入冬以來,奧密克戎變異毒株掀起了新一波的疫情海嘯,美國的新冠檢測能力卻始終遠遠無法滿足需求。民眾只能排長隊等待檢測,或是爭搶有限的居家自檢試劑盒。健康專家們表示,受影響最大的還是工人階級。
為提高檢測能力,美國采取了多管齊下的措施。美國總統(tǒng)喬·拜登政府將為有需要的民眾免費發(fā)放5億份新冠自檢試劑盒,同時發(fā)布命令,要求私人保險公司報銷每人每月8次居家自檢的費用。然而,在奧密克戎感染者迅速增多,檢測需求隨之激增,且居家自檢試劑盒供應不足的情況下,美國民眾很難購買到試劑盒。
民眾需要在診所排幾個小時的隊,才能夠做上抗原或PCR檢測,然后還要再等好幾天才可以拿到結果。到那個時候,有效期都過了。至于居家自檢,試劑盒數(shù)量有限,且售價從10美元至50美元不等,這對許多人來說都不是一個小數(shù)字。
哈佛大學肯尼迪學院(Harvard Kennedy School)的公共政策教授阿米特巴·錢德拉在接受《財富》雜志的采訪時稱:“現(xiàn)在的問題是:一旦確診,就不能繼續(xù)工作。但我們又無法及時做檢測,確認自己是否感染了病毒?!?/p>
也不僅僅是檢測費用高昂的問題。對于眾多在職的美國民眾來說,請假、前往檢測點,以及各種雜七雜八的事情,都要算進成本里。
錢德拉指出,檢測方面的差異表明,少數(shù)族裔和低收入人群更難以承受新冠疫情的沖擊。
遲滯的檢測流程可能會給那些檢測結果呈陽性、需要拿到陰性報告才能重返崗位的職工帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟損失。美國勞工部(U.S. Department of Labor)的失業(yè)保險高級政策顧問米歇爾·埃弗莫爾在接受美國消費者新聞與商業(yè)頻道(CNBC)的采訪時表示,新冠檢測呈陽性、需要接受隔離的人將失去每周領取失業(yè)救濟金的資格。凱撒家庭基金會(Kaiser Family Foundation)的數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示,美國約有6940萬的職工(大概占全美職工的四成)若是感染了新冠,甚至都無法申請緊急帶薪病假。
加速擴散
工人階級通常都不能遠程辦公。
錢德拉稱:“很多低收入的職工是無法選擇居家辦公的?!?/p>
也就是說,那些擠不出時間去做檢測,或者是負擔不起檢測所需費用的人,可能會導致病毒擴散得更廣。
哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)的流行病學和醫(yī)學教授瓦法阿·埃爾-薩德爾博士在接受《財富》雜志的采訪時說:“毫無疑問,在檢測流程遲滯或檢測率低下的社區(qū),疫情會更嚴重?!?/p>
美國的政策
盡管全球各地的檢測點前基本都大排長龍,但美國快速抗原檢測的費用之所以比其他國家更高,還是因為其政府所實行的政策。
由于聯(lián)邦政府前期投入的資金不足,新冠檢測的預付成本過高,且只能通過私人保險公司報銷。美國食品與藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)制定的監(jiān)管策略更趨嚴格,可能也進一步拔高了美國民眾獲得快速居家自檢試劑盒的門檻。
圣誕節(jié)前,歐洲各藥房門口也排起了做抗原檢測的隊伍。但在大多數(shù)國家,新冠檢測都是完全免費的。在意大利、德國和法國,前往臨時檢測點或藥房都可以免費進行快速抗原檢測,居家自檢試劑盒則需約5歐元。
有政策專家認為,免費為所有美國民眾進行抗原檢測,不僅能夠減輕低收入人群的相關負擔,而且有助于緩解疫情的擴散。此外,考慮到目前還有大量等待檢測、等待結果的人群,也可以借此分擔PCR檢測的壓力。
埃爾-薩德爾說:“人們要等上幾個星期才能夠拿到新冠檢測的結果,到那個時候,有效期都過了?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W(wǎng))
譯者:殷圓圓
入冬以來,奧密克戎變異毒株掀起了新一波的疫情海嘯,美國的新冠檢測能力卻始終遠遠無法滿足需求。民眾只能排長隊等待檢測,或是爭搶有限的居家自檢試劑盒。健康專家們表示,受影響最大的還是工人階級。
為提高檢測能力,美國采取了多管齊下的措施。美國總統(tǒng)喬·拜登政府將為有需要的民眾免費發(fā)放5億份新冠自檢試劑盒,同時發(fā)布命令,要求私人保險公司報銷每人每月8次居家自檢的費用。然而,在奧密克戎感染者迅速增多,檢測需求隨之激增,且居家自檢試劑盒供應不足的情況下,美國民眾很難購買到試劑盒。
民眾需要在診所排幾個小時的隊,才能夠做上抗原或PCR檢測,然后還要再等好幾天才可以拿到結果。到那個時候,有效期都過了。至于居家自檢,試劑盒數(shù)量有限,且售價從10美元至50美元不等,這對許多人來說都不是一個小數(shù)字。
哈佛大學肯尼迪學院(Harvard Kennedy School)的公共政策教授阿米特巴·錢德拉在接受《財富》雜志的采訪時稱:“現(xiàn)在的問題是:一旦確診,就不能繼續(xù)工作。但我們又無法及時做檢測,確認自己是否感染了病毒?!?/p>
也不僅僅是檢測費用高昂的問題。對于眾多在職的美國民眾來說,請假、前往檢測點,以及各種雜七雜八的事情,都要算進成本里。
錢德拉指出,檢測方面的差異表明,少數(shù)族裔和低收入人群更難以承受新冠疫情的沖擊。
遲滯的檢測流程可能會給那些檢測結果呈陽性、需要拿到陰性報告才能重返崗位的職工帶來巨大的經(jīng)濟損失。美國勞工部(U.S. Department of Labor)的失業(yè)保險高級政策顧問米歇爾·埃弗莫爾在接受美國消費者新聞與商業(yè)頻道(CNBC)的采訪時表示,新冠檢測呈陽性、需要接受隔離的人將失去每周領取失業(yè)救濟金的資格。凱撒家庭基金會(Kaiser Family Foundation)的數(shù)據(jù)分析顯示,美國約有6940萬的職工(大概占全美職工的四成)若是感染了新冠,甚至都無法申請緊急帶薪病假。
加速擴散
工人階級通常都不能遠程辦公。
錢德拉稱:“很多低收入的職工是無法選擇居家辦公的。”
也就是說,那些擠不出時間去做檢測,或者是負擔不起檢測所需費用的人,可能會導致病毒擴散得更廣。
哥倫比亞大學(Columbia University)的流行病學和醫(yī)學教授瓦法阿·埃爾-薩德爾博士在接受《財富》雜志的采訪時說:“毫無疑問,在檢測流程遲滯或檢測率低下的社區(qū),疫情會更嚴重?!?/p>
美國的政策
盡管全球各地的檢測點前基本都大排長龍,但美國快速抗原檢測的費用之所以比其他國家更高,還是因為其政府所實行的政策。
由于聯(lián)邦政府前期投入的資金不足,新冠檢測的預付成本過高,且只能通過私人保險公司報銷。美國食品與藥品監(jiān)督管理局(FDA)制定的監(jiān)管策略更趨嚴格,可能也進一步拔高了美國民眾獲得快速居家自檢試劑盒的門檻。
圣誕節(jié)前,歐洲各藥房門口也排起了做抗原檢測的隊伍。但在大多數(shù)國家,新冠檢測都是完全免費的。在意大利、德國和法國,前往臨時檢測點或藥房都可以免費進行快速抗原檢測,居家自檢試劑盒則需約5歐元。
有政策專家認為,免費為所有美國民眾進行抗原檢測,不僅能夠減輕低收入人群的相關負擔,而且有助于緩解疫情的擴散。此外,考慮到目前還有大量等待檢測、等待結果的人群,也可以借此分擔PCR檢測的壓力。
埃爾-薩德爾說:“人們要等上幾個星期才能夠拿到新冠檢測的結果,到那個時候,有效期都過了?!保ㄘ敻恢形木W(wǎng))
譯者:殷圓圓
The U.S. has been experiencing a major shortage of COVID tests since the Omicron variant struck this winter. And as Americans are forced to wait in long testing lines, or scramble for a limited number of at-home tests, health experts say that working-class people are getting hit hardest by the testing shortfall.
The U.S. has chosen a multi-pronged approach to increase testing in the country. The Biden administration is distributing 500 million rapid COVID-19 tests for free to Americans who request them, while also requiring private insurers to cover the costs of up to eight over-the-counter at-home tests a month. But a surge in Omicron-related demand and diminishing supplies of at-home tests means that it’s difficult for people to access tests in stores.
As a result, Americans are waiting in line for hours to get antigen or PCR tests from health clinics, and spending several days waiting for a result, which can render them effectively useless. And home tests, if you can find them, range in cost from $10 all the way up to $50, far above what many people can comfortably pay.
“The problem right now is: If you get sick, you don’t have a paycheck. Trying to avoid getting sick, you don’t have a test that helps you avoid getting sick,” Amitabh Chandra, professor of Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School, tells Fortune.
It’s not just a matter of sky-high testing prices. Being able to take time off work, get to a testing site, and potentially pay for a PCR or antigen test is not feasible for many working Americans.
The disparity in testing access means minority and low-income populations will struggle with COVID a lot more, Chandra notes.
Any test result delays can also be financially disastrous for workers who test positive, and need a negative test to get back to work. People who test positive for COVID, and who are required to isolate, are not eligible to receive weekly jobless compensation, Michele Evermore, a senior policy advisor for unemployment insurance at the U.S. Department of Labor, told CNBC. And around 69.4 million U.S. workers, or around four in 10 workers, are ineligible for emergency paid sick leave benefits if they get COVID, according to an analysis from the Kaiser Family Foundation.
Increasing transmission
Working class people are often unable to work remotely.
“A lot of low wage workers don’t have the option to work from home,” says Chandra.
That means that people who are unable to spend time getting tested, or unable to afford tests, can increase the transmissibility of the virus.
“Undoubtedly, this is going to result in more transmission in communities where there is a delay in access or poor access to the testing,” Dr. Wafaa El-Sadr, Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine at Columbia University, tells Fortune.
U. S. Policies
While lines forming around testing sites seems to be a global phenomenon, different policy decisions have led to higher prices for rapid antigen testing in the U.S. compared to other countries.
A lack of upfront federal investment, higher upfront costs to buying a test which then has to be reimbursed by private insurance providers, and more stringent regulatory framework set forth by the FDA may have hindered the availability and access of rapid at home testing in the U.S.
Before Christmas, lines also formed outside European pharmacies for antigen tests, but in most countries, the tests were completely free. In Italy, Germany and France, rapid antigen tests at pop-up testing sites or pharmacies cost nothing, while at-home tests cost around five euros.
Some policy experts say that free antigen testing for all Americans would alleviate the unequal burden that low-income people face trying to find COVID tests, and help reduce transmission. It could also free up the burden currently on PCR tests, which are experiencing huge backlogs and delayed results.
“You hear people are waiting weeks to get the results of the test, which makes the test of absolutely no use at all,” says El-Sadr.