,許多確實(shí)提供了實(shí)體銀行沒(méi)有的服務(wù),例如提前獲得直接存款、可觀的現(xiàn)金返還獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),有些服務(wù)甚至與他們目標(biāo)服務(wù)的社區(qū)直接相關(guān)。

比如,Majority于2019年推出,自稱是一個(gè)“針對(duì)移民的一體化移動(dòng)銀行應(yīng)用程序”,每月收取5美元的訂閱費(fèi)??蛻艨梢悦赓M(fèi)向超過(guò)35個(gè)國(guó)家的朋友和家人發(fā)送電話信貸,這些國(guó)家包括古巴、墨西哥、尼日利亞和哥倫比亞。

“我們只是想解決你跨境生活中的問(wèn)題?!笔紫瘓?zhí)行官馬格努斯·拉松在接受《財(cái)富》雜志采訪時(shí)說(shuō)道,“如今,如果你是一名在美國(guó)的移民,你的支出大多為服務(wù)費(fèi)。所以,比起花10美元打電話,10美元匯款,10美元辦理銀行業(yè)務(wù),用戶通過(guò)我們的服務(wù)能夠節(jié)省很多?!币虼耍绻褂肕ajority的所有額外服務(wù),客戶可以少花錢——如果不使用,我們可能有更便宜的替代品。

據(jù)《財(cái)富》雜志分析,除了提供更多服務(wù)外,只有少數(shù)提供移動(dòng)銀行服務(wù)的金融科技公司披露了透支費(fèi)。這些服務(wù)可能會(huì)增加客戶的費(fèi)用。Bankrate的數(shù)據(jù)表明,去年,透支費(fèi)平均每次達(dá)到33.58美元。而Doxo的數(shù)據(jù)則表明,大約33%的家庭支付過(guò)透支費(fèi)。

發(fā)展中新興銀行業(yè)務(wù)

據(jù)Morning Consult公司對(duì)4400名消費(fèi)者的調(diào)查,只有約三分之一的美國(guó)人信任金融科技公司,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于銀行和信用社,而大約43%的人說(shuō)他們沒(méi)有想法。這也許也在情理之中,畢竟新興銀行出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間并不長(zhǎng),大多數(shù)都開(kāi)在近10年。

雖然金融科技銀行仍然是新生事物,但該領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)多的爭(zhēng)議。Chime銀行多次中斷,導(dǎo)致客戶無(wú)法訪問(wèn)賬戶,小企業(yè)抱怨去年Square銀行扣留了他們多達(dá)30%的付款,德國(guó)的Wirecard也在欺詐和丑聞中倒閉了。一些金融科技應(yīng)用程序還遇到了安全問(wèn)題。2020年7月,Dave被黑客攻擊,至少有750萬(wàn)客戶的個(gè)人信息遭泄露。

而訂閱這些服務(wù)的人也不是完全得不到充分服務(wù)。盡管銀行應(yīng)用程序和金融技術(shù)公司吹噓,他們能夠減少?zèng)]有銀行賬戶的美國(guó)人的數(shù)量(這一數(shù)字在2019年約為710萬(wàn)戶),但Morning Consult發(fā)現(xiàn),低收入、農(nóng)村和黑人消費(fèi)者——通常沒(méi)有銀行賬戶的一類人——屬于對(duì)這些產(chǎn)品最不感興趣的人。

“許多美國(guó)人不信任傳統(tǒng)的銀行系統(tǒng),因?yàn)榇筱y行和大公司在美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中的權(quán)力太大了。”美國(guó)俄亥俄州民主黨參議員謝羅德·布朗說(shuō)道,“人們被收費(fèi)和二次機(jī)會(huì)賬戶弄得焦頭爛額,所以不得不轉(zhuǎn)向所謂的金融技術(shù)公司,這些公司聲稱有更容易、更便宜的銀行業(yè)務(wù)。但是這些產(chǎn)品幾乎沒(méi)有任何保障和監(jiān)管,而且隨著他們的發(fā)展,大多數(shù)似乎是復(fù)制——而不是改變——華爾街的模式?!?/p>

當(dāng)金融科技公司開(kāi)始提供銀行服務(wù)時(shí),他們通常與銀行合作。像Coastal Community Bank、MetaBank、Nbkc bank和Sutton Bank這樣鮮為人知的銀行負(fù)責(zé)應(yīng)對(duì)監(jiān)管,并提供美國(guó)聯(lián)邦存款保險(xiǎn)公司(FDIC)的存款保險(xiǎn),而金融科技公司則提供界面和消費(fèi)者數(shù)據(jù)。因此,通常是銀行受到更嚴(yán)格的審查,且審查方式與傳統(tǒng)銀行賬戶有所不同。

根據(jù)圣路易斯聯(lián)儲(chǔ)(St. Louis Federal Reserve)3月的分析,如果消費(fèi)者用Venmo或PayPal支付一筆余額給一個(gè)朋友,該交易可能不受《電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬法案》(Electronic Funds Transfer Act)保障。

“在保護(hù)消費(fèi)者權(quán)益方面,我們已經(jīng)看到像Square和Chime等公司的不端行為。必需追究這些公司的責(zé)任,否則所謂的金融技術(shù)公司便可以通過(guò)這些漏洞,用與銀行和信用社不同的規(guī)則行事,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng),將消費(fèi)者的資金置于危險(xiǎn)之中。"

布朗和其他立法者呼吁對(duì)該行業(yè)進(jìn)行更多的監(jiān)管,并支持“無(wú)收費(fèi)賬戶”立法,要求銀行提供免費(fèi)的數(shù)字銀行賬戶。但到目前為止,美國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府層面制定的規(guī)則還很少。

Aite-Novarica公司的戰(zhàn)略顧問(wèn)大衛(wèi)·馬太說(shuō):“新興銀行很好地證明了政府要花很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間去適應(yīng)不斷變化的技術(shù)。我認(rèn)為政府和監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)真的不知道應(yīng)該如何處理它們?!?/p>

產(chǎn)品爆炸性增長(zhǎng)

無(wú)論監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)和立法機(jī)關(guān)是否為該行業(yè)進(jìn)行額外的指導(dǎo),該行業(yè)已經(jīng)在不斷發(fā)展和壯大。據(jù)彭博社(Bloomberg)報(bào)道,目前全球有300多家金融科技公司在運(yùn)營(yíng)。大多數(shù)公司不僅提供借記消費(fèi)卡、支票和儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶,而且還提供投資、退休儲(chǔ)蓄,甚至是加密貨幣業(yè)務(wù)。

這吸引了大筆資金。根據(jù)畢馬威(KPMG)的數(shù)據(jù),2021年上半年,全球風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資公司在金融科技領(lǐng)域的資金達(dá)到了創(chuàng)紀(jì)錄的523億美元,是2020年下半年融資水平的兩倍多。

馬太指出:“新興銀行和其他科技創(chuàng)業(yè)公司一樣,會(huì)不斷成長(zhǎng)?!彼麄冋跀U(kuò)大規(guī)模,迫切地要在市場(chǎng)上攫取重要份額。雖然新興銀行的衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與傳統(tǒng)銀行非常不同,在短期內(nèi)有一定回旋余地,但長(zhǎng)期盈利能力還是大頭。

阿爾貝塔齊表示:“盈利能力肯定是審查的一部分,而這樣看來(lái),他們已經(jīng)沒(méi)有時(shí)間盈利了?!比绻巴久烀#涂赡軙?huì)讓人懷疑新興銀行是否能夠繼續(xù)提供其低成本的服務(wù)。

一些新興銀行開(kāi)始關(guān)注傳統(tǒng)銀行一直以來(lái)的正確做法,在某些情況下,它們從銀行伙伴關(guān)系轉(zhuǎn)向成為(或購(gòu)買)成熟的銀行,以削減成本,擴(kuò)大機(jī)會(huì),追求更多的收入渠道。阿爾貝塔齊指出,無(wú)論是在監(jiān)管方面還是在盈利方面,銀行合作模式不太能夠長(zhǎng)期有效?!霸谖铱磥?lái),那些可以生存下來(lái)的[新興銀行],要么有銀行執(zhí)照,要么能夠拿到銀行執(zhí)照。從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看,他們不能依靠第三方?!?/p>

一些新興銀行已經(jīng)在展望未來(lái)。譬如,Varo銀行是第一個(gè)被授予國(guó)家銀行執(zhí)照的消費(fèi)金融科技公司。其首席執(zhí)行官及創(chuàng)始人科林·沃爾什稱:“我們選擇銀行特許經(jīng)營(yíng),這樣我們可以提供非常豐富的系列產(chǎn)品,它消除了中間商的成本,為我們實(shí)現(xiàn)貨幣化提供了不同方式?!?/p>

他還表示,依賴一家中介銀行會(huì)使Vero權(quán)限受限,像消費(fèi)者數(shù)據(jù)、信貸核保,甚至直接訪問(wèn)支付系統(tǒng)等方面的限制。沃爾什說(shuō):“如今,我們像銀行一樣開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù),每次有人用卡進(jìn)行交易時(shí),我們不需要付費(fèi);有人通過(guò)ACH轉(zhuǎn)移資金或存入支票時(shí),我們也不需要支付費(fèi)用,但在以前這些我們都是要付費(fèi)的。”

他還補(bǔ)充道:“經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和它所產(chǎn)生利潤(rùn)率,以及你為客戶實(shí)際創(chuàng)造更多價(jià)值的能力以及產(chǎn)生更好的單位經(jīng)濟(jì)性等方面是非常有意義的?!敝档米⒁獾氖?,Varo在9月的最新一輪融資中籌集了5.1億美元,現(xiàn)在的估值為25億美元。

自從Varo獲得銀行執(zhí)照后,Square獲得了工業(yè)銀行執(zhí)照的批準(zhǔn),而SoFi獲得了初步批準(zhǔn)。Revolut也在走特許經(jīng)營(yíng)的道路。Revolut的首席執(zhí)行官羅納德·奧利維拉說(shuō):“除了存款,這還使我們能夠獨(dú)立運(yùn)營(yíng),不依賴于贊助銀行。”Revolut已經(jīng)在美國(guó)以及英國(guó)、澳大利亞和新加坡申請(qǐng)了銀行執(zhí)照,而在東歐已經(jīng)擁有了一張銀行執(zhí)照。

其他公司則希望通過(guò)收購(gòu)來(lái)鋪平道路。M1金融公司的首席執(zhí)行官最近收購(gòu)了First National Bank of Buhl,以擴(kuò)大M1的銀行業(yè)務(wù)能力,推動(dòng)提供個(gè)人貸款、汽車貸款和抵押貸款。首席執(zhí)行官布萊恩·巴恩斯向《財(cái)富》雜志表示,M1在未來(lái)會(huì)成為一家銀行,并得到相應(yīng)監(jiān)管。

但是,新興銀行在擴(kuò)大規(guī)模,尋求特許經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)時(shí)能否保持獨(dú)立,還有待觀察。阿爾貝塔齊認(rèn)為,至少有一些新興銀行會(huì)被經(jīng)營(yíng)許久的美國(guó)大型金融機(jī)構(gòu)所收購(gòu),比如像西班牙對(duì)外銀行(BBVA)對(duì)Simple Bank的收購(gòu)。

阿爾貝塔齊說(shuō):“雖然現(xiàn)在收購(gòu)很多,但并不表示收購(gòu)的銀行能夠盈利;而我們要問(wèn)自己的一個(gè)大問(wèn)題就是:這些新興銀行或挑戰(zhàn)者銀行未來(lái)能否獨(dú)立擴(kuò)大規(guī)模?關(guān)鍵是能否建立一個(gè)盈利的銀行業(yè)務(wù)?”(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))

譯者:Transn

When it comes to your money, do you prefer your "Banking, evolved"? Or are you more in the camp of "Banking for humans"? Would it be fair to say, "Financial power belongs in the hands of the many, not the few"? Differentiating between taglines (not to mention fees, expenses, hidden costs, and convenience) are just a few of the many challenges facing consumers thinking about ditching their bank for a so-called neobank or challenger bank.

Many of the most popular fintech banking apps have marketed their services as democratizing finance, with stress-free signups, transparent pricing, and the ability to easily access money when needed. And Americans are slowly starting to buy in. About 30% of Americans use some type of online-only banking, according to Plaid’s 2021 Fintech Report. About 67% of U.S. customers use digital-first and traditional banks’ online or mobile apps.

“Generally speaking, [fintechs] are more transparent to consumers about pricing features and functionality,” says David Albertazzi, director of retail banking and payments practice at Aite-Novarica, an advisory firm focused on the technology, financial services, and insurance industries. In a comprehensive review of 50 fintechs, we found many had fees and pricing clearly listed on their websites, albeit often in hard-to-locate portions of its FAQ and legal disclosure sections. But other hidden fees were tucked away where only the savviest consumers could find them. Here are the factors consumers may want to consider before ditching their traditional bank.

Fees

Transparency is great—but it doesn’t always translate to fee-free. Approximately half of fintechs Fortune reviewed charge typical bank fees ranging from monthly account memberships or subscriptions, out-of-network ATM charges, and expenses related to cash deposits.

Digit and Tend, for example, both charge about $10 a month for their entry-level bank accounts, while Revolut charges $16.99 for its elite subscription plan. (Revolut, however, does have a free option and just enhanced its fee-free offerings.) Meanwhile Dave charges $1 per month for membership, an out-of-network ATM fee, as well as a fee equal to 1% of the transferred amount for any Apple Pay, Google Pay, and debit card transfers.

All in all, the fee game at many neobanks and fintechs is not exactly a massive evolution from traditional banks. The average monthly fee for interest-bearing checking accounts at traditional banks is $16.35, according to Bankrate. Noninterest accounts have an average monthly fee of $5.08.

Neobank customers also have the opportunity to rack up outside charges. The banking app may not charge an ATM fee, but the terminal operator may. Same for consumers who may need to deposit cash into their fintech bank account, particularly if they work in cash-heavy industries like hospitality and restaurants. Current, for example, makes the process fairly easy by allowing customers to add cash to their account at over 60,000 stores nationwide, but does charge $3.50 per transaction.

With the proliferation of different mobile banking apps, however, many do offer services beyond the typical brick-and-mortar banks, including early access to direct deposits, generous cash-back rewards, and even services related directly to the communities they aim to serve.

Majority, for instance, charges a $5 monthly subscription fee. Launched in 2019, Majority bills itself as an “all-in-one mobile banking app for migrants.” Customers can send phone credits, fee-free, to friends and family members in more than 35 countries including Cuba, Mexico, Nigeria, and Colombia.

“Our purpose is just to fix the problem you have when you have this cross-border life,” CEO Magnus Larsson tells Fortune. “If you're a migrant in the U.S. today, you were actually paying the most for all the services. So instead of spending $10 on calling and $10 on sending money and $10 on banking, our users are saving a lot of money by using our service.” So if you use all of Majority's extra services, you could save—but if not, there may be cheaper alternatives.

In addition to offering more services, only a small number of fintechs offering mobile banking services disclosed overdraft fees, according to Fortune’s analysis. And those can add up for customers. Last year, overdraft fees hit an average of $33.58 per incident, according to Bankrate. And about 33% of households had overdraft fees, according to Doxo.

The evolving neobank space

Neobanks haven't been around long, with most having opened only in the past 10 years. So perhaps it's not surprising that only about a third of Americans say they trust fintech companies—far less than the proportion that trust banks and credit unions, according to a Morning Consult survey of 4,400 consumers. About 43% say they have no opinion.

While fintech banking is still relatively new, the space has already had its fair share of controversies, including Chime’s multiple outages that barred customers from accessing their accounts, small businesses complaining last year that Square was holding back up to 30% of their payments, and Germany's Wirecard collapsing in fraud and scandal. A number of fintech apps also have suffered security issues. Most recently the fintech Dave was hacked in July 2020 and the personal information of at least 7.5 million customers was exposed.

Those signing onto these services are not exactly underserved either. Although banking apps and fintechs have touted their potential to reduce the number of unbanked Americans (about 7.1 million U.S. households in 2019), Morning Consult found that those who typically fall into this category—low-income, rural, and Black consumers—are among those least likely to be interested in using these products.

“Many Americans don’t trust the traditional banking system because big banks and corporations have too much power in our economy,” Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-Ohio) tells Fortune. “They’ve been burned by fees and second chance accounts, so they are forced to turn to so-called fintechs that claim to make banking easier and cheaper. But these products have few protections or oversight, and as these technologies have developed, most of them seem to mirror—rather than challenge—the Wall Street model.”

When fintechs started offering banking services, they typically partnered with a bank. Little-known banks like Coastal Community Bank, MetaBank, Nbkc bank, and Sutton Bank handled the regulatory oversight and provided FDIC insurance on deposits, while fintechs provided slick interfaces and consumer data. So in these partnerships, it's usually the banking partner that's being more heavily scrutinized, and the regulations are not always applied the same way they would be for a traditional bank account.

If a consumer, for example, uses Venmo or PayPal to pay a friend from their account balance, the transaction may not be covered by safeguards of the Electronic Funds Transfer Act, according to the St. Louis Federal Reserve's March analysis.

“We’ve seen how companies, like Square and Chime, have a bad track record when it comes to protecting consumers. We need to hold these companies accountable and close the loopholes that allow so-called fintech firms to play by a different set of rules than banks and credit unions, leading to unfair competition and putting consumers’ money at risk.”

Brown, along with other lawmakers, has called for more regulation and oversight of the industry, as well as supported No Fee Account legislation that would require banks to offer free digital bank accounts. But so far, there has been little rulemaking on the federal level.

“Governments are always very slow to adapt to changing technology. Neobanks are a great example of that. I don't think the government and the regulators really know what to do with them just yet,” says David Mattei, a strategic adviser at Aite-Novarica.

An explosion of offerings

Whether or not regulators and lawmakers put additional guide rails on the industry, it’s already evolving and growing. Bloomberg reports there are over 300 fintechs operating globally. Today, most not only offer debit spending cards, checking, and savings accounts—but also investing, retirement savings, and even crypto exposure.

That's pulling in big money. Global funding in fintech from venture capitalist firms reached a record $52.3 billion during the first half of 2021, according to KPMG. And that's more than double the level raised in the second half of 2020.

“Neobanks are just like any kind of tech startup; it's grow, grow, grow, grow,” Mattei tells Fortune. They're scaling up and trying desperately looking to carve out a significant market share. And neobanks are still measured very differently from a traditional banks, which does give them some leeway in the near term. But long-term profitability will need to be a larger part of the equation.

"Profitability is definitely part of the scrutiny here and from that standpoint, they are running out of time to become profitable," Albertazzi says. And the path toward operating in the black may throw into question whether neobanks will be able to continue to offer their lower-cost services.

But some neobanks are starting to look at what traditional banks have been doing right, and in some cases that may be moving away from bank partnerships to becoming (or buying) full-fledged banks in order to trim costs and expand opportunities to pursue more avenues for revenue. Albertazzi tells Fortune that the bank partnership model may not work long term, both in terms of regulation and profitability. “In my opinion those [neobanks] that will survive, will need or already have acquired a banking license. I think long term they cannot rely on a third party to do that,” he says.

Some neobanks are already looking to the future. Varo Bank, for instance, was the first consumer fintech to be granted a national bank charter. “We chose the bank charter route because it allows us to offer a very fulsome set of products and it also provides a more diverse path to monetization. It eliminates the costs of the intermediary,” Colin Walsh, CEO and founder at Varo Bank, tells Fortune.

Being dependent on an intermediary bank meant Varo had a fairly narrow set of permissions, including limitations on consumer data, credit underwriting, and even direct access to payment systems, Walsh says. “Now that we're operating as a bank, we don't pay a toll every time somebody transacts on a card, we don't pay when they move money through ACH rails or when they deposit a check—so we had to pay for all that.

“The economics and what it does from a margin perspective and your ability to actually create more value for your customer and also have better unit economics is very meaningful,” Walsh says. It’s worth noting, perhaps, that Varo raised $510 million in its latest funding round in September and is now looking at a $2.5 billion valuation.

Since Varo received its bank charter, Square received approval for an industrial banking charter while SoFi snagged preliminary approval. Revolut is taking the charter path as well. “Beyond deposits, what it does is it allows us to operate independently, so we're not dependent on a sponsor bank,” says Ronald Oliveira, Revolut’s CEO. Revolut has filed for a bank charter in the U.S., as well as in the U.K., Australia, and Singapore. It already has a bank license in Eastern Europe.

Others are looking to acquisitions to pave the way. M1 Finance's CEO recently bought the First National Bank of Buhl in a bid to seemingly expand M1's banking capabilities, including a push into offering personal loans, auto loans, and mortgages. CEO Brian Barnes told Fortune’s Declan Harty M1 sees itself becoming regulated as a bank in the future.

But whether or not these neobanks can remain independent while they scale up and potentially seek out charters remains to be seen. Albertazzi believes that at least some neobanks will find themselves absorbed by some of the larger U.S. financial institutions that have been in business for a long time. And that’s already happened in some cases, such as BBVA’s acquisition of Simple Bank.

“The big question that we ask ourselves is whether or not over time those neobanks or challenger banks can independently scale. Can they build a profitable—and profitable is the key word here—banking business? Because right now adoption is really high; that doesn't mean they're profitable,” Albertazzi says.

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