數(shù)年來,比特幣(Bitcoin)的支持者一直稱,加密貨幣比法定貨幣更公平,而且加密貨幣能夠重新分配傳統(tǒng)上由各大銀行掌控的金融話語權(quán)。
然而,美國(guó)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,很大一部分比特幣的供應(yīng)由一小撮投資者把控著。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),0.01%的加密貨幣持有者掌控著27%的比特幣供應(yīng)。
該研究稱,1萬個(gè)比特幣賬戶持有500萬枚比特幣,而當(dāng)前流通的比特幣總量為1900萬個(gè),約合2320億美元。加密貨幣平臺(tái)crypto.com稱,全球估計(jì)共有1140萬個(gè)賬戶持有比特幣。因此,其集中度比當(dāng)前1%的美國(guó)富人持有約1/3的美國(guó)財(cái)富有過之而無不及。
美國(guó)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局的這項(xiàng)研究由麻省理工學(xué)院斯隆管理學(xué)院(MIT Sloan School of Management)的金融學(xué)教授安托瓦內(nèi)特·肖爾和倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院(London School of Economics)的伊戈·馬卡洛夫共同開展,并首次對(duì)比特幣在2008年左右面世之后的每一筆交易進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)。
目前尚不清楚這0.01%的比特幣賬戶持有者都是誰。
除了發(fā)現(xiàn)比特幣的控制權(quán)基本上集中在一小撮投資者手上之外,該研究還揭示了比特幣的去向。該研究稱,90%的比特幣交易并非源于用戶購(gòu)物行為,而是單個(gè)用戶自有加密貨幣賬戶之間的交易。這可能是因?yàn)槿藗儠?huì)通過公共分類賬戶來跟蹤比特幣交易,因此很多比特幣用戶會(huì)在多個(gè)錢包之間移動(dòng)其資金,其目的就是為了加大跟蹤的難度。而在剩余的10%的交易中,不到3%與非法交易、丑聞或博彩有關(guān),其余大部分都與代表機(jī)構(gòu)投資者的不同類型交易所和交易柜臺(tái)有關(guān)聯(lián)。
一直持有比特幣的早期投資者斬獲了巨大的收益。比特幣新聞資源網(wǎng)CoinDesk稱,這款因?yàn)椴▌?dòng)性而著稱的加密貨幣在2020年3月的單位價(jià)格約為5000美元,曾經(jīng)在今年11月達(dá)到了68990美元的天價(jià)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
數(shù)年來,比特幣(Bitcoin)的支持者一直稱,加密貨幣比法定貨幣更公平,而且加密貨幣能夠重新分配傳統(tǒng)上由各大銀行掌控的金融話語權(quán)。
然而,美國(guó)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局(National Bureau of Economic Research)的一項(xiàng)研究顯示,很大一部分比特幣的供應(yīng)由一小撮投資者把控著。研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),0.01%的加密貨幣持有者掌控著27%的比特幣供應(yīng)。
該研究稱,1萬個(gè)比特幣賬戶持有500萬枚比特幣,而當(dāng)前流通的比特幣總量為1900萬個(gè),約合2320億美元。加密貨幣平臺(tái)crypto.com稱,全球估計(jì)共有1140萬個(gè)賬戶持有比特幣。因此,其集中度比當(dāng)前1%的美國(guó)富人持有約1/3的美國(guó)財(cái)富有過之而無不及。
美國(guó)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)研究局的這項(xiàng)研究由麻省理工學(xué)院斯隆管理學(xué)院(MIT Sloan School of Management)的金融學(xué)教授安托瓦內(nèi)特·肖爾和倫敦經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院(London School of Economics)的伊戈·馬卡洛夫共同開展,并首次對(duì)比特幣在2008年左右面世之后的每一筆交易進(jìn)行了統(tǒng)計(jì)。
目前尚不清楚這0.01%的比特幣賬戶持有者都是誰。
除了發(fā)現(xiàn)比特幣的控制權(quán)基本上集中在一小撮投資者手上之外,該研究還揭示了比特幣的去向。該研究稱,90%的比特幣交易并非源于用戶購(gòu)物行為,而是單個(gè)用戶自有加密貨幣賬戶之間的交易。這可能是因?yàn)槿藗儠?huì)通過公共分類賬戶來跟蹤比特幣交易,因此很多比特幣用戶會(huì)在多個(gè)錢包之間移動(dòng)其資金,其目的就是為了加大跟蹤的難度。而在剩余的10%的交易中,不到3%與非法交易、丑聞或博彩有關(guān),其余大部分都與代表機(jī)構(gòu)投資者的不同類型交易所和交易柜臺(tái)有關(guān)聯(lián)。
一直持有比特幣的早期投資者斬獲了巨大的收益。比特幣新聞資源網(wǎng)CoinDesk稱,這款因?yàn)椴▌?dòng)性而著稱的加密貨幣在2020年3月的單位價(jià)格約為5000美元,曾經(jīng)在今年11月達(dá)到了68990美元的天價(jià)。(財(cái)富中文網(wǎng))
譯者:馮豐
審校:夏林
Bitcoin advocates have said for years that cryptocurrency is more egalitarian than fiat currency, and that crypto is a way to redistribute financial power that has traditionally been in the hands of banks.
But a new study by the National Bureau of Economic Research reveals that a minuscule group of investors control more of the supply of Bitcoin. Researchers found that 0.01% of the cryptocurrency’s holders control 27% of the supply.
The study said 10,000 Bitcoin accounts hold 5 million out of the 19 million coins in circulation, or the equivalent of about $232 billion. An estimated 114 million accounts hold Bitcoin worldwide, according to crypto.com. That’s more concentrated wealth than the 1% of affluent Americans who currently control about one-third of U.S. dollars, a figure that many have pointed to as an indicator of massive inequality.
The NBER study, conducted by finance professors Antoinette Schoar at the MIT Sloan School of Management and Igor Makarov of the London School of Economics, mapped out for the first time every Bitcoin transaction since the cryptocurrency was created around 2008.
It’s unclear who the Bitcoin account holders are that make up that .01%.
Along with the findings that control of Bitcoin is largely in the hands of a small group of investors, the study also revealed what Bitcoin is spent on. According to the study, 90% of Bitcoin transactions are not a result of a user buying something with the currency, but rather transactions between a single user’s own crypto accounts. That may be because Bitcoin transactions are tracked on a public ledger, many Bitcoin users move their funds across multiple wallets to make tracing them harder. Of the remaining 10% of transactions, the report said less than 3% of them are linked to illegal transactions, scams, or gambling. The bulk of that 10% is linked to transactions between different types of exchanges and trading desks that represent institutional investors, the report said.
Early investors in Bitcoin have reaped tremendous benefits if they held on to the cryptocurrency. Priced at around $5,000 per coin in March 2020, the famously volatile digital currency reached as high as $68,990 in November, according to CoinDesk.